Home Decoration 明清家具的英文介绍.ppt

,MingFurniture,TheFurnitureintheMingDynastygenerallyreferstothefurniturefromtheMingDynastytotheearlyQingDynastywithgoodmaterials,finecraftsmanship,andbeautifuldesign.,Throne-shapedDressingTable,Thedressingtablehasfivedrawers,withthesurfacesembossedWithfoldingflowers.,Thearmrestsandthebackofthethroneareclothedwithcarveddesignslikephoenixesturningbackandhornlessdragonslookingup,whichencircledandsupportthebronzemirroratitscenter.,FoldingArmchairwithCurvedBack,AcurvedbackwaspopularinfoldingarmchairsoftheMingDynasty.Thearmrestandjointsareallclothedandclinchedwithcopperornamentsthataddtoitsfirmness.ItwaslikelymadeinthesecondhalfoftheMingDynasty.,Makingfulluseofthenaturalcharacteristicsofthehardwood,theMingdynastystylefurnitureischaracterizedbythesimpledesign,precisestructure,properdecorationandeleganttextures,whichconstitutesitsnaturalandlingeringcharmwitheleganceandprofundity.Thereforethefurnituremadeinlatergenerationswiththeabovecharacteristicsisreferredas“MingStyleFurniture”ingeneral.,Duetoitsprofoundculturalvalue,thefurnitureintheMingDynastyisattachedwithgreatimportanceinChinascraftworkhistoryalongwiththelacquerworksintheQinandHanDynastyandthegoldandsilverwareintheTangDynasty.,Qing-styleFurniture,Qing-stylefurniture,differentfromMing-stylefurniture,emergedattheearlyperiodofthereignofEmperorKangxioftheQingdynastyandmaturedatthelateyearsofhisreign,withatimespanofabout40or50years.,TheQingstylefurnitureisnotedforbeingprofoundandsolemn.Itisfeaturedbyitsextensiveuseofmaterials,increasedsizesandplumppostures,richvarietyanddiversity.Thefurniturecanbedecoratedwithivorycarving,bamboocarvingandlacquercarvingandembeddedwithpatternsmadeofwood,bamboo,stone,china,mother-of-pearl.Thedecorativepatternsusevarioushomophonicnamesofauspiciouswords.Forexample,RuyiJade(玉如意)insertedinatreasurebottlemeansSafetyandFortune;thecombinationofmagpiesandplumblossomsrepresentEyeTwinklewithJoy.,Duobaoge(TreasureBox),DuobaogeisakindoffurniturethatemergedandflourishedintheQingDynasty.Itissimpleand,unsophisticated,elegantandpretty-lookinginstyle,concise,naturalandvividinstructure,lucidandsmoothinlines.,DuobaogeisuniversallyacclaimedasoneofthefurnituretypesthatpossessthestrongestfeatureoftheQingDynastyfurniture.,Qingchairsusedtobeknownbytheambiguoustermtaishiyi.Thetaishiyiisdefineddifferentlyinvariousregionsandatdifferentdates.,ChineseMingandQingFurniture,ChineseMingfurnitureisknownforitssimpleandelegantdesignwithfluentlinesandappealingproportions.QingfurnitureislargerthanthatoftheMingDynastyandmoreimposing,withelaboratecarvingandinlaiddecoration.Bothtypesareprizedfortheirfinematerials,specialworkmanshipandhighartisticlevel.,HomeDecorations,Pottery,LacquerwareCloisonneware,Pottery,Potterymaybetheoldestartworkofhumanbeings,Development:,NeolithicAge(morethan8,000yearsago),peoplebeganmixingclayandwaterthenbakingituntilithelditsshape,WarringStatesPeriodsHanDynasty,theartandcultureofpotterythrived.,Terra-cottawarriorsandhorses,characters:TheQinterra-cottawarriorsandhorseswerenotonlybiginsize,butmadeexquisitelywithhightechnologyandvividimagesTheheightoftheterra-cottawarriorsvariesfrom1.78metresbeingtheshortestto1.97metresbeingthetallestThelightestis110kilogramsandtheheaviest300kilograms,Yellow,green,andwhiteasitsmajortonesCreatedintheNorthernandSouthernDynasty(1,400yearsago)Thebestone:potterycamel,Tricolorglazedpottery,AssimilatedtheadvantagesofChinesepainting,sculptureandstonecarving.Twoprocess:bake,glaze.Mainlydividedintopotterytomb-figuresanddailycommodities,唐三彩抱狗仕女甬,Porcelain,Thisisatypicalrepresentativeoftheprimitiveporcelain.Thevesselhasabell-shapedmouth,longbellyandthinwaist,withacurlfootandwithoutshoulder.,primitiveporcelain,Thebodyofthevesselissolid,regulardesignedwitheventhickness.Blackishyellowglazecoatedthevesselbothinsideandoutside.Theglazeiscloselyconnectedwiththeroughcast(毛坯)ofthevessel.Lightgrayroughcastcanbeseenatthebottomofthevessel,fornoglazecoatedthere.Thedecorationlinesontheoutersurfaceofthevesselareplainbutelegant.ThisceladonvesseliscollectedbytheShanghaiMuseum.,CeladonPlate,CeladonCup,Celadon(青瓷),isatypeofgrayish-greenglaze,istheearliesttypeofporcelainandfirstemergedinthemid-ShangDynasty3500yearsago.,CeladonPendants,PureWhitePorcelain,汝窑天蓝桃形小盘,汝窑遗址,Abodyofsky-blueinterspersedwithrosepurple.,天青釉瓷盏托,钧窑遗址,钧窑莲花型,官窑遗址官窑名壶,ItwasmadefromChineseclaywithafairlyhighironcontent.,哥窑百福瓶,哥窑四面双耳扁瓶,Itisfeaturedbycracklesofvaryingsizesonthevesselssurface.,定窑遗址,宋定窑-极品-玉壶春瓶,Differencesbetweenpotteryandporcelain,TherearemanykindsofpaintedpotteryinawiderangeofChina:TypeBanpoinshanxiprovinceinYangshaoCulture(仰韶文化时期的半坡型)TypeMiaodigouinHenanprovinceinLongshanCulture(龙山文化时期的庙地沟型）QujialingCulture,DawenkouCulture(屈家岭文化，大汶口文化时期）Tri-coloredglazedpotteryoftheTangDynasty(唐朝的唐三彩）,PaintedPottery彩陶,半坡型,庙地沟型,屈家岭型,大汶口型,唐三彩,Differencesbetweenpotteryandporcelain,LacquerWare漆器,Lacquerwareareobjectsdecorativelycoveredwithlacquer.Thelacquerissometimesinlaidorcarved.Lacquerwareincludesboxes,tableware,buttonsandevencoffinspaintedwithlacquerinculturesmostlyintheEasternHemisphere.,Lacquerwareiscreatedbyapplyinglacquertowoodenobjectstogiveitafinefinishandluster.Evidenceindicatesthat,originally,lacqueringwasusedtocoatcommonobjectslikefurniture,andpersonalitemslikeearringsandcombs.Thistypeoflacqueringwasmorefunctionalinnature,asthelacqueraddedsturdinessandsmoothnesstotheobjects.,Earlypieceswereinsimpleredandblack.DuringtheWarringStatesPeriod(476BC-221BC)totheHanDynasty(206BC-220),lacquerwarepopularitypeakeddemonstratingexquisitetechniquesandvividpatternssuchasanimalsandclouds.,LacquerandproducinglacquerwarehadbeenknowntotheChinesesinceatleasttheShangDynasty(c.1600BCc.1046BC)erainChina.Thiscanbeseenintheexistinglacquerwaresproduced,mostlyofritualcups,dishes,andwoodenboxeswithalacquerfinishacrossthesurface.SongDynastyLacquerwareTray,TheseareChineseWesternHan(202BC-9AD)eralacquerwaresandlacquertrayunearthedfromthe2nd-century-BCHanTombNo.1atMawangdui,Changsha,Chinain1972.OverallHeight:5cm;Length:78cm;Width:48cm.,LacquerrelicsexcavatedintheMawangduiHanTombswhichhaveahistoryofover2,000years,amazevisitorswiththeirpearl-likesheen.TheYuan,MingandQingdynastieswerealsoprosperousperiodsduringwhichtimemorethan400varietiesoflacquerwarewereusedascommonimplementsandasornaments.,ChineseMotherofPearlLacquerBoxwithPeonyDecorMingDynasty,16thCenturyMuseumfrLackkunst,Mnster(Germany),ChineseMotherofPearlLacquerBoxwithPeonyDecorMingDynasty,16thCenturyMuseumfrLackkunst,Mnster(Germany),GravedRedLacquerBoxQingDynastyMuseumfrAngewandteKunst,FrankfurtamMain(Germany),Lacquerboxwithchildren,fromQianlongperiod,QingDynasty,1736-1795,fromNationalMuseumofChina,Beijing,PRC.,Beijinglacquer,Chengdulacquer,Yangzhoulacquer,PiecesmadeinYangzhouarefamousfortheireleganceanddelicacyandtheuniquecreativetechnique-whorlfilling(DianluoinChinese)whichtakesshellsasmaterial,processesthemintosheetsasthinascicadawings,andpastesthemcarefullyontolacquerbodies.,FuzhouLacquer,Fuzhoulacquerwares,firmyetlightweight,areresistanttoheat,acid,alkaliandelectricity.,Withthisprocess,peopleeveninsettreasureslikecrystal,jade,pearlsandcoralontolacquerfurniture,teawares,andwritingbrushes.Pingyao,anancienttowninShanxiProvince,produceslacquerwarewhichfeaturesthelusterpolishedbycraftsmenspalms.Thissimplebutradiantartworkranksasthemostrefined.,Thebodilesslacquerware,ofthreenestedcoffinsthatfitoneintotheother.Allsides(exceptthebottom)aredecoratedwith72interlacedserpentinedragonsandanequalnumberofmythicalbirdcreatures.(FromtheHubeiProvincialMuseum).,AChineselacqueredcoffinfromtheancientStateofChu,datedtothe4thcenturyBC.Thiscoffinisactuallytheinnermostcoffin,Cloisonneisafamoustraditionalenamel(珐琅,瓷釉)ware,knownas