高三英语M odule 2 DNA—the Secrets of Life (II) 外研社 知识精讲

高三英语高三英语 M M oduleodule 2 2 DNADNAthethe SecretsSecrets ofof LifeLife (II)(II) 外研社外研社 【本讲教育信息】 一. 教学内容： Module 2 DNAthe Secrets of Life (II) 二. 教学目标： 本模块介绍关于 DNA 的研究现状，最新成果，并对未来这一高科技领域的发展 进行展望，进一步激发学生探索生命科学的兴趣，培养学生团结协作的科学素养， 帮助学生辨证思考转基因，克隆等高新技术的发展可能给人类带来的益处和负面效 应及相应的道德挑战。并同时引入了与此相关的词汇，要求学生了解上述内容并掌 握有关的词汇，培养语言技能。 重点句型归纳： 1. It has already had and will continue to have an enormous influence on our lives. 这已经并将继续对我们的生活产生巨大影响。 2. But with most psychological characteristics，scientists are learning that both our genes and our environment affect us. This is true of things such as how violent we are，and how well we get on with other people. 就大多数心理特征而言，科学家们正逐步认识到，我们的基因和环境同样在影响 着我们。诸如暴力倾向以及我们跟别人的相处如何等这些方面都是如此。 get on with.与相处 3. Scientists have found that a crop with a gene that kills pests can leave a poison in the soil that kills helpful as well as harmful insects. 科学家发现，带有抗虫基因的作物能在土壤里留下毒素，这种毒素既能杀死害虫 也能杀死益虫。 as well as 也；既 又 4. From now on，China Consumers Association states that GM products should be labeled，so as to give consumers the right to know and to choose. 从现在起，中国消费者协会声称，转基因产品应贴上标签，以给消费者权利去知 道和选购。 from now on 从现在起，今后 From now on，Ill never tell a lie. 今后我决不说谎。 5. He struck me as being a very beautiful and graceful creature；but indescribably frail. He came straight up to me and laughed into my eyes. The absence from his bearing of any kind of fear struck me at one. 我深切地感到，他是一个非常俊美、优雅但却极其脆弱的人。他径直来到我面前， 直视着我的眼睛笑起来，他面无惧色，这立即给我留下了深刻的印象。 strike 在这里是“使感动，留下印象，打动”之意 straight 副词，意为“直接、径直” 同步语法专攻： 1. it （1）it 用于指代前面已提到过的事件，这是基本用法。如： Water expands when it freezes. 水结冰时体积膨胀。 This is our new car. I bought it yesterday. 这是我们的新车。我昨天买的。 He didnt give the money to John，but he gave it to me instead. 他没把钱给约翰，却给了我。 I like pepper but it doesnt like me. 我喜欢吃胡椒，但胡椒不适合我的肠胃。 （2）用于指上文提到的情况 it 有时并不指某种具体的事物，而是笼统地指前面提到的情况。如： If you keep doing that，it will do harm to your health. 你要是继续这样，会对你的身体有害的。 Her mother kept telling her not to go out at night，but it didnt help. 她母亲总叫她晚上不要出去，但是没用。 （3）用于指人 it 有时可用于指人，但通常只限于对方身份不明确的情况下才用，即 it 用于 指人时主要用于引出或确定一个人的身份。比较： Mr. Smith is at the door，he wants to see you. 史密斯先生在门口，他想见你。 （句中用代词 he 是因为上句已明确指明是 Mr. Smith） Someone is at the door. It must be Mr. Smith. 有人在门口，一定是史密斯先生。 （句中用代词 it 是因为上句并未明确指明是谁，it 在此是为了引出 Mr. Smith。下面一句用 it 也属同样的道理：） I knew it was you. I could recognize your voice a mile off. 我知道是你，好远就能听出你的声音。 另外，it 还可用于指动物或性别不详的婴儿。如： “Where is the cat?” “Its under the bed.” “猫在哪儿？” “在床下。 ” They got a baby and it was very lovely. 他们生了个孩子，很可爱。 （4）用于指时间、距离、自然现象等 Its already 12 oclock. 已是 12 点了。 Well go even if it rains. 即使下雨我们也要去。 After breakfast it began to snow. 早饭后开始下起雪来。 It was very quiet in the garden.花园里很安静。 （5）用作形式主语 当不定式、动名词、从句等用作主语时，为避免头重脚轻，通常在句首使用形 式主语 it.而把真正的主语放在句子末尾。如： It is stupid to do such a thing. 做这种事真蠢。 Its no good staying up too late. 熬夜没有好处。 It is necessary that he should be sent there at once. 有必要马上派 他到那里去。 注意：类似以下句子中的 it 也可视为形式主语： It happened that the harvest was bad in 1988. 碰巧 1988 年的收成很不好。 It seems that she is afraid to tell them about it. 似乎她怕将此事告诉他们。 （6）用作形式宾语 当不定式、动名词、从句等用作宾语且其后跟有宾语补足语时，就应在宾语补 足语前使用形式宾语，而将真正的宾语移至句末，如： Ive made it a rule never to hurry. 我已养成凡事从容不迫 的习惯。 Do you think it possible to root out crime? 你认为可以根除犯罪吗？ He found it difficult to breathe at high altitudes. 他发现在高空呼 吸很困难。 注意：通常意义的形式宾语主要见于真正宾语为不定式、动名词、从句等且其 后跟有宾语补足语时的情形，即用于“动词it宾语补足语真正的宾语”这样 的结构，但以下两类形式宾语却比较特殊，其后没有宾语补足语： 用于介词后通常不能直接跟 that 从句作宾语，有个别特殊结构就在介词后 先接 it 作形式宾语，再跟 that 从句，如： You may depend on it that it is true. 你可以相信这是真的。 I cant answer for it that he will help you. 我不能保证他会帮你。 When you start the engine，you must see to it that the car is in neutral. 开发动机时，一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置。 有的动词（如 like, love, enjoy, hate, dislike, appreciate, prefer 等）由于通常只作及物动词，当它们后接 if 从句或 when 从句时，通常应先在动词 后接 it 作形式宾语。如： I dont like it when you call me Boss. 我不喜欢你叫我老板。 I hate it when people talk with their mouths full. 我不喜欢人们嘴里含着饭说话。 We really appreciated it when she offered to help. 当她提出帮忙时，我们十分感激。 （7）用于强调句型 “Itbe被强调成分that（who） ” 。如： It was Jack who stole our money. 是杰克偷了我们的钱。 2. much （1）adj.许多；很大程度的： There isnt much water left.没剩下多少水。 （2）n.U许多，大量： I do not see much of him.我不常见到他。 （3）adv.一分，非常，很； Thank you very much.多谢。 加强比较级或最高级多，更 I feel much better now. 我现在感觉好多了。 as much as 和一样多，多达 so much for 到此为止 think much of 给予高度评价 much too 极其，非常；后接形容词或副词： The problem is much too difficult for me to work out. 这道题非常难，我算不出来。 too much 过于、太多，作定语，后接不可数名词，还可单独使用作主语、表语、 状语等。 He drank too much beer last night.（作定语） 昨晚他喝啤酒过量了。 3. now （1）adv.现在；此刻；目前：What time is it now?现在几点钟？ 立刻；马上：You must write now or it will be too late. 你必须马上写信，否则就太晚了。 （在叙述中表示所涉及的时间）于是、然后；当时： He left school in 1830；now he was able to go and live in London. 到现在；现在以前:Its now 27 years since he died. 自他去世到现在已 27 年了。 （不表示时间，而表示说话者的语气，包含说明、命令、请 求、警告、安慰等意思） （2）n.常用在介词后现在；如今： Now is the right time for harvesting. 现在正是收获的季节。 （3）conj.既然；由于； Now that you are a big boy, dont do such a thing. 既然你已是个大男孩子，那就不要做这种事了。 （4）adj.现在的，现任的：the now chairman of the state 现任的国家主席。 by now（到）现在；这时：He will be there by now. 他现在应该到达那里了。 4. the 位置：定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语之前，但遇上 all, both, double, half, twice, three times 等词时，定冠词应置于其中。如： All the invitations must be sent out today. 所有请帖必须今天发出。 They are twice the size of eggs. 它们比鸡蛋大一倍。 I bought double the amount of milk. 我买了两倍的牛奶。 用法： （1）表示特指或确指：即特指说话双方都知道或能体会到的人或物，特指前 面已提到的人或物等。如： Open the door, please.请把门打开。 A boy and a girl in my class fell in love. The boy told the girl that he wanted to see her parents. 我班上一个男生和一个女生恋爱了。那男孩告诉那女孩说他想见见她父母。 （2）表示类别或整体：与单数可数名词连用表示类别或概括整体。如： The whale is a mammal，not a fish. 鲸属于哺乳动物，不属于鱼类。 定冠词和不定冠词与单数可数名词连用都可表示“类别” ，有时可互换（同时也可 用复数形式表示类似意义） 。如： This is more difficult for a student than for a teacher. This is more difficult for the student than for the teacher. 这对学生比对教师要难些。 注意：不定冠词表示类别时往往强调的是个体，主要起泛指作用，具有类似 any 的 含义。若表示某个类属的整体，即概括某个类属的所有成员，则不能用不定冠词， 而应用定冠词。如以下两例中的定冠词就不能换成不定冠词。如： the rich 富人 the poor 穷人 the sick 病人 the blind 盲人 the dumb 哑巴 the deaf 聋子 the wounded 伤员 the wealthy 富人 （3）用于专有名词前 用于岛、海峡、沙漠等的专有名词前，以及用于由普通名词构成的专有名词前， 如： the West Lake 西湖 the Bay of Bengal 孟加拉湾 the Peace Hotel 和平饭店 the India Ocean 印度洋 the United Nations 联合国 the Friendship store 友谊商场 the National Peoples Congress 全国人民代表大会 注意：关于湖名前使用定冠词，主要指英译的中文湖名；外国的湖名前，通常 不加定冠词（少数的也加定冠词，主要视习惯而定） 其他用法： 如用于独一无二的事物名词前、用于方向或方位等名词前、用于序数词或形容 词最高级前、用于姓氏的复数前表示全家人或全家人中两个或两个以上的人、用于 逢整十数词的复数前指世纪中的年代等。如： At noon the sun is high in the sky. 正午烈日当空。 The second one was better than the first. 第二个比第一个好。 The Smiths live next to us. 史密斯一家就住在我们隔壁。 注意：用于副词最高级前的定冠词以及表示名次前的定冠词通常可以省略。如： Who works hardest? 谁工作最努力？ He gets first prize in the listening contest. 他得了听力比赛第一名。 零冠词的用法 （1）用于物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词、复数名词前，表示泛指或一般概 念，如： Man cannot live without water. 没有水，人就无法生存。 Teachers should be kind to students. 老师应该对学生友好。 注意：以上名词若特指，则可加定冠词。 The water feels warm. 这水感觉很暖和。 The success of the picnic depends on the weather. 野餐是否顺利要看天气。 要表示一种、一杯、一场、一阵、一份、某一个的概念，有时可加不定冠词 （复数名词前不能加不定冠词）如： A Mr. Smith is waiting for you. 一个叫史密斯先生的人在等你。 A heavy snow is falling. 当时正下着（一场）大雪。 （2）用于普通的单数可数名词前, 初学者很容易弄错。单数可数名词前在某些 情况下用零冠词，如用作呼语时，表示家庭成员时、用于表示“变成”的连系动词 turn, go 之后，作表语时、用于倒装的让步状语从句中等，如： Is it serious, doctor? 医生，严重吗？ He was a taxi driver before be turned writer. 他在成为作家之前是出租车司机。 Teacher though he is，he cant know everything. 他虽然是老师，但也不可能什么都懂。 注意：某些独立结构中单数可数名词前也通常用零冠词。如： The teacher came in，book in hand. 老师走进教室，手里拿着书。 另外在 kind of 后接单数可数名词时也通常用零冠词。如： He is too young for that kind of job. 他太年轻，不能干那种工作。 （3）用于抽象化的可数名词前，有些可数名词抽象化后，其前通常用零冠词。 如： The man was more animal than man. 那个人与其说是人，不如说是畜生。 Are you man enough for this dangerous job? 你有足够的勇气做这项工作吗？ （4）用于节假日、星期、月份、季节等名词前：如： National Day is coming.国庆节快到了。 Ive been here since yesterday. 从昨天起我就住在这里。 若特指或表示某一个时，可分别使用定冠词或不定冠词，如： It happened in the summer of 1950. 这事发生在 1950 年的夏天。 We had a happy summer in the country. 我们在乡下度过了一个愉快的夏天。 另外, 用 festival 表达的中国传统节日前通常用定冠词。如： He has gone home for the Spring Festival. 他回家过春节去了。 （5）用于球类运动、三餐、语言等名词前。如： He hurt his leg while playing football. 他踢足球时把腿踢伤了。 Breakfast is on from 8 to 10. 8 点至 10 点之间开早饭。 It is not easy to learn English very well. 学好英语不容易。 注意：若球类名词被当作具体事物看待，可用冠词；另外，若三餐饭被特指可用 定冠词，若受形容词修饰且非特指，可用不定冠词。如： We need a new basketball. 我们需要一个新篮球。 After a quick breakfast he left. 他迅速地吃完早餐就离开了。 （6）用于某些时间名词前，这类时间名词主要涉及 daybreak，dawn, noon，midnight，dusk，night，sunset，sunrise 等，尤其是当它们与 at, after, before, till, until, toward, from 等介词连用时，如： I woke up at dawn.我在黎明时醒。 We talked until midnight.我们一直谈到午夜。 注：在其他情况下用冠词也是可能的，如当 sunset, sunrise 等不是表示时间而 是表示景象时，则要用冠词。如： There was a beautiful sunset.日落很美。 （7）用于某些由介词 by 构成的方式状语中。如： by bus（bike，plane，ship，etc.） 乘公共汽车（自行车、飞机、轮船等） by phone（post，letter，radio） 通过电话（邮寄、信件、无线电等） （8）用于正式的或独一无二的头衔或职位前，主要是指当它们用作宾语、表语、 补语或同位语时。如： I would lower taxes if I were president. 我要是总统我就减税。 He has been made captain of the team. 他已被选为队长。 （9）用于某些习语，英语中有许多习语中的名词通常用零冠词。如： in answer to 回答、响应 catch sight of 看见 keep in touch with 与保持联系 in addition to 除之外 out of sight 在视线之外、看不见 in search of 寻找、搜寻 come into power 掌权 set fire to 放火烧 有关冠词用法的几点注意之处 （1）在通常情况下，单数可数名词前应有冠词，若泛指，用不定冠词；若特 指，则用定冠词，如：由于是一位善良、有趣的老师，大家都很喜欢他。 误：Being friendly and interesting teacher，he is loved by everyone. 正：Being a friendly and interesting teacher，he is loved by everyone. （2）用不同的冠词有时会导致不同的含义，如： Most children like the school. 大多数小孩喜欢那所学校。 Most children like school. 大多数小孩喜欢上学。 They are playing in front of the classroom. 他们在教室前面玩。 They are playing in the front of the classroom. 他们在教室前部玩。 （3）the 的特殊用法:the 有时用于比较级和最高级前，此时的 the 有人认为 是冠词，也有人认为是副词，如： The younger you are，the easier it is to learn. 年纪越轻，学习越容易。 Hes had a holiday and looks better for it. 他度假之后，气色好多了。 5. this （1）adj.指示形容词，前置定语，不与名词所有格、形容词性所有格物主代 词连用。 这，这个 this house 这所房子 Who is this man? 这个是谁？ 今，本 this week 今（本）周 this morning 今天上午 刚过去的 Weve been discussing the plan this ten days. 近 10 天来我们一直在讨论这项计划。 某，某一方向的 run this way and that 东奔西跑 （2） pron.指示代词 这个，这样 This is Mr. Smith.这是史密斯先生。 如下所述；这样 The reason is this: 理由如下： 这时，这里 before this 在这以前 （3）adv.程度副词 They didnt expect to wait this long. 他们没有料到要等这么久。 6. was/were 这两个词都是 be 动词的过去式，was 用于单数，是 am 与 is 的过去式，were 是 are 的过去式，但在虚拟语气中，were 也用于单数概念。 Ten years ago，I was a student，too. 十年前我也是名学生。 The pool was dry 3 days ago，but now it is full of water. 3 天前这塘里还是干的，可现在满是水了。 They were talking about the plan 10 minutes ago. 十分钟前他们还在讨论这个计划呢。 If he were a bird，he would fly there. 他要是只小鸟，他就飞过去了。 【模拟试题】 基础知识： 1. I asked all my teachers the same question, and they _ gave me a different answer. A. everyB. eachC. allD. both 2. Though he talked like a man of sense, his actions were _ of a fool. A. theseB. thatC. thoseD. any 3. Peters sudden death was a great blow to Jane and it took her a long time to _ the sorrow. A. put outB. get overC. go roundD. come across 4. Robert wishes that he business instead of history when he was in university. A. studies B. studied C. has studied D. had studied 5. Have you ever heard of Mr. Read? Yes, he is reporter. A. a famous young Australian B. a famous Australian young C. an Australian famous youngD. a young Australian famous 6. It was at the school was named after a hero he spend his childhood. A. which; that B. where; where C. that; where D. which; where 7. You couldnt have chosen any gift better for me. . A. Oh, dont complain about a gift. B. Thats all right. Ill give you a better one next time. C. Im glad you like it so much. D. You have a gift for music, dont you? 8. It will be a long time Frank back from abroad. A. before; comes B. since; has come C. when; will come D. after; will 9. , he can lift the big stone. A. A child he is B. As he is a child C. He is as a child D. Child as he is 10. It Jack that parked the car like that as hes the only one who can drive. A. might be B. could be C. must have been D. ought to be 11. , I have to put it away and focus my attention on study this week. A. However the story is amusing B. No matter amusing the story is C. However amusing the story is D. No matter how the story is amusing 12. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain as the plane was making a landing. A. seated B. seating C. seat D. to be seating 13. Eating too much fat can to heart disease and high blood pressure. A. devote B. contribute C. attend D. turn 14. We hadnt met for 20 years, but I recognized her I saw her. A. the moment B. for the moment C. the moment when D. at the moment when 15. Ive never seen such a long line before. By the time we reach the booking office, all the tickets _. A. will have been sold outB. will be sold out C. are to be sold outD. should have sold out 完形填空： Weve heard it beforeweve heard it on the news, from teachers, from parentschildren and teenagers today are growing up too fast. There are not too many people that will 16 with that statement. Teenagers are faced with serious problems and decisions at an early 17 . In fact most teenagers daily schedules are as 18 as those of an adults. I have been working since I was thirteen, and always in 19 in which I was working with adults. I have had to learn to think and 20 like an adult to be taken seriously. So, I count myself as one who has grown up too fast. I just graduated from high school, and have recently spent some time reflecting（反思）on the 21 eighteen years-thinking about myself, what I have gained, and what 22 I have yet to achieve. We are expected to work hard, get excellent 23 , be in a good relationship, and know what we want to do 24 . The list goes on and on. But the 25 is clear: We live in a society today that is 26 our childhood. We no longer have many years to be careless and fancy-free. We are expected to 27 the strict school rules and to excel（擅长）in everything we do. Ive known these things for a long time, and knew that they 28 me. But, I never really admitted it until last night, when I learned a 29 lesson, taught to me by my boss where I work. We had finished a job at a remote site. It was about 11:30 at nig-ht, and we had 30 to his house. We were talking about the 31 he had been making to his home. One of the things he said was “I 32 my basketball hoop（篮圈）.” Then he threw a basketball to me. I hadnt 33 a basketball in five years. We proceeded to shoot hoops for about 40 minutes. Both of us were terribly bad at it, but we spent the whole time 34 away like children. Then I realized something: I am still a child. Oh, the law says Im an adult. But, we are still really and truly children. We all need to have 35 once in a while. 16. A. argue B. disagree C. satisfy D. discuss 17. A. age B. stage C. year D. grade 18. A. certain B. busy C. careful D. perfect 19. A. companies B. places C. positions D. offices 20. A study B. speak C. work D. act 21. A. last B. other C. rest D. coming 22. A. purposes B. success C. goals D. jobs 23. A. textbooks B. grades C. teachers D. schools 24. A. in life B. in time C. for ages D. for ever 25. A. information B. message C. notice D. idea 26. A. ruining B. correcting C. envying D. shortening 27. A. respect B. accept C. learn D. follow 28. A. inspired B. disappointed C. affected D. frightened 29. A. valuable B. serious C. important D. useful 30. A. walked B. flown back C. gone back D. driven 31. A. furniture B. improvements C. equipment D. arrangements 32. A. moved B. fixed C. sold D. broke 33. A. played B. caught C. touched D. held 34. A. laughing B. shouting C. running D. shooting 35. A. a rest B. a talk C. fun D. sports 阅读理解： A Geneva is situated between the Jura Range and the Alps on the western end of Lake Geneva. Capital of Peace is one of its names the European headquarters of the United Nations lies here in Palais des Nations. Another worthy name for this city with a humanitarian tradition（人道主义传统）and international character is the Worlds Smallest Metropolis. Parks, splendid stores and lively streets in the old part of town and its 2000year history wait to be discovered. The Jet dEau together with the Flower Watch are the main attractions every year for the tourists visiting Geneva. The Jet dEau has become the symbol of Geneva for a long time. This is a 140 meters high water monument with a rich history. Eight 13,500watt projectors light the grand column（圆柱）of the fountain in the evening, from early March until the second Sunday of October. The Flower Watch, which was created at the edge of the English Garden in 1955, reminds us about that Geneva is the birthplace of the Swiss clock and watch making, and that this industry has become internationally famous, as well through the quality of the watches as through their beautiful appearance. Sails on Lake Geneva are also enjoyable. The Lake of Geneva, lying among the Alps, is a true inland sea, making possible a wide range of pleasant boat trips, you can relax and watch the beautiful scenes pass by. 36. Which of the following is NOT suitable for describing Geneva? A. Capital of Peace. B. Palais des Nations. C. The Worlds Smallest Metropolis. D. The birthplace of the Swiss clock and watch making. 37. The Jet dEau in the second paragraph refers to . A. the water fountain B. the English Garden C. a new scene with electric lighting D. the name of a famous watchmaker 38. What do we learn about the Lake of Geneva from the text? A. It is the symbol of Geneva. B. It lies among the Jura Range. C. It has a direct passage to the ocean. D. It is a large body of water of tourist interest. B “Taxi drivers”, said BOBICO（Beijing 2020 Olympic Games Bid Committee）staff, “are learning English to support the 2020 bid for the Olympic Games.” Albert Selmer, a German businessman who speaks good English, was pleasantly surprised during his latest trip to Beijing. When he got into a taxi on Chang an Avenue, the driver greeted him and