高二英语Unit 15 Learning (3)

Unit 15 Learning (3)同学们，本单元的语法项目是虚拟语气，今天，我们就来认真的探讨一下英语虚拟语气的使用：虚拟语气概念: 虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望, 假设, 猜测, 建议或对某事物的强烈感情，如惊讶，惋惜，不相信等。提出建议-对事物认为理应如此，感到惊奇（竟然），惋惜等这种情况的句子，谓语常用shoulddo构成提出建议，要求，命令等。order, require, demand, propose (proposal), desire, advise, command, recommend, request, suggest (建议), insist (坚持认为对将要发生的事)等动词引导的宾语从句以及由它们的名词引出的主语，表语，同位语从句。这时谓语中的should可省，谓语动词只用原形，但不能用would代替。It is suggested/ decided / ordered / proposed/ desired that sb. should doEg: The young man insisted that he (should) be sent to the place where the people need himmost.It is proposed that we (should) put up a new laboratory building in our school.The order that the thief (should) be punished has been given by the judge. The doctor ordered that she should stay in bed for a few days.Bud insisted he drive us home.Our suggestion is that you should be the first to go.Do you know the order that you should keep watch?It is requested that the professor should give us a lecture this afternoon. His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once. I suggest that we (should) go swimming. My idea is that we should think it over before accepting it. We all agreed to his suggestion that we should to go Da Lian for sightseeing. suggest“表明，暗示”，insist“强调，力言”对已经发生的事情, 时不用虚拟Tom insisted that he had never stolen anything. The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work. 表示理应如此（应该，有必要等），如：It is necessary, important, natural, no wonder, impossible, 等词引出的主语从句Eg: It is important that we should keep this a secret. 在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等，其谓语形式是“should(可省) 动词原形”，常用于以下三种句型中。句型一：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that句型二：It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that句型三：It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that如：It is strange that he (should) have done that.It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.It is requested that we (should) be so careless.表示惊奇，惋惜等。如：Its strange Its a pity Its a shameIm sorry 等引出的主语从句Eg: Its strange that few people should know this.Its strange that he should have come here. Its a pity that our monitor should have failed in the exam.Its a pity that you should be so careless.Its a shame that you should say such words to your parents.在Its (high) time that 引出的从句中，也用虚拟语气，但这种虚拟与上述各句型不同，从句的谓语要用动词过去式，也可用shoulddo，但should不可省。Eg: Its time we went to school. Its time we should go to school.Its high time you started. Its high time you should start working.Its time that we should start out. 在表示希望的句子中：had better, would rather + sb. didI would rather you came next Saturday.I would rather they didnt hear the news. 假设情况：常与表示与本人愿望或事实不符的情况。这中虚拟语气的用法是谓语动词的时态往前退一格。如与过去事实不符，用过去完成时；与现在事实不符，用过去时；与将来事实不符，用过去将来时。常用于下列句型：动词wish引出的宾语从句，常有表示但愿，就好了的意思，表示与愿望不符。与过去事实相反，从句用过去完成时I wish I hadnt told you about my plan.How I wish I had been there.与现在事实相反，从句用一般过去时The girl wished that she were a bird.I wish it were autumn all the year round.对将来事情的愿望，常指不容易实现的事情，从句用过去将来时。The old lady wished that her daughter would come to see her soon.I wish it would be fine tomorrow. (wish 本身不管是用现在时还是过去时，从句时态不受影响)注意：如果wish做名词时，它引出的从句谓语动词用（should）doHer wish was that her neighbors (should) move away from the apartment right away. Its my wish that she (should) do so.as if, as though (even if, even though)引出的状语从句，表示似乎，好像，常指与事实不符的情况，从句谓语动词与wish用法相同。He talked as if he had found a new land.He looked as if he were an artist.She was terrified as if something terrible would happen. They talked as if they had been friends for years.As if 引出的状语从句表与过去事实相反时，如果谓语动词是状态词，就用过去时态，不用过去完成时He talked as if he knew all about this.William walked past the pole and the soldiers as if they didnt exist.另外as if 用在 look 或seem 后做表语从句时，如果表示与事实不符，用虚拟语气，否则用陈述语气。She looks as if she had been ill for a long time.事实没病He looked as if he had stepped out of my book of fairy tales. 比喻但It looks as if it is going to rain.if 引出的条件状语从句：有两种情况：一种是假设情况完全有可能发生，叫真实条件句，假设将来可能发生的情况，用现在时代替将来时；但如果假设情况是与事实相反的或是不太可能发生的叫虚拟条件句。If am free tomorrow, I will come to see you.（真实条件）probably be freeIf I were free, I would come to see you. （假设条件）in fact cant be free虚拟条件句中主句和从句谓语动词的构成：情景条件从句的谓语动词主句的谓语动词与现在事实相反did （be要用were）should +动词原形 would与过去事实相反had +doneshould +have+过去分词 would与将来事实相反、did 、should +do 、were to +doshould 动词原形 would主句的谓语动词可根据情况用其他情态动词，如，should（用于第一人称），could（能够），might（可能）等Eg: 与过去事实相反If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have seen the scientist.If he had been here yesterday, we would have had a hap pier time. 与现在事实相反If I were you, I wouldnt do this. If I knew her phone number, I would ring her up now.将来不太可能发生的事If I should be asked to work on the problem, I would work on it in a different way.If it were to be windy tomorrow, we would put off the outing. 虚拟条件句中，要注意以下几点：错综时间条件句: 有时主句和从句表示的时间不一致，这时主句和从句的谓语动词应根据各自表示的时间做调整。Eg: If he had listened to the teacher attentively in class, he would be able to answer the question now. If you had followed the doctors advice you would be better now.有时从句可能是虚拟，而主句可能是真实句子。If you should go out today, please post the letter for me. 含蓄条件句：有时条件句可以不用从句，而是通过上下文或用介词短语表示。The gifts to him would have filled a railway car.Man would die without air.With your help, I would have finished the work ahead of time. Without water, there would be no life on earth.I was ill that day, otherwise I would have taken part in the party. But for the flood, we should have arrived earlier. If only I had taken his advice.But for the leadership of the Party, we could not lie a happy life What would you do with a million dollars?We couldnt have finished the work ahead of time without your help.But for the rain, we would have finished the work. He phoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it. A man who stopped drinking water would be dead in about seven days. I might have given you more help, but I as too busy. Everything taken into consideration, they would have raised their output quickly. 如果条件从句的谓语中含有were或had，should，could助动词，则可省去连词if，而将were，had，should，could放在主语前，构成倒装语序Were she here (If she were here), she would help me.Had you invited her (If you had invited her), she would have come.Should the earth stop spinning (If the earth should stop spinning), what would happen to us?If I were at school again, I would study harder. =Were I at school again, I would study harder.If you had come earlier, you would catch the bus.=Had you come earlier, you would catch the bus.If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing. =Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.若省略的条件句中的谓语动词是否定形式, 就不能用缩略形式Were it not for the expense, I would go abroad now. 用于if only 引导的感叹句中和条件句的虚拟语气中If it were not for If it had not been for 要不是为了, 要不是因为什么If it were not for the rain, the crops would die.If it had not been for your help, we couldnt have finished the work ah