个案分析：柴油公交车改造(中国北京)中英对照

i Table of Contents 1 Introduction.1 2 Description of Buses.4 3 Diesel Bus Retrofit Systems and Installation.8 3.1 Selection DOC; Bus No. 2202 EURO I. 25 Figure 19: PM Emissions Profile; DOC; Bus No. 2455 - EURO II. 25 Figure 20: PM Emissions Profile; DOC; Bus No. 2203 EURO I. 26 Figure 21: PM Emissions Profile; DOC; Bus No. 2457 EURO II. 26 Figure 22: PM Emissions Profile; FT-DPF; Bus No. 2206 EURO I. 27 Figure 23: PM Emissions Profile; FT-DPF; Bus No. 2165 EURO I. 27 Figure 24: Emissions Profile; FT-DPF; Bus No. 2473 EURO II . 28 Figure 25: PM Emissions Profile: FT-DPF; Bus No. 2474 EURO II. 28 Figure 26: Emission Profile: FT-DPF w/ ULSD; Bus No. 2206 EURO I. 29 Figure 27: Performance of an FT-DPF with Different Fuels. 30 Figure 28: PM Emissions Profile: WF-DPF; Bus No. 2475 EURO II. 30 Figure 29: PM Emissions Profile: WF-DPF; Bus No. 2482 EURO II. 31 Figure 30: Summary for the Last Round of OnBoard Testing. 32 Figure 31: OnBoard Results for the EURO II Equipped with WF-DPF. 33 Figure 32: OnBoard Results for EURO II Equipped with WF-DPF. 33 Figure 33: OnBoard Results for EURO II Equipped with WF-DPF. 34 Figure 34: OnBoard Results for EURO II Equipped with FT-DPF . 35 Figure 35: Tailpipe of EURO II Equipped with FT-DPF. 36 Figure 36: Tailpipe of EURO II Equipped with WF-DPF. 36 Figure 37: OnBoard Results for EURO I Equipped with FT-DPF. 37 Figure 38: OnBoard Results for EURO I Equipped with DOC. 38 Figure 39: OnBoard Results for EURO II Equipped with DOC . 38 Figure 40: OnBoard Results for EURO II Equipped with DOC . 39 Figure 41: Particle Mass Distribution for 3 Buses First Round of Tests. 42 Figure 42: Particle Size Concentration for 3 Buses First Round of Tests. 43 Figure 43: Particle Mass Distribution - Second Round of Tests . 43 Figure 44: Particle Size Concentration Second Round of Tests. 44 1 1 Introduction 项目概况 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Beijing Environmental Protection Bureau (BEPB), the China State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) and the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) cooperated in a diesel retrofit demonstration project from October 2005 through December 2007. The project resulted in the installation and operation of US EPA verified and/or California Air Resources Board (CARB) certified emissions control equipment on 25 city buses in Beijing, some of which used low-sulfur fuel in combination with the exhaust retrofit equipment. 2005 年 10 月至 2007 年 12 月期间，美国环境保护署 (EPA)、北京环保局 (BEPB)、中国国家环境保护总局 (SEPA) 和美国西南研究院 (SwRI) 合作在北京开 展柴油机改造示范项目，通过在 25 辆城市公交车上安装已经过 EPA 和 CARB (加 州大气资源局) 认证的各类排放控制装置，结合低硫柴油的使用，来探索对北京柴 油车污染控制的有效途径。 Air pollution in China is increasing rapidly, much of it due to the rising number of vehicles. In Beijing alone, close to 1,000 vehicles are being added to the roads each day. The fine particulate matter (PM) and other emissions from existing diesel-powered trucks and buses contribute to air pollution in Beijing and other large cities and pose serious public health impacts. A successful retrofit demonstration project laid the groundwork for expanded retrofits of heavily polluting vehicles in Beijing. This will have a positive impact on air quality in Beijing, and thus public health, as the city prepares for the Olympics in 2008 and beyond. 随着机动车数量的增加，中国的空气污染日益加剧，以北京为例，每天新增 机动车约 1000 辆。这些车辆尾气，尤其是在用柴油卡车和公交车所产生的颗粒及 其它排放物，成为北京及其他各大城市空气污染的一个重要来源，严重威胁着大众 健康。此次柴油车改造示范项目，为北京在用重度污染车辆的广泛改造奠定了基 础，对改善 2008 奥运期间和今后北京的空气质量，提高公众健康水平有着积极深 远的影响。 Because new vehicle technologies and the most effective retrofit technologies depend on clean fuels, US EPA, BEPB, and SEPA agreed to include ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel for some vehicles in the project. 考虑到新型车辆技术和在用车改造技术的有效性在很大程度上取决于燃油的 清洁度，EPA, BEPB 和 SEPA 一致决定，在项目试验中尝试对部分车辆使用超低硫 柴油。 The objectives of this pilot project were: 本示范项目的目标如下： 2 1) To demonstrate the effectiveness of retrofit technologies and low sulfur diesel fuel in reducing harmful particulate emissions from existing diesel on- highway heavy-duty vehicles in Beijing. 通过对北京市在用重型柴油车的改造，论证各种改造技术和低硫柴油在 降低有害颗粒物排放方面的效果。 2) To promote the use of advanced emissions control technologies and cleaner fuels. 促进先进排放控制技术和清洁燃油的使用。 Table 1: Technologies for Beijing Diesel Retrofit Pilot Project (Total of 25 Vehicles) 表表 1. 北京柴油机改造示范项目所采用的不同改造技术北京柴油机改造示范项目所采用的不同改造技术 （共（共 25 辆试验车）辆试验车） Engine/Bus Technology 发动机/整车技术 EURO-I 欧 I EURO-II 欧 II Fuel Sulfur Level, ppm 燃油硫含量（ppm） DOC(1) FT-DPF(2) DOC FT-DPF WF-DPF(3) 256 271 3 3 5 5 0 37 0 0 0 0 9 1) Diesel Oxidation Catalyst 柴油氧化催化器 2) Flow-through Diesel Particulate Filter (also known as partial flow DPF) 直流式颗粒捕集器 3) Wallflow Diesel Particulate Filter 壁流式颗粒捕集器 In November of 2005, the BEPB selected a 25-bus passenger transit fleet for the demonstration project. The fleet consisted of 6 EURO I and 19 EURO II emission- compliant diesel engine buses. The initial plan called for the EURO I buses to be equipped with diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC) as well as flow-through diesel particulate filters (FT-DPF). The EURO II buses were to be equipped with the same two technologies as the EURO I buses, plus a third technology relying on wallflow diesel particulate filtration (WF-DPF). Low sulfur fuel with a maximum of 50 ppm sulfur by weight was to be used for the EURO II-compliant buses equipped with WF-DPF systems. The three retrofit technologies represented three levels, with expected particulate matter (PM) reductions by weight of: 1) 20-40%; 2) 40-60%, and 3) 85% or greater. 2005 年 11 月，北京环保局选取了 25 辆公交柴油车作为项目试验车，其中 欧 I 车 6 辆，欧 II 车 19 辆。项目最初的计划是：在欧 I 车上安装 DOC (柴油氧化 催化器) 和 FT-DPF (直流式颗粒捕集器)；欧 II 车上安装 DOC、FT-DPF 和 WF- DPF (壁流式颗粒捕集器), 并于装有 WF-DPF 的车上结合使用低硫柴油（硫含量 50ppm）。这 3 种改造技术分别代表 3 种不同程度的颗粒转换效率：1) 20-40%; 2) 40-60%, 3) 85% 或更高。 The Beijing Environmental Protection Bureau (BEPB) played a pivotal role in this project by facilitating and coordinating the activities throughout the planning and 3 execution phases of the technical and formal activities. BEPB assigned the Beijing Automotive Research Institute (BARI) the task of closely monitoring the technical progress of the project. The bus company involved in the project was the Beijing Public Transport Holding, Ltd. (BPTH). The project called for testing the retrofit devices on EURO I and EURO II engines operating on dynamometers prior to installation of the retrofit devices on the buses. The engine-dynamometer test facility at the China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC) was used to fulfill this projects test requirement. Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) employed the services of the Tianjin SwARC Automotive Research Laboratory (joint venture company between SwRI and CATARC) to degreen (initial conditioning) the retrofit equipment and coordinate engine dynamometer testing at CATARC. 北京环保局在整个项目中起到关键作用，推动和协调了从计划到执行的各项 活动。北京汽车技术研究所 (BARI) 受北京环保局的委托，负责监督项目的技术进 展。北京公交公司也参与其中，提供了 25 辆试验车。中国汽车技术研究中心 (CATARC)负责前期的测功机台架试验。天津索克汽车试验有限公司（美国西南研究 院和中国汽车技术研究中心共同组建的合资公司）协助完成台架试验，并承担了改 造设备的预处理工作。 BEPB was instrumental in negotiating with SINOPEC, one of the major oil companies in China, to provide low sulfur diesel fuel for the project. To complete the list of stakeholders and supporters of the project, a group of experienced international consultants were members of the Technical Review Committee. These included Mr. Mike Walsh, Mr. Chuck Freed, and members from the academic circles such as Professor Fu Lixin of Tsinghua University. The retrofit equipment suppliers BASF (formerly Engelhard), Johnson Matthey Inc., Consolidated Parts and Accessories, Cummins Emission Solutions (formerly Fleetguard), and Cleaire have supported the project all through its duration. 经过北京环保局的协调，中石化专门为项目生产了一批低硫柴油。 项目还 得到技术顾问委员会的支持，该委员会由国际上知名的专家组成，成员包括： Mike Walsh 先生、Chuck Freed 先生、学术界人士如清华大学傅立新教授等。此 外，设备供应商巴士福（安格）、庄信万丰（Johnson Matthey），大联合零件有限 公司，康明斯（弗列加）和 Cleaire 对项目给予了大力的支持。 4 2 Description of Buses 试验车概况 In cooperation with the EPB and BARI, the Beijing Public Transit Holding, Ltd. (BPTH) selected bus line #954 as the dedicated bus fleet for the Beijing Retrofit Pilot Project. A total of 25 buses were involved in the project. 北京环保局和北京汽车技术研究中心从北京公交公司下属的 954车队选取了 25 辆公交车，作为项目试验用车。 Table 2 : Retrofit Test Fleet 25 Buses 表表 2. 试验车规格参数试验车规格参数(25 辆公交车辆公交车) EURO-I (6 each) 欧 I 车六辆 EURO-II (19 each) 欧 II 车十九辆 Year Flow-Though Diesel Particulate Filters (FT-DPF) for another 8 buses; and Wallflow Diesel Particulate Filters (WF-DPF) for the remaining 9 buses. Please refer to Table 1 for an outline of the test plan. 根据 2005年 10月在靠近发动机排气管处测得的排放温度数据，西南研究院 于 2005 年 11 月发布了对 25 辆试验车进行改造的项目寻价书，内容包括：在其中 8 辆试验车上安装柴油氧化催化器 (DOC)，另外 8 辆安装直流式颗粒捕集器 (FT- DPF)，剩下的 9辆安装壁流式颗粒捕集器 (WF-DPF)。具体试验计划参见表 1。 Suppliers were invited to visit the bus company in Beijing to view the specific application of the retrofits and to log their own measurement of temperature profiles. Some of the suppliers seized the opportunity, measured the exhaust temperature and were satisfied that they had the appropriate retrofit technology for this application. The supplier responses to the RFP were evaluated according to the following criteria: 接下来，改造设备供应商们应邀参观了位于北京的车队现场，他们了解了改 造项目的特殊应用要求，并重新测量了排放温度数据。美国西南研究院则依据下列 标准对供应商们进行筛选： System Price Schedule of Delivery Retrofit Installation Engineering and Assistance Monitoring Servicing; Spare Parts 系统报价 交货时间 系统安装 监控及报警装置 用户培训和技术支持 技术会议及项目范围 保修、维护及备件 9 3.2 Procurement of Low-Sulfur Diesel Fuel 低硫柴油采购 At the time of this project, the standard low-sulfur diesel fuel available in Beijing ranged from 256 to 271 ppm S (maximum 350 ppm S specification). This fuel was used for the DOC and FT-DPF retrofit systems installed on 16 buses. However, 160 tons of ultra-low sulfur fuel (50 ppm) was specially produced by SINOPEC and distributed for the 9 buses to be retrofitted with the wallflow diesel particulate filters. A dedicated tanker delivery truck and locking fuel tank doors on the buses ensured proper fueling. 项目进行期间，装有 DOC 和 FT-DPF 的 16 辆车使用的是北京市市售柴油， 硫含量为 256-271ppm（350ppm）。而装有 WT-DPF 的 9 辆车则使用由中石化专 门安排生产的 160吨超低硫柴油（硫含量50 ppm)。为保证超低硫柴油不会在加油 过程中受到污染，我们还采取了以下专门的措施: 指定油罐储存，指定油罐车运 输，加油口上锁等。 3.3 Diesel Oxidation Catalysts 柴油氧化催化器 A total of 8 buses, three (3) EURO I and five (5) EURO II, were equipped with diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC). Consolidated Parts and Accessories, Ltd. located in Hong Kong was selected to supply the DOC retrofit technology. These DOCs were designed to use Engelhard (now BASF) catalyst technology. 我们在 8 辆试验车（3 辆欧 I 车，5 辆欧 II 车）安装了柴油氧化催化器 (DOC)。这些 DOC 采用安格（现为巴士福）的催化技术，由位于香港的大联合零 件有限公司提供。 3.3.1 EURO I Bus Installations 欧 I车安装情况 Table 3: Details of DOC Installations on EURO I Buses 表表 3： DOC 在欧在欧 I 车上的安装情况车上的安装情况 Item 条目 Details 详细说明 Bus Code 公交车号 4-2202 4-2203 4-2193 Engine No. 发动机编号 1037363 N/A 2060395 DOC No. DOC编号 125110594 125110593 125020023 Installation Date 安装日期 Mar 4, 2006 2006-3-4 Mar 3, 2006 2006-3-3 Mar 3, 2006 2006-3-3 Fuel Sulfur, ppm 燃油含硫量 271 271 271 A total of 8 DOCs (one spare) were delivered by the supplier, Consolidated Parts and Accessories, Ltd. Three of the DOCs were installed on EURO I buses. Table 3 shows the details of the EURO I buses and DOCs that were installed. 10 大联合零件有限公司共提供了 8套 DOC (一套备用)，其中 3套安装在欧 I试 验车上，表 3列出了安装详情。 3.3.2 EURO II Bus Installations 欧 II 车安装情况 Five of the 8 DOCs were installed on EURO II buses and the details of these installations appear in Table 4. The DOCs were located close to the engine, near Point A of Figure 5. Temperature profiles had been previously measured at Point A. 八套 DOC 设备中的另外五套安装在欧 II车上，安装详情见表 4。 DOC 的安 装位置靠近发动机（图 5靠近 A 点的位置）。A 点的温度曲线前面已经测过。 Table 4: Details of DOC Installations on EURO II Buses 表表 4：DOC 在欧在欧 II 车上的安装情况车上的安装情况 Item 条目 Details 详细说明 Bus Code 公交车号 4-2442 4-2443 4-2446 4-2455 4-2457 Engine No. 发动机编号 G0801200073 G0801200183 G0801200006 G0801200412 G0801200209 DOC No. DOC 编号 125010003 125010058 125010002 125010021 125110584 Installation Date 安装日期 Mar 4, 2006 2006-3-4 Mar 4, 2006 2006-3-4 Mar 4, 2006 2006-3-4 Mar 5, 2006 2006-3-5 Mar 5, 2006 2006-3-5 Fuel Sulfur, ppm 燃油含硫量 271 271 271 271 271 Heat Exchanger Suspension Turbocharger Muffler Exhaust Pipe Driveshaft 26 cm 83 cm 62 cm 8 cm 35 cm distance between suspension and drive shaft Temperature Measurement (posted on website) Heat Exchanger Suspension Muffler Exhaust Pipe Driveshaft 26 cm 83 cm 62 cm 8 cm 35 cm distance between suspension and drive shaft Temperature Measurement (posted on website) Location of DPFs Location of DOCs A B Heat Exchanger Suspension Turbocharger Muffler Exhaust Pipe Driveshaft 26 cm 83 cm 62 cm 8 cm 35 cm distance between suspension and drive shaft Temperature Measurement (posted on website) Heat Exchanger Suspension Turbocharger Muffler Exhaust Pipe Driveshaft 26 cm 83 cm 62 cm 8 cm 35 cm distance between suspension and drive shaft Temperature Measurement (posted on website) Heat Exchanger Suspension Muffler Exhaust Pipe Driveshaft 26 cm 83 cm 62 cm 8 cm 35 cm distance between suspension and drive shaft Temperature Measurement (posted on website) Location of DPFs Location of DOCs A B A A Figure 5: DOC Installation Schematic 图图 5. DOC 安装示意图安装示意图 11 The DOC systems are designed to achieve a PM reduction of 20-40%. In general, the DOC units performed as designed on both EURO I and EURO II engines. Two of the eight DOCs experienced a gradual trend of increasing exhaust back-pressure, but performed well after cleaning. The retrofit team set a back-pressure maximum of 80 mbar to avoid any adverse impact on fuel consumption. DOC 系统按照设计要求，能降低颗粒物排放 20-40%。该项目安装的所有 DOC 基本都达到了预期的效果。其中有 2 套 DOC 出现过排放背压逐渐偏高的情 况，但经过清理又恢复正常了。技术人员将最大背压设置为 80mbar，以避免对油 耗产生不利影响。 3.4 Partial Flow Diesel Particulate Filters 直流式柴油颗粒捕集器 A different supplier (Fleetguard/Cummins, Inc. of Indiana now known as Cummins Emissions Solutions) was selected to provide the flow-through or partial flow filters (FT-DPF). 直流式颗粒捕集器 (FT-DPF) 由弗列加/康明斯公司提供。 3.4.1 EURO I Bus Installations 欧 I车安装情况 A total of eight (8) FT-DPFs were delivered by the supplier (Fleetguard). Two of the FT-DPFs were installed on EURO I buses. Table 5 shows the details of the EURO I buses that were installed with FT-DPF units. 弗列加一共提供了 8 套 FT-DPF，其中 2 套安装在欧 I 车上。表 5 列出了安 装详情。 Table 5: Details of FT-DPF Installations on EURO I Buses 表表 5. FT-DPF 在欧在欧 I 车上的安装情况车上的安装情况 Item 条目 Details 详细说明 Bus Code 公交车号 4-2165 4-2167 Installation Date 安装日期 Apr 12, 2006 2006-4-12 Apr 14, 2006 2006-4-14 Fuel Sulfur, ppm 燃油含硫量 271 271 3.4.2 EURO II Bus Installations 欧 II 车安装情况 Two of the 8 FT-DPFs were installed on EURO II buses and the details of these installations appear in Table 6. 12 欧 II 车上安装了 8套 FT-DPF 中的另外 2套，详情见表 6。 Table 6: Details of FT-DPF Installations on EURO II Buses 表表 6. FT-DPF 在欧在欧 II 车上的安装情况车上的安装情况 Item 条目 Details 详细说明 Bus Code 公交车号 4-2473 4-2472 Installation Date 安装日期 Apr 19, 2006 2006-4-19 Apr 20, 2006 2006-4-20 Fuel Sulfur, ppm 燃油硫含量 271 271 The initial partial-flow technology selected was based on the compact wire-mesh, filtration-by-impaction concept. This unit included an oxidation catalyst placed upstream from the diesel particulate filter to form NO2 to facilitate the DPF regeneration process. The systems installed included temperature and pressure monitoring using a CRT dm device and two warning lights; an amber light indicating that the system needed attention and service due to increased back-pressure and a red light indicating that the exhaust conditions had exceeded the allowable level (over 9 in Hg or 700C) and the bus must be taken out of service to perform a DPF cleaning process. The amber as well as the red lights on the few early installations came on within 8 to 18 hours of operation. Serious plugging was experienced with one FT-DPF wire-mesh design suffering catastrophic failure. A decision was made to remove all other wire-mesh FT-DPF systems from the buses until an alternative was found. Discussions between representatives from the US EPA, BEPB, SwRI and the supplier established an alternate test plan based on a different FT-DPF technology. This alternate technology consisted of a layered foil design with a catalytic coating on the surface of the diesel particulate filter. This technology was not certified by CARB or verified by the US EPA at the start of the Beijing retrofit project, but became certified by CARB prior to its adoption as an alternative flow-through filter for this project. 本项目起初使用的直流式颗粒捕集技术是基于碰撞拦截过滤概念采用密布金 属丝网式结构设计。该种颗粒捕集器前端为 DOC, 后端为 DPF，DOC 生成的 NO2 可直接促进 DPF 的再生过程。整个系统包含温度、压力监测和两个报警指示灯。 黄灯代表排气背压过高，需要及时处理和维护，红灯表明排放状况超过警戒线（压 力超过 30.5 kPa 或温度高于 700C），车辆应立即停止运营，并对 DPF 进行清 理。此种直流式颗粒捕集器(FT-DPF)使用初期，车辆运行到 8-18 个小时后，黄灯 和红灯就开始交替出现，其中一套还出现了严重堵塞故障并失效。最终，我们拆除 了所有的这种结构的 FT-DPF 系统。经美国环保署、北京环保局、美国西南研究院 及供应商共同研究决定，采用另外一种 FT-DPF 代替原有设计。新的 FT-DPF 为分 13 层箔