高中英语必修5Unit 2 Section 2 Background information about the environment

Unit 2 EnvironmentPart Two Teaching ResourcesSection 2: Background information about the environmentI. A vocabulary about environmentacid fog 酸雾acid mist 酸雾acid rain 酸雨acid(ic) precipitation 酸性降水acid(ic) snow 酸雪acid-affected 受酸影响的; 受酸危害的Action Plan for the Biosphere Reserves 生物圈保护区行动计划Action Plan for the Programme of Studies 气候对人类影响研究计划的行动计划adverse environment effect 对环境不利的影响afforestation 造林; 绿化aftershock 余震air pollutant 空气污染物air pollution 空气污染airborne pollution 大气污染; 空气污染ambient air quality standard 环境空气质量标准ambient quality standard 环境质量标准ambient standard 环境标准anthropogenic 源于人类活动的; 人为的anticipatory environmental action 防患未然的环保行动anti-desertification programme 防止沙漠化计划biosphere reserve 生物圈保护区biosphere balance 生物圈平衡climatic scourge 气候灾害conservation of nature 保护自然; 自然保护decline in ozone 臭氧逐渐减少distressed area 灾区domestic sewage 生活污水Earth(s) ozone layer 地球臭氧层ecological balance 生态平衡ecological crimes 破坏生态罪; 破坏生态的罪行ecological damage 生态破坏ecological disaster area 生态灾区ecological disruption 生态失调; 生态破坏endangered species 濒于灭绝的物种environment protection 环境保护; 环保environmental pollution 环境污染environmentally hazardous developments 对环境有害的发展environmentally safe 对环境安全的exhaust emission(s) 废气污染物; 废气污染forest ecology 森林生态学forest environment 森林环境II. The Process in the Development of the Chinese Disaster Reduction Plan and Progress Made1. Multiple types of natural disasters, highly frequent and seasonaln The atmospheric and aquatic disasters mainly include floods, droughts, typhoons, stormsurge, big winds, hails, snowstorms, frosting, wave surges, tidal wave, sea ice and coastal erosions;n The geological and seismic disasters include earthquakes, cave breakdowns, landslides, mud-rock flows, subsidence and desertification;n Biological disasters, fire in forests and grassland, and so on.2. Natural disasters show an obvious regional discrepancyThree types of regions can be categorized:1.The major hazards are droughts, snowstorms, and earthquakes in western regions and northern localities;2.The hazards are mainly floods, landslides, droughts, and earthquakes in northeast, southwest and central China;3.The major hazards are floods, typhoons, subsidence, and droughts.3. Natural disasters cause severe losses which have been on the rise On average, 200 million people are affected by disasters every year by which several thousand people are killed; 3 million people need to be resettled, more than 40 million hectares of crops are afflicted by disasters, 2 million houses are destroyed; The direct economic losses have totaled more than 100 billion yuan after 1990, 40% higher than in 1980s. Typical disasters are as follows:extremely severe floods in the Yangtze River, Songhua River, and Nen River in 1998;sustained severe drought in North China from 1999 to 2001;the earthquake in Lijiang, Yunnan in 1996;and floods in Huai River in 2020.4. The Distinguishing Features: The first national disaster reduction plan formulated in accordance with the Nine Five-Year National Economic and Social Development Plan and the 2020 Long-term Objective; More than 100 multidisciplinary scientists involved the drafting process; More than 30 ministries cooperated in the process of drafting and revision; Some local leaders gave a lot of recommendation; The formulation supported and assisted by the UNDP; The members of State Council, especially Premier ratified the Plan.The Main Principles of the Plan Disaster reduction should serve the national economic and social development; Prevention should be taken as the priority in combination with resistance and relief; The role of science, technology, and education will be fully displayed; The central and local governments as well as all social sectors should be mobilized to reduce disasters and international exchange and cooperation should be strengthened; The public awareness and knowledge should be enhanced; The governments capabilities of disaster reduction should be notably improved; an integrated system of a modernized disaster reduction management from the central to the local governments should come into being.5. The Strategy of Implementing the National Disaster Reduction Plan Used the mediums to make the National Plan more popular, published on the Peoples Daily, and other newspapers, held different meetings and TV programs; On the horizontal level, review the progress about implementing the National Plan in the different ministries of central government each year; Vertically, asking local governments to make their own plan complying with the National Plan; Setting up the programs as the demonstration of local disaster reduction; Combining closely with the work of disaster relief.6. The Actions on Disaster Reduction in the past1) Established the efficient management and coordinative administrative structuren Office of National Committee Disaster Reduction;n National Office of the Unified Coordination about Disaster Management;n Department of Disaster and Social Relief, Ministry of Civil Affairs, PRC;n National Disaster Reduction Center of China.2) A great number of projects have been Established.Large-scaled projects have been carried out in flood-afflicted river areas, by drought- and pest- stricken farmland, regions hit by frequent earthquakes, geological disasters and storms and cities as well as sections of roads and railways affected by mud-rock flows and landslides.3) Mapped out the emergency scheme at central and local governments4) The disaster monitoring and pre-warning system has been set up and improved.5) The logistics system of disaster relief has been improved6) Improving the system of disaster emergency reaction7) Mobilizing the social sectors for disaster reduction8) Meteorological, maritime, and resource satellites9) Training programs and public education7. The Actions on Disaster Reduction in the future Disaster reduction will be further defined as the basis of ensuring sustainable development of national economy and society; Priorities in disaster reduction will be further identified; The national management system of disaster reduction will be further improved; The fund-raising channels will be broadened to increase inputs in reducing disasters; The legal system on disaster reduction will be strengthened;III. 20世纪世界十大自然灾害(20世纪自然的十个幽灵)北美黑风暴:1934年5月11日凌晨，美国西部草原地区发生了一场空前未有的黑色风暴。大风整整刮了3天3夜，形成一个东西长2400公里，南北宽1440公里，高3400米的迅速移动的巨大黑色风暴带。风暴所经之处，溪水断流，水井干涸，田地龟裂，庄稼枯萎，牲畜渴死，成千上万的人流离失所。秘鲁大雪崩:1970年5月31日20时30分，在秘鲁安第斯山脉的瓦斯卡兰山区。当时，周边地区不少人都已进入了梦乡。突然，远处传来了雷鸣般的响声。随即大地像波涛中的航船，顿时失控，在疯狂、猛烈地颤抖着.这是迄今为止，世界上最大最悲惨的雪崩灾祸。孟加拉国特大水灾:1987年7月，孟加拉国经历了有史以来最大的一次水灾。在短短两个月间，孟加拉国64个县中有47个县受到洪水和暴雨的袭击。联合国就此展开了两项粮食供给计划，仅一项计划的实施每年就要耗资2000万美元。印度鼠疫大流行:1994年9-10月间，印度遭受了一场致命的瘟疫，30万苏拉特市民逃往印度的四面八方，同时也将鼠疫带到了全国各地。恐惧的心理甚至蔓延到了世界各地.销声匿迹多年的鼠疫为何再度在印度流行呢？专家们一致认为鼠疫的爆发是极为肮脏的环境所致。据说，苏拉特市是印度最脏的城市，垃圾成堆，臭味熏天。鼠疫流行期间，该市每天清理出的垃圾多达1400吨。喀麦隆湖底毒气:1986年8月21日晚，一声巨响划破了长空。次日清晨，喀麦隆高原美丽的山坡上，水晶蓝色的尼奥斯河突然变得一片血红，尼奥斯湖畔的村落里，房舍、教堂、牲口棚完好无损，街上却没有一个人走动，而屋里全部都是死人！后来专家终于查出了“杀人凶手”喀麦隆湖底突然爆发的毒气。伦敦大烟雾:1952年12月4日，英国伦敦连续的浓雾将近一周不散，工厂和住户排出的烟尘和气体大量在低空聚积，整个城市为浓雾所笼罩，陷入一片灰暗之中。期间，有4700多人因呼吸道疾病而死亡；雾散以后又有8000多人死于非命，“雾都劫难”震惊世界。百慕大地区神秘灾难:据说自从1945年以来，在百慕大这片地区已有数以百计的飞机和船只神秘失踪，失踪仿佛是在一瞬间完成，就像天空破了个洞，飞机一下掉进洞里而无声无息了，或者大海突然张开大口，把船只吞噬.百慕大这个黑洞，至今还没有看见底。通古斯大爆炸:1908年6月30日凌晨，一场罕见的惨祸降临到西伯利亚偏僻林区。有幸逃脱这场灾难的谢苗诺夫回忆说：“当时天空出现一道强烈的火光，刹那间一个巨大的火球几乎遮住了半边天空。一声爆炸巨响之后，狂风袭来.”爆炸产生的冲击波，其破坏力相当于500枚原子弹和几枚氢弹的威力。一直传到中欧，德国的波茨坦和英国剑桥的地震观测站，甚至华盛顿和爪哇岛也得到了同样的记录。智利大海啸:据说，智利是上帝创造世界后的“最后一块泥巴”。或许正是这个缘故，这里的地壳总是不那么宁静。1960年5月，厄运又笼罩了这个多灾多难的国家，陆地像一个巨人翻身一样；海洋在激烈地翻滚；峡谷在惨烈地呼啸；海岸岩石在崩裂，碎石堆满了海滩.这次地震，是世界上震级最高、最强烈的地震。震级高达8.9级，烈度为11度，影响范围在800公里长的椭圆区域内。地震过后，引发了大海啸。海啸波以每小时几百公里的速度横扫了太平洋沿岸，把智利的康塞普西翁、塔尔卡瓦诺、奇廉等城市摧毁殆尽，造成200多万人无家可归。唐山大地震:1976年7月28日3时42分，能量比日本广岛爆炸的原子弹强烈400倍的大地震发生了。河北省唐山市在一瞬间顿成废墟，一片死寂，20多万人倒在了废墟之下.北纬40度线，被人们称为“不祥的恐怖线”。这里，发生了诸如美国旧金山、葡萄牙里斯本、日本十胜近海等无数次大地震。 IV. The Yangtze (Changjiang ) River The source of the Yangtze (Changjiang ) River liesin the west of Geladandong Mountain, the principal peak of the Tanggula Mountain chain in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, southwest of China. It is here in the Tuotuo River that Chinas longest river, about 6,380 kilometers long, rises and flows on from west to east through provinces, cities and autonomous regions of Qinghai, Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu andShanghai, finally emptying into the East China Sea from Shanghai. The Yangtze River is the largest river in China, and the third longest in the world, next only to the Nile in northeast Africa and the Amazon in South America. It is also a cradle of ancient Chinese civilization.The north boundary of the system of Yangtze River is lined with Qinling - Funiu - Tongbai - Dabie Mountains together with the Yellow and the Huaihe rivers, while the south boundary is lined with Nanling- Dagengling - Wuyi - Tianmu Mountains together with the Pearl River and the Min River system. Running through 11 provinces, cities and autonomous regions, and spanning 31 longitudes and 11 latitudes, the Yangtze River covers a drainage area of over 1.8 million square meters, which equals to one fifth of the nations general acreage. In terms of area, plateaus accounts for 65% of the valley, hills 22%, plains 11% and rivers and lakes 2%.The Yangtze River is divided into three sections: the upper, middle and lower reaches. Each section has geographical differences from the others. The upper reaches lie between the source and the town of Yichang in Hubei Province. Sections of the upper reaches have different names beginning with the Tuotuo River, then on to the Tongtian, Jinsha and Chuanjiang rivers, with a total length of 4,529 kilometers. The middle reaches stretch from Yichang down to Hukou in Jiangxi Province, with a total length of 927 kilometers; and the lower, from Hukou to Shanghai with 844 kilometers in length.The Yangtze Rivermakes an incessant rush into the East China Sea from Shanghai. It has enormous hydroelectric resources, with an annual potential of up to 268 million kilowatts.The most impressive section of the river is the three Yangtze River gorges: the Qutang Gorge, Wuxia Gorge and Xiling Gorge, collectively known as the Sanxia, or Three Gorges. In 1994 construction began on the massive Three Gorges Dam near Yichang. Scheduled for completion in 2020, the dam will measure about 180 meters high and about 2.5 kilometers wide. The dam is expected to help control the flooding of the Yangtze River valley; in addition, river flows will make the Three Gorges complex the largest electricity-generating facility in the world.V. Greenriver ProfileBlue is the color of water in the west, as in The Blue Danube or the deepblue sea, while for the Chinese, it is green, as in green mountain, green water. Actually, pure water is colorless. Blue is a reflection of the sky, while green is a reflection of the surrounding flora. This is our reason to be, hence the name Greenriver. Greenriver is an environmentally protected NGO approved by Sichuan Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau and registered in Sichuan Civil Administration Office.The goals of Greenriver are: to promote the environmental protection of the Yangtze and Yellow River headwaters, to foster public environmental awareness and the conservation ethic, to encourage citizen participation, and to ensure environmentally sustainable economic and social development of the headwaters area. At present the main objectives of Greenriver are: to operate environmental protection stations in the source area and upper parts of the Yangtze River, to organize scientists and invite environmental protection groups at home and abroad to conduct environmental-related research in the above areas; to offer workable solutions and implementation plans; to publish literature and audio-visual media about environmental protection; to promote collective involvement in ecological protection and to promote cultural exchanges between environmental organizations at home and abroad.Greenriver is currently in the process of implementing the Protect the Yangtze Source, Love Our Mother Nature program. In 2020, Greenriver will launch a corollary plan for protecting the upper parts of the Yangtze River which will include the setting up of the second non-government natural environmental protection station in China.Yangxin, the president of Greenriver won the “EARTH AWARD”from Friends of Earth Hongkong and Institute of Environmental Reporters in China on April 22th , 2002.The program of Greenriver-“Protect the Yangtze Source and love our Mother Nature” won the 1st Prize of 2001Ford Motor Conservation and Environmental Grants on October 29th 2001.Yangxin-The President of Greenriver won the Second Mother River Award from National Leading Group of the Mother River Protection Operation on January 2020.VI. Environmental PollutionEnvironmental pollution is a term that refers to all the ways by which man pollutes his surroundings. Man dirties the air with gasses and smoke, poisons the water with chemicals and other substances, and damages the soil with too many fertilizers and pesticides. Man also pollutes his surrounds in various other ways. For example, people ruin natural beauty by scattering junk and litter on the land and in the water. They operate machines and motor vehicles that fill the air with disturbing noise. Nearly everyone causes pollution in some way.Environmental pollution is one of the most serious problems facing mankind today. Badly polluted air can cause illness, and even death. Polluted water kills fish and other marine life. Pollution of soil reduces the amount of land available for growing food. Environmental pollution also brings ugliness to mans naturally beautiful world.Water pollution reduces the amount of pure, fresh water that is available for such necessities as drinking and cleaning, and for such activities as swimming and fishing. The pollutants that affect water come mainly from industries, farm, and sewerage systems. Industries dump millions of tons of waste products into bodies of water each year. These wastes include chemicals, wastes from animal and plant matter, and hundreds of other substances. Wastes from farms include animal wastes, fertilizers, and pesticides. Most of these materials drain off farm fields and into n