英语外研版高中一年级必修2 高考语法复习课件-被动语态详解

,被动语态详解,(一)语态分类,英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：Theywillbuildanewbridgeovertheriver.(主动)Anewbridgewillbebuiltovertheriver.(被动)汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：助动词be+及物动词的过去分词构成。,(二)被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。以give为例，列表如下：一般现在时：am/is/are+given一般过去时：was/were+given一般将来时：shall/willbe+given一般过去将来时：should/wouldbe+given现在进行时：am/is/are+being+given过去进行时：was/were+being+given现在完成时：have/has+been+given过去完成时：had+been+given将来完成时：shall/will+havebeen+given注被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。,(三)被动语态的使用1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by短语。“Mr.White,thecupwithmixturewasbrokenafterclass.”(只是告诉老师杯子坏了，不知是谁弄坏的，或不想说出谁弄坏的)。2.突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语。TheserecordsweremadebyJohnDenver.ThecupwasbrokenbyPaul.3.当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用in+名词作状语，而代替by短语。ThesecarsweremadeinChina.15,000carswillbeproducedeachyearinthenewfactory.,(四)主动语态变被动语态的方法,（1）Myauntinvitedmetoherdinnerparty.主语谓语宾语Iwasinvited(bymyaunt)toherdinnerparty.主语谓语宾语（2）Theschoolsetupaspecialclasstohelppoorreaders.Aspecialclasstohelppoorreaderswassetupintheschool.,1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be+过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。3.把主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in+地点名词作状语。,(五)语态转换时所注意的问题1.把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。Wehaveboughtanewcomputer.Anewcomputerhasbeenbought.(正确)Anewcomputerhavebeenbought.(错误)2.含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。Myunclegavemeapresentonmybirthday.Iwasgivenapresentonmybirthday.如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：Apresentwasgiventomeyesterday.,保留宾语,(六)被动语态常用的八种时态详解1.一般现在时：Peoplegrowriceinthesouthofthecountry.Riceisgrowninthesouthofthecountry.Theschooldoesntallowustoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.Wearenotallowedtoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.2.一般过去时：Theyagreedonthebuildingofanewcarfactorylastmonth.Thebuildingofanewcarfactorywasagreedonlastmonth.Thestudentsdidntforgethislessonseasily.Hislessonswerenoteasilyforgotten.,3.一般将来时：Theywillsendcarsabroadbysea.Carswillbesentabroadbysea.Theywillgiveplentyofjobstoschool-leavers.Plentyofjobswillbegiventoschool-leavers.4.过去将来时：Themanagersaidtheywouldcompletetheprojectbytheendoftheyear.Themanagersaidtheprojectwouldbecompletedbytheendoftheyear.Theworkerstoldmetheywouldmendthecarassoonaspossible.Theworkerstoldmethatthecarwouldbemendedassoonaspossible.,5.现在进行时：TheradioisbroadcastingEnglishlessons.Englishlessonsarebeingbroadcastedontheradio.Wearepaintingtherooms.Theroomsarebeingpainted.6.过去进行时：Whydidnttheydrivethereontime?Becausetheworkersweremendingtheroad.Becausetheroadwasbeingmended.Thistimelastyearwewereplantingtreeshere.Treeswerebeingplantedherethistimelastyear.7.现在完成时：Someonehastoldmethesportsmeetmightbeputoff.Ihavebeentoldthesportsmeetmightbeputoff.Wehavebroughtdowntheprice.Thepricehasbeenbroughtdown.,8.过去完成时：WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheyhadalreadysoldoutthetickets.WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheticketshadalreadybeensoldout.Thewholecountrywasverysadatthenewsofhisdeath;Peoplehadconsideredhimtobeagreatleader.Hehadbeenconsideredtobeagreatleader.9.含有情态动词的被动语态：含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。Youmusthandinyourcompositionsafterclass.Yourcompositionsmustbehandedinafterclass.Hecanwriteagreatmanyletterswiththecomputer.Agreatmanyletterscanbewrittenwiththecomputerbyhim.,.由动词+介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：不及物动词+介词，如:agreeto,askfor,laughat,operatedon,listento,lookafter,thinkof,talkabout等。Thepatientisbeingoperatedon.Theproblemissolved.Itneedntbetalkedabout.及物动词+副词：如：bringabout,carryout,findout,giveup,handin,makeout,passon,pointout,putaway,putoff,thinkover,turndown,workout,turnout等。Hisrequestwasturneddown.Thesportsmeetwillbeputoffbecauseofthebadweather.,.带复合宾语(宾语+宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：Wealwayskeeptheclassroomclean.Theclassroomisalwayskeptclean.Shetoldustofollowherinstructions.Weweretoldtofollowherinstructions.注意：在see,watch,hear,notice,listento,lookat,make,feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to的问题。Weoftenhearhimplaytheguitar.Heisoftenheardtoplaytheguitar.注意：带有复合宾语的句子，如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，应将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如：TomatoeswerefirsttakenbacktoEuropeandpeoplecalledthemloveapples.误：Loveappleswerecalledthem.正：Theywerecalledloveapples.,.还有一种短语动词由动词+名词+介词构成，变被动语态有两种形式，如下：1)Wetakegoodcareofthebooks.Thebooksaretakengoodcareof.Goodcareistakenofthebook.2)Youmustpayattentiontoyourpronunciation.Attentionmustbepaidtoyourpronunciation.Yourpronunciationmustbepaidattentionto.用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有：catchsightof,makeuseof,payattentionto,setfireto,takecareof,takeholdof,takenoticeof,keepaneyeon等。,.主动表被动用法：有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well,badly,easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write,read,clean,sell,wash,cook等。如：Theclothwasheseasily.这布很好洗。Thenewproductsellswell.这新产品很畅销。Thepenwritessmoothly.这支笔写字很流畅。,“be+过去分词”并非都是被动语态，系动词be,feel,seem,look等词后面的过去分词已转化为形容词，作表语用，表示某种状态。例如：1.Iminterestedinmathematics.2.Heseemsunsatisfiedwithhiswork.3.Tomwassurprisedatthenews.,.need,want,require等动词以及形容词worth后面,常跟动词-ing形式,用主动形式表达被动意义。如:Thisdictionaryiswellworthbuying.easy,difficult,hard,heavy等形容词后面跟动词不定式,用主动形式表被动意义,并且该不定式与句子的主语须具备逻辑上的动宾关系。如:Whatlifewillbelikeinthefutureisdifficulttopredict.,.下列情况主动句不能改为被动句：1，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look,seem,taste,sound,remain等。Doyoulikethematerial?Yes,itfeelsverysoft.误：Itisfeltverysoft.Thefoodtastesdelicious.误：Thefoodistasteddelicious.Thepopmusicsoundsbeautiful.误：Thepopmusicissoundedbeautiful.,2，一些不及物动词短语及不及物动词没有被动语态，如：takeplace,breakout,belongto,loseheart,consistof,adduptorise,happen,succeed,remain,lie等如：Thefirebrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding.误：Thefirewasbrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding.Whenwegottothetopofthemountain,thesunhadalreadyrisen.误：Thesunhadalreadybeenrisen.Aftertheearthquake,fewhousesremained.误：Aftertheearthquake,fewhouseswereremained.,特别记住下列句型：Itishopedthat希望Itissupposedthat据推测说Itmustbepointedoutthat必须指出Itwillbeseenthat由此可以看出Itisknownthat据说Itiswellknownthat众所周知Itisbelievedthat有人相信Itisthoughtthat人们认为,课后小练,Changethefollowingsentencesintothepassivevoice:,1.Allofuslikeher.,2.Wearediscussingthequestion.,3.Wehaveputoffthemeeting.,4.Iwilldevelopmypicturenextweek.,Sheislikedbyallofus.,Thequestionisbeingdiscussed.,Themeetinghasbeenputoff.,Mypicturewillbedevelopednextweek.,Fillintheblankswiththerightformofthewordsgiven:,I_(give)anewbookbymyfatheronmybirthday.English_(find)veryuseful.3.Thework_(finish)tomorrow.4.Theflowers_(water)bythemnow.,wasgiven,isfound,willbefinished,arebeingwatered,Therailway_(build)thistimelastyear.Thenewway_already_(build).Thenewrailway_