高二英语动词时态与语态人教实验版知识精讲

高二英语动词时态与语态人教实验版 【本讲教育信息】 一. 教学内容： 动词时态与语态 二. 动词时态考查要点简述 1. 一般现在时考点分析 表示客观事实或普遍真理（不受时态限制） The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun. Water boils at 100. 表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作， 多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。 Ice feels cold. We always care for each other and help each other. 表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时： see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want 、think、belong seem 等。如： I know what you mean. Smith owns a car and a house. All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School. 在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由 if 引导的 条件状语从句中可以用 shall 或 will 表示“意愿” ，但不表示时态。 If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased. 如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会，我的家人会非常高兴。 少数用于表示起止的动词如 come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、 stop 等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动 作。当 be 表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。 The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day. Tomorrow is Wednesday. 2. 一般过去时的考点分析（考核重点） 。 一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的 时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示） ；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没 有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如： I met her in the street yesterday. I once saw the famous star here. They never drank wine. I thought the film would be interesting, but it isnt. 如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从 句中的谓语动词仍用过去式。如： He told me he read an interesting novel last night. 表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。 The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her. He bought a watch but lost it. 常用一般过去时的句型： Why didnt you / I think of that? I didnt notice it. I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before. I didnt recognize him. 3. 一般将来时考点分析。 表示未来的动作或状态常用 will / shall + 动词（常与表示将来的时间状语 连用如 tomorrow、next week 等） 。 表示一种趋向或习惯动作。 Well die without air or water. 表示趋向行为的动词如 come、go、start、begin、leave 等词常用进行时 的形式表示将来时。 be going to 与 will / shall, be to do, be about to do 的用法及区别： be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考 虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall / will do 表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出 的决定。 be going to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而 will 则能，表意愿。 如： If it is fine, well go fishing.(正确) If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(错误) be to do sth.表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、 可能性等。 A meeting is to be held at 3:00 oclock this afternoon. be about to do sth.表示“即刻，就要” ，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。 Autumn harvest is about to start. 4. 现在进行时考点分析。 表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时； 表近期特定的安排或计划；go、come 等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。如： It is raining now. He is teaching English and learning Chinese. I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight. We are leaving on Friday. At six I am bathing the baby. (I start bathing the baby before six.) The girl is always talking loud in public. (与 always、often 等频度副词连 用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩) 下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。 （A）表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。 （B）表示存在状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to, depend on。 （C）表示一时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。 （D）表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。 5. 过去完成时考点分析（考核重点） 。 常用过去完成时的几种情况： （A）在 by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since 后接表示过 去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station. （B）表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用 had hoped / planned / meant / intended/thought / wanted / expected 等或用上述动词过去式接不 定式完成式表示，即：hoped / planned + to have done。 e.g. We had hoped to meet you at the airport, but= I hoped to have met you at the airport, but （C） “时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时 间名词 + ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago. （D）表示“一就”的几个句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when / than / before + 一般过去时。 We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started. 在 before 或 after 引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。 After he (had)left the room, the boss came in. We arrived home before it snowed. 6. 过去将来时考点分析 参照一般将来时对比：用 would do、was / were going to do sth.表示过去 将来；come、go、leave 等过去进行时表示过去将来；was / were to do sth.和 was / were about to do sth.表示过去将来。 7. 过去进行时考点分析。 过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生的动作。 What were you doing yesterday evening? I was helping my father fixing his computer. 某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由 when 或 while 引导的时 间状语从句中。 My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. It was raining when they left the station. 8. 现在完成时考点分析。 现在完成时除可以和 for、since 引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短 语连用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years 等。 He was been in the party for ten years. 下列句型中常用现在完成时 It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since 从句 This (That / It) is the first (second) time that + 完成时 This (That / It) is the only + that + 完成时 This (that / It) is the best / finest / most interesting + that + 完成时 It is ten years since I left college. This is the second time that I have come here. This is the most beautiful place I have ever visited. 在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如： I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it. If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better. Dont get off the bus until it has stopped. 三. 注意几组时态的区别： 1. 一般过去时与现在完成时： 时间上有差异：凡有过去时间的均用过去时态，不能用完成时态，如含有 ago、last year、just now、the other day 等。 结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚 完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去” ，和现在毫无关系。 试一试: A:I cant find my watch. _ you _(see) it anywhere? B: Yes. You _(leave) it on the desk yesterday. I _(put) it in your bag. 2. 过去完成时与一般过去时： 过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去” ；如出现同一主语连续几个动作（“连谓” ） 形式则只用一般过去时即可。 试一试: 1) By the time I got there, most of the visitors _(arrive). 2) The father was very angry to see what his son _(do). 四. 被动语态考查要点简述 被动语态的构成方式：be + 过去分词，口语也用 get / become + 过去分词 表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。 强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by 短语有时可以省略） 。 1. 使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。 主动变被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。 My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday. An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday. I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday. 主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变） ；（作补语的）不定式前需加 to。 The boss made him work all day long. He was made to work all day long (by the boss) 短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴” 。 The children were taken good care of (by her). Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to. 当句子的谓语为 say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report 等时，被动语 态有两种形式：（A）谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。 （B）用 it 作形式 主语，真正的主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如： 类似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that 2. 不能用被动语态的几种情况。 所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中,如:disappear, happen, occur, add up to, belong to , break out, come down（流传下来）, come out（出版）, come true, give out, run out, take place 等。 表示状态的谓语动词，如： last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to 等。 表示归属的动词，如 have、own、belong to 等。 表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate 等。 有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有 sell、write、wash、open、lock 等。 This clothes dry easily. His book doesnt sell well. 3. 主动形式表被动意义。 当 feel、look、smell、taste、sound 等后面接形容词时；当 cut、read、sell、wear、write 等词带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、 关、停、转、启动”等意义时。 This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗。 These novels wont sell well.这些小说不畅销。 My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。 The door wont lock.门锁不上。 The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香。 当 break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out 等动词表示 “发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。 The plan worked out successfully. The lamps on the wall turn off. want, require, need 后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。 be worth doing 用主动形式表示被动含义。 在“be + 形容词 + to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动 代被动。 This kind of water isnt fit to drink. The girl isnt easy to get along with. 另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表示被动。 4. 被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。 be seated 坐着 He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）坐在凳子上。 be hidden 躲藏 He was hidden behind the door.（He hid himself behind the door.）他 藏在门后。 be lost 迷路 be drunk 喝醉 be dressed 穿着 The girl was dressed in a red short skirt. 5. 被动语态与系表结构的区别 被动语态强调动作；系表结构表示主语的特点或状态。如： The book was sold by a certain bookstore.（被动语态） The book is well sold.（系表结构） 五. 精典名题导解 1. Visitors _not to touch the exhibits.(NMET 2001) A. will request B. are requested C. are requesting D. request 解析：答案为 B。此题的时态是不难判断的，因为说的是一条规定，所以用一 般现在时，而 visitors 与 request 之间是动宾关系，即 request visitors not to touch the exhibits,究竟是谁要求他们这样做呢？不清楚，也不必知道，因此需要 用被动语态。分析 visitors 与 request 之间的关系是此题的解题关键。 2. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _ so rapidly.(NMET 2001) A. is changing B. has changed C. will have changed D. will change 解析：答案为 A。此题考查现在进行时态的用法。句意为“选择一部移动电话 不是一件容易的事，因为科技发展得十分迅速。 ”本句的主句用一般现在时表达的 是目前的情况，而“科技发展迅速”也是现阶段正存在的一种状态，不是在过去， 也不是在将来，因此只能用现在进行时表达。 3. All the preparations for the task _, and were ready to start.（2000 年春季高考） A. completed B. complete C. had been completed D. have been completed 解析：答案为 D。现在完成时表示过去做的事对现在的影响。从 and were ready to start 句意可知，一切准备工作已经就绪，可以开始工作了。complete 是及物动词，与句子的主语是被动关系，所以需要用被动语态表达。注意分清 complete 与主语之间的关系；结合语境选择正确时态。 【模拟试题】 一、Put the following sentences into the passive voice 1. People speak English in many countries. 2. We built this bridge last year. 3. The tiger in the zoo frightened the little girl. 4. Xiao Liu has invited you to a lunch party. 5. You must not take these magazines out of the reading-room. 6. We shall discuss the problem at tomorrows meeting. 7. People will never forget the accident. 8. They are repairing the car in the garage. 9. Someone must have turned on the light without your notice. 10. They have found ways to make waste water clean. 11. They gave him a medal for his wonderful work. 12. The doctor will ask the patient some questions before he gives her medicine. 13. Someone will tell you how to prepare for the examination. 14. It surprised me to hear that they wouldnt give him a holiday after his hard work. 15. We must finish the work by six oclock this afternoon. 16. Could you carry out the plan on time? 17. We must pay attention to such problems. 18. You should put forward（提出）the questions at the meeting. 19. People are talking about the incident all over the town. 20. They elected her leader of the group. 二、用动词的正确形式填空 1. The bridge _ (build) now. 2. The bridge _ (build) now will be completed in five months. 3.His son _ (addict) to drug, so he is very angry. 4.Finding his son _ (addict) to drug, the fathers heart broke. 5.The letter _ (write) in pencil in 1967. 6. _ (write) in pencil, the letter was difficult to make out. 7. Kate _ (fire) by his boss. 8. My dream is _ (become) a scientist. 9. (While) _(work) in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 10. The teacher told the students _(not talk) in class. 11. I will come to attend your lecture at 10:00 tomorrow. Im sorry, by then my lecture will have ended and I _ (meet) my guests in my office. 12. Are you a visitor here? Thats right. I _(travel) round the world and now my dream of coming to China _(come) true. 13.I like this kind of clothes because they _(wash) well. 14.The shop _(open) at 8:00 a.m. and _(close) at 11:00 p.m. 参考答案 http/ 一、1. English is spoken in many countries. 2. This bridge was built by us last year. 3. The little girl was frightened by th