高考英语 英语语法系列之动词不定式知识点分析（通用）

高考英语 英语语法系列之动词不定式知识点分析【知识梳理】不定式由“ to十动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“ not to do”。不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语不定式的逻辑主语有时用“ for十名词或代词宾格”构成。（1）不定式的用法：作主语不定式短语作主语时，可以直接放在句首，但在很多情况下，尤其是在疑问句和感叹句中，往往放在谓语之后，而用先行代词it作形式主语。例如：To serve the people is my great happiness. 为人民服务是我的最大幸福。It is right to give up smoking戒烟是对的。不定式作主语常见句型如下：aIt is + adj (easy, important, difficult) + 不定式b. It is + n (a pity, a pleasure, ones duty, a shame) + 不定式c. It takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, months, days, patience) + 不定式Its important for us to learn English well. 我们学好英语很重要。Its my duty to teach you how to be a useful person. 教你如何做一个有用的人是我的职责。It requires patience to be a good teacher.当个好老师需要耐心。作宾语不定式短语作宾语时，位于及物动词之后。可以直接用不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有：agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish等。例如：I offered to help her, but she refused. 我提出帮助她，但她拒绝了。He pretended not to hear me. 他假装没听见我（的声音）。I dont want to sound like Im speaking ill of anybody, but the managers plan is unfair.我不想听起来象在说别人坏话，但经理的计划是不公平的。如果还带有宾语补足语。往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用 it作形式宾语。常用动词有feel, think, find, believe, consider, make等。例如：I find it interesting to work with him. 我发现与他共事很有趣。We feel it our duty to help others. 我们认为帮助别人是我们的责任。Science and technology has made it possible for man to fly in space.科学技术已经使人类能够遨游太空了。下列动词后可接疑问词+不定式：teach、decide、wonder、show、learn、forget、ask、find out、advise、know等例如：Can you teach me how to use the computer? 你能教我使用电脑吗？I dont know what to do next. 我不知道下一步怎么办。作宾语补足语不定式作宾语补足语位于宾语之后，表示宾语的动作或状态。常用于以下动词之后：ask, tell, advise, allow, enable, expect, force, get, like, order, teach, want, invite, wish, beg等。例如：He asked me to do the work with him.他要我与他一起干。You should get more people to help you.你应该多找些人帮你。The teacher expected everyone to study hard,老师希望每个人都努力学习。注意：a. 在see，watch，look at，notice, observe，have，let，make, hear，listen to，feel，help等词后的补足语中，不定式不带 to。例如:I often hear him sing the song我经常听见他唱这只歌。The teacher usually made the students recite the text.老师通常让学生背颂课文。Would you please help me (to) repair my bike?请帮我修理自行车好吗？但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时, 就必须带to。例如:He is often heard to sing the song人们常听到他唱这只歌。The students were usually made to recite the text.学生们常被要求背颂课文。b. 不定式动词在介词 but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词 do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带 to，否则要带 to如：She could do nothing but cry.她只是哭。What do you like to do besides swim? 除了游泳你还喜欢干什么？c.主句含有不定式，后面有rather than, rather than后省to。d. Why not、had better、would rather、cant but等词后省to。如：He could not but walk home.他只好走回家。注意：e. 常用带不定式作宾补的几种情况：(a) 主语 + ask / require / tell / order / force / get / want / like + sb.to do sth.(b)主语 + think / judge / suppose / believe / consider / imagine / consider / feel + sb. + to be/ to have done(c)主语 + call on / upon / depend on / wait for / ask for + sb.+ to do sth. 作定语不定式作定语位于所修饰的名词之后。例如：I have some books for you to read我有一些书给你看。We have a lot of homework to do today.今天我们有很多作业要做。He hasnt kept his promise to write to his parents regularly.他没有信守定期给父母写信的诺言。注意：a.作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。例如：He is looking for a room to live in他在找房子住。There is nothing to worry about没有什么可担心的。Please give me a knife to cut with请给我一把刀用。但是,不定式所修饰的名词是 time，place或 way，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。例如：He had no money and no place to live.他没有钱，也没有房子住。b.当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同试比较：Have you anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗?(不走式 to send的动作执行者是 you)Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式 to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的 me或 someone else)c.下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance、wish、right、courage、need、promise、time、opportunity、way、the first、the second、the last、the only等。He is always the first to come and the last to leave.他总是第一个到，最后一个走。 作状语，表示目的、原因、结果或条件例如：I came here to see you(目的)我来是看你的。We were very excited to hear the news(原因)听到那消息我们很激动。He hurried to the school to find nobody there(结果)他匆忙赶到学校，结果发现没有人。To look at him, you would like him(条件)如果你见到，你会喜欢他的。in order (not) to, so as (not) to用来引导目的状语,在enough to, too to, so as to, such.as to, only to 结构中不定式作结果状语，其中only to用于表示意想不到的结果。例如：The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.那个女孩很热心，帮助老人下车。In order to pass the exam, he worked very hard为了通过考试，他刻苦努力学习。We ran all the way so as not to be late我们一路跑着，以免迟到。He is too old to do that他太老了，不能做那件事了。The room is big enough to hold us房间足够大，可以容纳我们。He hurried to the station only to be told the train had gone.他匆忙赶到车站，结果被告知火车已经开走了。不定式也可在作表语用的形容词后面作状语。例如：I am very glad to hear it我非常高兴听到这事。The question is difficult to answer这个问题很难回答。 作表语: 位于连系动词之后。例如：My job is to help the patient我的工作是帮助病人。Our most important task now is to make a plan.我们现在最重要的任务是制定一个计划。注：作表语的不定式都带to，但当主语部分有实义动词do时，to可以省略。例如：The only thing we can do now is wait and see.我们现在唯一能做的事就是等着看。 作独立成分例如：To tell the truth，I dont agree with you.说实话，我不同意你的观点。 不定式与疑问词 who，which，when，where，how，what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等例如：He didnt know what to say.(宾语)他不知道说什么。How to solve the problem is very important(主语)如何解决问题是非常重要的。My question is when to start. (表语)我的问题是何时开始。注意：在与 why连用时，只用于 why或 why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带 to.例如:Why not have a rest? 为什么不休息一下呢？ 不定式的复合结构 for / of sb to do sth以it为形式主语或形式宾语引导的复合结构，如果其前的形容词是指行为的性质就用：for sb. to do sth.。这种句式中的常用形容词有：easy, difficult, hard, important, necessary, possible, impossible等。如果该形容词是指行为人的性质和特征，则用of sb. to do sth.。这种句式中的常用形容词有：right, wrong, brave, careful, careless, clever, wise, stupid, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, silly等。这种复合结构在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等It is necessary for me to learn English well.我学好英语十分必要。Its difficult for us to master a foreign language.我们掌握一门外语是困难的。Its very kind of you to come to see me.你来看我太好了。Its careless of the boy to make the same mistake again.那个孩子又犯了同样的错误，真是太粗心了。 不定式在句中用主动式还是被动式, 多数情况下是容易判别的，但有时的确比较复杂，请注意以下几点：a. 不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式.Have you got a key to unlock the door?(A key unlocks the door)你有钥匙开门吗？b. 不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式I have got a letter to write( I write letter)我有一封信要写。He needs a room to live in( He lives in a room)他有一个房间住。I know what to do( I do what)我知道做什么。（我自己做）但这句如改为下列形式，不定式就得用被动形式：I know what is to be done.我知道能做什么。（表示可能性，客观）这是因为 what is to be done是宾语从句，从句中的主语 what是动词 do的动作对象。(2) 不定式的时态不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与谓语的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生，或是在它之后发生， to do,例如：I saw him go out我看见他出去了。She wanted to be a doctor when she grew up.她长大了想当医生。 如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式。 to be doing 例如：I am very glad to be working with you我很高兴与你共事。Some students pretended to be reading English when the teacher came in.当老师进来时，一些学生假装在看书。 如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，就要用完成式。 to have done ,例如:Im sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。He is said to have left the stage already as he has become an official.据说他已经离开舞台了，因为他已经当了官员了。(3) 不定式的语态当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。to be done / to have been done, 例如：He asked to be sent to work in the countryside他要求被派到农村去工作。It is impossible for our hopes to be realized我们的希望不可能实现。The book is said to have been translated into English. 据说这本书已经被翻译成英语了。(4) 不定式的形式主动形式被动形式一般形式to doto be done进行形式to be doing完成形式to have doneto have been done(5) 不定式的否定形式不定式的否定形式由not加上不定式构成，即：not to do sth, not to be doing sth, not to have done sth例如:Mother told the children not to play football in the street.妈妈要孩子们不要在大街上踢足球。In order not to miss the train they got up early.为了不错过火车，他们很早就起床了。He pretended not to have seen his friend 他假装没有看见他的朋友。【例行天下】1. Iamsorryto _ yousomuchtrouble.（2020 江苏）A. havegiven B. havebeengivenC. giveD. giving答案： A简析：be sorry to have done sth 意为“已经干了某事而遗憾”，to have done是不定式的完成形式，表示先于谓语动词的动作。B，被动形式，不合题意。变式训练：The promising young man is said to _ two novels.A. havewritten B. havebeenwrittenC. writeD. writing (A)2.Timcannotbut _ hissupervisortohelphimsolvethedifficultyhehasindoinghis project. (2020安徽)A.toask B.askC.asking D.asked答案：B简析：but 后跟不定式是否带to, 按照“前有do后无to”的原则，如，They did nothingbut watch TV all day. 和 They had no choice / alternative but to give up. 此外，cannot help but / cannot choose but / cannot but 后均不带to。3. The question asked by the teacher is very difficult _. （2020 江苏）A. to be answeredB. answeringC. to answerD. to answering答案：C简析：某些形容词后跟不定式作状语时，只能用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的此类形容词有：easy, difficult, hard, comfortable, nice, good, pleasant, fit,等。变式训练：Dont you think the picture on the wall pleasant _ ?A. to be looked atB. looking atC. to look atD. to looking at (C)4. Iforgot _herthatmycoatbuttonsneedtobesewnon.（2020 安徽）A.reminding B. remindedC.toremindD.tohavereminded答案：C简析：有些动词后跟to do 或doing意思大不相同，应注意区别。forget to do sth指“忘了做某事（没有做）”，forget doing sth 表示“忘记曾做过某事（已做过）”。变式训练：Dont you remember_?A. seeing the man before B. to see the man beforeC. saw the man before D. to be seen the man before (A)5. Ididntknow_himornot.（2020浙江）A.whethertohelpB.iftohelpC.tohelpD.thatifIshouldhelp答案：A简析：whether to do sth or not是固定搭配，if “是否做某事”后不能跟不定式。【限时训练】I. 基础练习1. - What s the matter with Della?- Well, her parents wouldnt allow her to go to the party, but she still _. (09江苏)A. hopes to B. hopes so C. hopes not D. hopes for2. The children all turned _ the famous actress as she entered the classroom. (09全国)A. looked at B. to look atC. to looking at D. look at3. We are invited to a party _in our club next Friday. (09山东)A. to be held B.held C.being held D.holding4.I still remember _ to the Famen Temple and what I saw there . (09陕西)A to take B to be taken C taking D being taken5. He told us whether a picnic was still under discussion. (09四川)A.to haveB.having C.have D.had6. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to _.A. be put up B. give in C. be turned on D. go out7. Tom is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in.A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying8. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult.A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make9. Theyre not very good, but we like _. (09四川二模)A. anyway to play basketball with them B. to play basketball with them anywayC. to play with them basketball anyway D. with them to play basketball anyway10. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job.A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects11. _ late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm clock. (09常州二模)A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept12. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. (09杭州二模)A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen13. It is said in Australia theres more land than the government knows _.A. it what to do with B. what to do it withC. what to do with it D. to do what with it14. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role _ in making the earth a better place to live. (09汕头二模)A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing15. The bank is reported in the local newspaper _ in broad daylight yesterday.A. robbed B. to have been robbed C. being robbed D. having been robbed16. With the development in science and technology man can make various flowers _ before their time.A. be bloomed B. bloom C. bloomed D. blooming17. The mother didnt know who _ for the broken glass.A. blamed B. would blame C. to blame D. be blamed18. The project, _ by the end of 2020, will expand the citys telephone network to over 1,000,000 users. (09上海二模)A. accomplished B. being accomplishedC. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished19. One learns a language by making mistakes and _ them.A. correct B. correcting C. corrects D. to correct20. Ann never dreams of _ for her to be sent abroad very soon.A. there being a chance B. there to be a chanceC. there be a chance D. being a chanceII. 能力提升21. She pretended _ me when I passed by. (2020重庆)A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen22. There are five pairs _, but Im at a loss which to buy. (2020上海)A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing23. It seems that he has no pen _. (2020北京)A. to write B. to write with C. writing D. writing with24.Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg every day?_ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up. (2020上海)A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. To be getting25. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult. (2020 四川)A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make26. Hurry up, he is sure _ for us. (2020陕西)A. to wait B. to be waiting C. waiting D. being waited27. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies arestriving _ their products more competitive. ( 2020上海)A. to make B. making C. to have make D. having make28. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether theywill enjoy it. (2020北京)A. to see B. to be seen C. seeingD. seen29. - Its a long time since I saw my sister. (2020全国I)- _ her this week?A. Why not visitB. Why not to visitC. Why not visitingD. Why dont visit30. I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _talking while she works. (2020江西)A. working stoppingB. to work stoppingC. working to stopD. to work to stop31. The bad weather discouraged us _on the picnic and we had no choice but_ at home. (2020安徽)A. from going to stay B. to go stayC. go staying D. in going to stav32. Rather than _abroad, she prefers _to university at home after graduation from high school. (2020安徽)A. to study; go B. study; go C. study; to go D. to study; to go33. _finished my homework, I asked my brother _interrupt me. (2020安徽)A. Having not; not to B. Having not; to notC. Not having; to not D. Not having; not to34. Tom is said_ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in. (2020浙江)A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying35. Site will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role_ in making the eartha better place to live. (2020上海)A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing36. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if _ whether he was going in theright direction. (2020北京)A. seeing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see37. There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars_ road conditions need_. (2020上海)A. that to be improved B. which to be improvedC. where improving D. when improving38. An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered_ clear warningsbefore firing any shots. (2020上海)A. to issue B. being issued C. to have issued D. to be issued39. Ive worked with children before, so I know what_ in my new job.A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects40. _ the project as planned, well have to work two more hours a day.A. CompletingB CompleteC. CompletedD. To complete答案及解析I. 基础练习1. ABAAA / DABBB11. ABCBB / BCCBA1. 答案A 她依然想去。不定式位于句尾时，可省略动词和其后的连带成分而保留to。2. 答案B不定式作状语，表示目的，“转过身来看”。3. 答案A这里不定式作定语，表示将要发生的事，且被动；现在分词表示正在，过去分词表示已经。“下星期五将要举行的晚会”。4. 答案D remember to do sth 记住要做某事（将要做）；remember doing sth记住做过某事（已经做过）。这里是“我记得曾经被带去过”，因而选D。5. 答案Awhether to do sth不定式短语作主语，“是否去野餐”。 Whether后只能接不定式。6. 答案D go out vi 熄灭.7. 答案A 后半句的studied表明动作发生于过去,因而用to have studied表示过去,曾经.8. 答案B be to do A, not to do B是为了A, 而不是B.9. 答案B to play basketball with them anyway与某人打篮球; anyway adv 无论如何.10. 答案B I know what to expect知道期待什么.11. 答案A不定式作状语