非限定性定语从句PPT课件

Grammarandusage,Non-restrictiveattributiveclauses非限制性定语从句,Finishtheattributiveclausesbelow:,1.Thelesson_westudiedyesterdaywashardtounderstand.2.Youcantakeanybook_interestsyoubest.,that,which/that,Practice,3.Peopleliketoliveinaplace_theresfreshairandlittlenoise.4.Thegirl_yousawatthemeetingisawell-knownswimmer.5.Heistheveryworker_picturewesawinthenewspaperyesterday.6.Hewasveryhappyontheday_heenteredtheuniversity.,where,whom/that,whose,onwhich,when/,7.Ineverreallyunderstandthereason_hemadesuchaseriousmistake.8.Dontreadsuchbooks_youcannotunderstand.9.Isthatthestudent_youlentyourdictionary?,towhom,why,as,10.Isthisthenewnovel_youhavetalkedsomuch?11.Thelittlehero,_hasgivenhislifeforhiscountry,willalwaysliveintheheartofthepeople.,who,aboutwhich,WhatsthedifferencebetweenNo.10andNo.11?No.10isarestrictiveclausewhileNo.11withacommaisanon-restrictiveclause.,Question:,1.定语从句(attributiveclauses)通常由关系代词或关系副词引出。常见的关系代词有:which(指物),that(既可指人又可指物),who(指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语),whom(指人，在定语从句中作宾语),whose(指人或物，作定语)等。关系副词有:when(指时间),where(指地点),why(指原因)等。,Explanation,2.定语从句分为限制性定语从句(restrictive)和非限制性定语从句(non-restrictive)两种。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,与先行词之间一般不加逗号；非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常用逗号分开。,TrytofindtheattributiveclausesintheReadingsectiononpage42-43andtelltheirfunctions.,restrictiveattributiveclauses:1.Theycontainaharmfulchemicalthatcausedmylivertofail.,Practice,2.Weshouldntbeashamedofthewaywelook,shouldwe?3.Thisisreallyatouchingstoryastrangerwhodonatedpartofhislivertoagirlhedoesntevenknow!,1.Imtakingweight-losspillscalledFat-Less,whicharequitepopularamongyoungwomenhere.2.Mymother,whomyoumetlastyear,keepstellingmenottotakethembecausetheyaredangerous.,non-restrictiveattributiveclauses:,3.Thenthedoctorfoundsomeoneinyourcountry,whosenameisLiDong,wasanexactmatchforme.4.ItsthesameinChinamanypeople,someofwhomarenotoverweightatall,arealwaysgoingondietortakingweight-losspills,whichareoftendangerous.,Differencesbetweentherestrictiveandnon-restrictiveattributiveclauses.,Discussion,Lookatthefollowingexamplesandtellthedifferencesbetweenthesentences.,1.Hisfather,whoworksinBeijing,camebackyesterday.2.Shanghai,whichisinEastChina,isdevelopingquickly.,Example1,Conclusion1,当先行词是地名、人名、世界上独一无二的事物或家庭唯一成员时，通常只用非限制性定语从句修饰。,1.Ihaveasisterwho/thatworksinahospital.我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。2.Ihaveasister,whoworksinahospital.我有一位姐姐，她在医院工作。,Example2,不只一位姐姐,只有一位姐姐,3.Themagazinesherewhich/thathavenicepicturesinthemwerewrittenbyhim.里面有漂亮图画的那些杂志是他写的。4.Themagazineshere,whichhavenicepicturesinthem,werewrittenbyhim.所有的杂志都是他写的,里面都有漂亮的图画。,杂志有两类,杂志只有一类,Conclusion2,1.限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切,是先行词不可缺少的部分,如果去掉它，主句意思往往不明确。2.非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补充或说明,去掉它也不会影响主句的意思。,Thisisthehouse(which/that)weboughtlastmonth.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。2.Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.这房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。,Example3,限制性定语从句,非限制性定语从句,3.HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.他似乎没领会我的意思,这使我心烦。,非限制性定语从句,Conclusion3,1.限制性定语从句可以由关系代词,关系副词来引导，关系代词作宾语时可以省略。2.非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词,又可修饰整个主句,不可用that引导且关系代词不可以省略。,1.Thefamousbasketballstar,_comesfromAmerica,willvisitourschoolsoon.2.Inthosedays,sheusedtogotoMrblack,with_shehadawonderfultime.3.Iboughtacaryesterday,_costmealot.,which,whom,who,Practice,4.Xian,_Ivisitedlastyear,isaniceoldcity.5.HewillcometoseemenextJuly,_hewontbesobusy.6.Theschool,_Ioncestudied,wasbuiltthirtyyearsago.,which,where,when,7.Johnsaidhedbeenworkingintheofficeforanhour,_wastrue.8._weallknow,heisgoodatEnglish.,As,which,非限制性定语从句考点归纳：,as和which引导非限制性定语从句,代替整个主句。,1.Aseveryoneknows,Chinaisacountrywithalonghistory.众所周知，中国是一个历史悠久的国家。,Example:,2.Sheisateacher,asisclearfromhermanner.她是个教师,这一点从她的举止可以清楚地看出。3.Hemissedtheshow,whichwasreallyagreatpity.他错过了演出，这真是很大的遗憾。,4.Heinvitedmetodinner,whichmademeveryhappy.他请我吃饭，这使我很高兴。,Conclusion,1.as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,as和which可代替整个主句，相当于andthis或andthat。这两个关系代词都可指代主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。,2.as和which引导非限制性定语从句的不同之处在于：(1)as引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which引导的定语从句不可放在句首。(2)as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若从句中的谓语为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。另外,as引导非限制性从句,常带有“正如”的意思。,Practice,Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,_cameasasurprise.2.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,_wasmorethanwecouldexpect.3._isexpected,theEnglandteamwonthefootballmatch.,As,which,which,4.Itrainedhardyesterday,_preventedmefromgoingtothepark.5._wecansee,thesmokecamefromthelittledustbin.,which,As,II.all/some/of+whom/which引导非限制性定语从句,Example:,Hehastoldusmanystories,allofwhichareaboutthefamousLongMatch.2.ThestudentsofClass1,someofwhomcamefromJapan,wentcampingyesterday.,Conclusion,在非限制性定语从句中,一些表达数量或定位的数词或代词如all/some/one/both/neither/none/any/either/any等可与of构成介词词组修饰限制先行词,此时先行词在其后的定语从句中作介词的宾语,关系代词不可用that。如先行词指人则用whom，如先行词指物则用which引导从句。,1.Manystudentsinthisschool,someofwhicharenotoverweight,aregoingondiets.2.Thereare54studentsinmyclassandtenofwhomcomefromUS.,whom,Correction:,them,3.Halfamillionpairsofshoesareproducedbytheworkershereeveryyear,80%ofwhomaresoldabroad.4.Ihavemanyfriendsinthistown,someofwhicharebusinessman.5.Iamdoingdifferenttypesofexercises,allofthemarequitehelpfultomyhealth.,which,which或all前加and,whom,Practicetime,Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestsonthantotheothers,_,ofcourse,madetheothersenvyhim.A.whoB.thatC.whatD.which,2.TheEnglishplay,_mystudentsactedattheNewYearsparty,wasagreatsuccess.A.forwhichB.atwhichC.inwhichD.onwhich,3.Thereweredirtymarksonhertrousers_shehadwipedherhands.A.whereB.whichC.whenD.that4.Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthatschool.Itisnolongerwhatitwas20yearsago,_itwassopoorlyequipped.A.whenB.whichC.whatD.that,5.TheBritisharenotsofamiliarwithdifferentculturesandotherwaysofdoingthings,_isoftenthecaseinothercountries.A.itB.thatC.asD.so,6.RecentlyIboughtanancientChinesevase,_wasveryreasonable.A.whichpriceB.thepriceofwhichC.itspriceD.thepriceofwhose,7.Mr.SmithwillmoveintohisnewhousenextSunday,_itwillbecompletelyfinished.A.bythetimeB.onthattimeC.onwhichD.bywhichtime8.Haveyouseenthefilm“Titanic”,_leadingactorisworld-famous?A.itsB.itsC.whoseD.which,9.Isthereadepartmentstorearound_Icangetabirthdaypresentformydaughter?Yes,justacrossthestreet.A.hereBwhichC.whereD.it10.JiuzhaigouValleyisamostfamousplaceofinterest,_Iwillneverforgetinmylife.A.itB.thatC.oneD.what,1.Thisisoneofthemostinterestingfilms_shownlastweek.Thisistheveryoneofthemostinterestingfilms_shownlastweek.A.whichwasB.thatwasC.whichwereD.thatwere,B,D,Comparison,2.Hehastwosons,_arecollegestudents.Hehastwosons,and_arecollegestudents.A.bothofwhichB.bothofwhomC.bothofthemD.bothofit,C,B,3.Hestilllivesintheroom_windowfacestotheeast.Hestilllivesintheroom,thewindow_facestotheeast.Hestilllivesintheroom_isinthenorthofthecity.Hestilllivesintheroom_thereisabeautifultable.A.whichB.whoseC.whereD.ofwhich,C,A,D,B,4._weallknow,Chinaisrichinnaturalresources._iswell-knownthatChinaisrichinnaturalresources._iswell-known,Chinaisrichinnaturalresources.A.WhichB.AsC.ItD.That,B,C,B,5.Isthismuseum_hevisitedlastmonth?Theteachertellsusthat_cleanstheblackboardistobepraised.A.thatB.theoneC.whichD.theonewho,B,D,1.Goovertherestrictiveandnon-restrictiveattributiveclauses.2.FinishtheexercisesofPartAandBonp48-49inyourtextbook.3.FinishPartC1onP96inyourworkbook.,Homework,Questiontags,Doyouoftensay“Iloveyou”toyourparents?Howdoyousaythat?,Sometimesyoumayaskthem:,Youloveme,dontyou?,1.Whatarequestiontags?,Questiontagsareshortquestionsthatcomeattheendofstatements.,Discussion,2.Lookatthefollowingexamplesandtellinwhatdifferentsituationsthequestiontagsareused.,Example1:Itsalovelyday,isntit?Situation1:tostartaconversationExample2:Neitherofyouhasheardthenews,haveyou?Situation2:torequestinformationinamorepoliteway.,Example3:Passtheknifeonthetabletome,willyou?Situation3:tosoftenanorderorarequestforsomeonetodosomething.,Situation4:1.toaskforagreement,usingafallingtone.(Thespeakerissureaboutwhatissaid.)2.toaskforconfirmation,usingarisingtone.(Thespeakerisnotsureaboutwhatissaid.),Example4:1.Youreahighschoolstudent,arentyou?2.Youreahighschoolstudent,arentyou?,TrytofindthequestiontagsintheReadingsectiononpage42-43andtellthesituationsandtones.,Practice:,1.Lookinggoodisimportanttowomen,isntit?Iwaslucky,wasntI?Weshouldntbeashamedofthewaywelook,shouldwe?,Examples,Allthequestiontagsaboveareusedtoaskforagreementbythewriterandtheyshouldbereadinafallingtone.,Conclusion:,Discussion,Pairwork,1.Whatarethetwokindsofquestiontags?Positivequestiontagsandnegativequestiontags.2.Howarequestiontagsformed?Usuallyanegativequestiontagisusedattheendofapositivestatement;apositivequestiontagisusedattheendofanegativestatement.,Formationofquestiontags:,Neitherofyouwillhavecoffee,willyou?NoonehasfoundmyCD,havethey?Nobodyunderstoodhisspeech,didthey?Hissisterseldomargueswithpeople,doesshe?,Example1,Whenthemainclauseusesnegativewordslikeneither,none,nobody,nothing,few,little,never,hardlyorseldom,itisfollowedbyapositivequestiontag.,Conclusion1,e.g.Thereareagroupoflittlechildreninthemuseum,_?,arentthere,Whatdoestheword“little”meanhere?“Smalloryoung”ratherthan“almostno”.,Attention,Question,Imlate,arentI?Peteroftenhelpstheoldman,doesnthe?Everyonehasadvisedyounottogoonadiet,haventthey?,WeuseapersonalpronounlikeI,we,you,he,she,itortheyinaquestiontag.,Example2,Conclusion2,Example3,Conclusion3,Youliketraveling,dontyou?YoucantspeakItalian,canyou?Thereissomethingwrong,isntthere?,Weuseanauxiliaryverb,modelverborbeinaquestiontag.,Example4,Conclusion4,Postaletterforme,willyou?Letshaveabreak,shallwe?Letusgohomenow,willyou?,Afteranimperativeclause,weusewillyou.AfterLets,weuseshallwe.,Example5,Ithinkeveryonewillbeinterestedinthesebooks,wontthey?Iguesstheyhaventheardabouttheplan,havethey?IdontsupposeTomwentbackhomeyesterday,didhe?,Conclusion5,WhenthemainclauseofthesentencebeginswithIthink/suppose/guess/believe/imagineandisfollowedbyanobjectclauseintroducedbythat,thequestiontagsareformedaccordingtotheobjectclause.,1.Itoldhimthatyouhadfinishedthework,_?2.YouthinkhecomesfromJapan,_?3.Hedoesntguessyouareright,_?4.Wedontimaginethathehasliedtous,_?,dowe,doeshe,dontyou,didntI,Practice,Example6,Conclusion6,Hesaverygoodteacher,isnthe?Youdwatchthefootballmatchratherthangototheparty,wouldntyou?,Remembers=isorhas,andd=hadorwould,Tipsaboutusingquestiontags:,Takenoteof:thekindofverb(auxiliary/modalverb/otherverbs)thetenseoftheverb/verbagreement,1.Whydoesshealwaysaskyouforhelp?Thereisnooneelseshecanturnto,_?A.isthereB.isitC.cansheD.doesshe2.Therewasaloudscreamfromthebackstageimmediatelyaftertheconcertended,_?A.wasntthereB.wasthereC.didntitD.didit,Practice,3.Thereisnolightinthedormitory.Theymusthavegonetothelecture,_?A.didnttheyB.donttheyC.mustnttheyD.haventthey4.BillsaimistoinformtheviewersthatcigaretteadvertisingonTVisillegal,_?A.isntitB.isitC.isntheD.ishe,Languagepoints,1.consider,Nowheisconsideringtakingsomepills,whichhethinkswillmakehimbecomestronger.(Page49,line7),释义：a.thinkabout考虑,思考b.beoftheopinion,regardas认为,以为c.takeintoaccount顾虑,体谅,consider(doing)sth,consider的常见用法,我们已经考虑了今天下午去科技馆。Wehave_thisafternoon.2.我认为你不该为之受责备。Iconsider_.,consideredgoingtothesciencemuseum,thatyouarenottoblameforit,完成下列句子的英文翻译：,3.他们认为你很热心。Theyconsider_.4.我们认为这件事不重要。Weconsider_.,thismatter(as)unimportant,youtobewarm-hearted,5.这个科学家被认为发明了一种新型电话。Thisscientist_.6.我们认为他这样做是自私的。Weconsider_.,isconsideredtohaveinventedanewtypeoftelephone,itselfishforhimtodoso,affecteffecteffortoffer,result,impressionholdout,putforwardtryinghardhaveaninfluenceon,2.affect/effect/effort/offer,1.Allthepeopletherewere_totears.2.Katewasmuch_bythesadnews.3.Thebookhadagreat_onhisfuture.,affected,affected,effect,affect/effect/effort/offer,Practice,4.Heusedto_meblackbreadforlunch.5.Jimwillmakemore_tolearnEnglishwell.,offer,efforts,3.recognize/realize,释义：know,identifyagain;认识,认出bewillingtoaccept.asinthepast;承认,认可bepreparedtoadmit;自认,知道acknowledge;公认,赏识常见用法:recognizesb/sth.recognizeas/toberecognizethat,recognize,释义:befullyconsciousof,understand完全认识,了解convertintoafact使(计划、希望等)实现exchangeformoney变卖(财产、股票等)obtainasapriceorprofit卖得、获得常见用法:realizesb./sth.realizethat,realize,recognize/realize,1.Hashe_hismistakeyet?2.Dogs_peoplebytheirsmell.4.Idontthinkyoufully_theimportanceofhistalk.5.Shelookedattheletter