（同步精品课堂）2020学年高中英语 专题01 Great scientist（结）（基础版）新人教版必修5

专题01 Great scientist一、重点词汇考点1【教材原句】John Snow defeats “king cholera”.约翰.诺斯战胜了“霍乱王”。defeat vt.战胜，打败；（使）受挫；n.失败；击败【归纳拓展】defeat/beat的宾语都是某个人或某个集体 ( sb/ a team/ a class/ a school/ an army )。而win表示在较强的竞争中取得了胜利，宾语多是game,match,race,election,prize.考点2【教材原句】John Snow was a famous doctor in Londonso expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.约翰.斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生他的确医术精湛，因而成为照料维多利亚女王的私人医生。attend v.照顾；护理；专心；注意 vt.出席；参加【归纳拓展】attend (to) sb照料/关怀某人attend to sth处理/专心于某事辨析join, attend, join in, take part in易混词(组)辨析例句join指加入某个组织或团体，如军队、团队、政党等I decided to join the army.我决定去参军。attend指参加会议或仪式，如参加婚礼、葬礼、典礼或上课、上学、听报告等I often attend meetings and sometimes I take part in/join in the discussion.我经常出席会议，有时参加会议的讨论。join in侧重指与某人一起做某事，结构为join (sb) in sth.take part in指参加一些大型的、正式的或有组织的活动，并起到重要作用考点3【教材原句】But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.但当他一想到帮助那些得了霍乱的普通百姓时，他就感到很振奋。expose vt. 暴露；揭露；使曝光；使接触；使体验【归纳拓展】exposeto使暴露于；使遭受；使冒险be exposed to暴露于；接触考点4【教材原句】Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. 人们既不知道它的病源，一步了解它的治疗方法。cure n.治愈；痊愈； v.治愈（某人）；解决（问题）【归纳拓展】a cure for治愈cure sb of sth治好某人的病辨析cure与treat易混词辨析搭配一言辨异cure强调“结果”，即“治愈”cure sb of sthThe doctor treated her headache with a new medicine, but didnt cure her.医生用一种新药为她治头疼，但没有把她治好。treat强调“过程”，即“治疗”treat sb for sth宾语结构为sb of sth的常见动词有：warn sb of sth警告某人某事 rob sb of sth抢劫某人的某物inform sb of sth通知某人某事 rid sb of sth使某人摆脱某事 cure sb of sth治愈某人的某种疾病 convince sb of sth说服某人某事 cheat sb of sth欺骗某人某事accuse sb of sth指控某人某事 remind sb of sth使某人想起某事；提醒某人某事 suspect sb of sth怀疑某人做过某事考点5【教材原句】The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air.第一种看法时霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖。suggest v.暗示，表明；提议，建议【归纳拓展】(1)注意suggest的宾语从句既可以用虚拟语气，还可用陈述语气：suggest作“建议”讲时，其宾语从句用虚拟语气，从句的谓语动词用“（should）+动词原形”；作“表明”讲时，其宾语从句用陈述语气。表示“建议、命令、要求”的动词后面接宾语从句时，从句要用虚拟语气，即（should）+ 动词原形，这类动词主要有：一个坚持：insist二道命令：order，command三条建议：suggest，advise，propose四点要求：demand，desire，request, require(2)suggest sth to sb/ suggest to sb sth表示“向某人建议某事”。suggest不能接双宾语。类似不能接双宾语的动词还有：explain（解释），announce（通知，宣布），report（报告，报道）等。(3)建议（某人）做某事：suggest（ones/one）doing sth考点6【教材原句】The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.第二种看法时人们在吃饭的时候把这种病毒带入体内。absorb v. 吸收；吸引，使专心，使全神贯注【归纳拓展】英语中表示“全神贯注于/专注于”的短语有：put ones heart into, focus/concentrate on, be lost in, be deep in, devote oneself to考点7【教材原句】John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.约翰.斯诺认为第二种看法时正确的，但他需要证据。suspect v.认为；怀疑； n.嫌疑犯【归纳拓展】suspect sb to be怀疑某人suspect sb of (doing) sth怀疑某人（做过）某事suspect that怀疑考点8【教材原句】It seemed that the water was to blame.看来水是罪魁祸首。blame vt.责备，谴责，把归咎于& n.过失；责备【归纳拓展】blame sb for (doing) sth因（做）某事责备某人blameon把归咎于be to blame (for)（因）应受谴责，（因）应负责任（主动表被动）bear/ take the blame for 对负责put/ place/ lay the blame for sth on sb将某事归咎于某人考点9【教材原句】The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more.自来水公司接到指令，不能再让人们接触被污染的水了。instruct vt.命令；指示；教导【归纳拓展】instruct sb in sth教授某人某事instruct sb to do sth命令某人做某事as instructed按照指示instruction n.指示；命令（pl.）说明书；使用指南instructor n.教员，指导者 instructive adj. 有益的；有教育意义的2、 重点短语考点1put forward提出（意见、建议、观点等）；提前；把（时钟）往前拨；推荐，提名【教材原句】Who put forward a theory about black holes?谁提出了关于黑洞的理论？【归纳拓展】put down放下；镇压；写下 put away收拾好；储存putin force使生效 putinto practice实施，实行put off推迟 put on穿上；上演；假装put out扑灭；生产 put up举起；搭建；张贴；留住宿put up with容忍 put aside把撇开不理，不考虑考点2Draw a conclusion得出结论【归纳拓展】conclusion n.结论；结束arrive at/ come to/ reach/ draw a conclusion得出结论make a conclusion下结论；结束in conclusion总而言之conclude v. 结束；推断出conclude (sth.) with用结束（某事）concludefrom从中推断出to conclude=in conclusion总之考点3lead to 导致；引起；通往【教材原句】Although he had tried to ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion: that the earth was not the center of the solar system.虽然他曾经试着不去理睬那些数字， 然而他所有的数学计算都得出一个结论：地球不是太阳系的中心。【归纳拓展】“导致；引起”的表达：lead to; contribute to; bring about; cause; result in考点4make sense讲得通；有意义（反义词组：make no sense）【教材原句】Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.【归纳拓展】make sense of sth理解/明白某事in no sense决不There is no sense in dong sth做某事是没有道理/意义的。三、经典句型考点1“Only+状语”位于句首，句子或主句要用部分倒装语序【教材原句】Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能讲得通。【句法分析】“Only+状语”位于句首，句子或主句要用倒装语序。【归纳拓展】(1)only修饰的状语，如不位于句首，则不用倒装。The aim will be achieved only after a bitter struggle. 只有经过艰苦的奋斗，目标才能达到。(2)only修饰状语从句时，从句不可倒装。Only when did he return did we find out the truth. ()Only when he returned did we find out the truth.( )(3)only修饰主语时，句子不可倒装。Only can he answer the question. ()Only he can answer the question. ( )(4)辨析：易混词组辨析例句only if意为“只要，只有”，通常引导陈述语气的真实条件句Only if I get a job will I have enough money to by a new car.我只有找到了工作再有足够的钱买一辆新车。if only意为“但愿，要是就好了”，常引导虚拟语气的条件句、感叹句If only I had another chance.要是我再有一次机会就好了。考点2“介词+关系代词which/whom”引导定语从句【教材原句】Yet Copernicus theory is now the basis on which all our ideas of the universe are built.然而，哥白尼的理论在现在却是我们的宇宙观赖以建立的基础。【句法分析】on whichbuilt为定语从句，修饰先行词the basis.【考点聚焦】“介词+关系代词which/whom”引导定语从句，主要考查“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时介词的选择。该结构中介词的选择要遵从“一先，二动，三意义”的原则。“一先”即根据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定介词；“二动”即根据定语从句中动词的某种习惯搭配来确定介词；“三意义”即根据从句的意义来确定介词。注意：有时，为了表达需要，可以在关系副词when、where前加上介词from、to、until、since等。I came here in 1949, since when I have been engaged in this work.我1949年到这里,从那时起我就担任这项工作。He was standing by the window, from where he could see what was happening in the street. 他站在窗户边，从那儿他可以看到大街上所发生的事情。4、 语法讲解过去分词作定语和表语1、过去分词作定语过去分词是非谓语动词的一种形式，表示动作的被动和完成，在句中可作定语、状语、表语和补足语。第一单元主要讲解过去分词作定语和表语的用法。单个的过去分词作定语，通常放在被修饰词之前。I bought some painted chairs. 我买了几把刷好漆的椅子。过去分词短语作定语，通常放在被修饰词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。Most of the people invited to the party didnt come.=Most of the people who were invited to the party didnt come.被邀请参加聚会的人多数没有来。学法点拨：有些单个的过去分词，在习惯上往往放在被修饰词的后面。There is little time left. Lets hurry up. 剩余的时间不多了，我们抓紧吧。过去分词修饰代词时，应置于被修饰词之后。He is one of those invited.他是那些被邀请的人之一。有些过去分词作定语，前置和后置的意义不同。试比较：This is a used car.这是一辆二手车。The method used is very efficient.所用的这个方法很有效。（2）过去分词作定语的意义不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表示动作已完成，不表示被动意义；及物动词的过去分词作定语，表示被动意义或已完成的被动动作。只表示完成，不表示被动fallen leaves 落叶 the risen sun升起的太阳表示被动an honoured guest一位受尊敬的客人 deeply moved people深受感动的人们表示被动和完成the broken glass碎了的杯子the question discussed yesterday昨天讨论的问题（3）现在分词与过去分词作定语的区别语态上不同：现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词多表示被动意义。surprising news令人吃惊的消息 surprised listeners吃惊的听众时间关系上不同：现在分词表示正在进行的动作，而过去分词表示已经完成的动作。the changing world正在发生变化的世界the changed world已经变化了的世界2、过去分词作表语（1）过去分词可放在连系动词be, get , feel, remain, seem, look, become等之后作表语，表示主语所处的状态。He seemed quite del