材料概论 材料科学概论 双语

.,November2011,IntroductiontoMaterials,材料学院,材料概论IntroductiontoMaterials,.,ContentDefinition材料的定义Types材料的类型Structure材料的结构Structurepropertiesprocessing结构性能工艺之间的关系,Chapter1IntroductiontoMaterials,.,1MaterialsandMaterialScience,材料的发展史，就是人类社会的发展史。,石器时代陶器时代青铜器时代铁器时代,材料的重要性,.,无机非金属材料,复合材料,高分子材料,金属材料,木材皮革纤维,纸,青铜,铁,钢,金,皮胶,橡胶,赛璐珞,陶,玻璃,水泥,火石,合金钢,耐热合金,先进功能陶瓷,各种基体复合材料,功能高分子,高温高分子,高强高模高分子,通用高分子,韧性工程陶瓷,金属陶瓷,耐火材料,时间/年,相对占有量,玻璃态金属,5000公元前,0公元,1000,1500,1800,1900,1940,1960,1980,1990,2000,2010,纤维增强塑料,稻草杆砖,微合金钢,骨,瓷,材料的发展历史,.,（）石器时代：旧石器时代原始人采用天然的石、木、竹、骨等材料作为狩猎工具；新石器时代公元前6000年，人类发明了火，掌握了钻木取火技术，用以烧制陶瓷。瓷器的出现已成为中华民族文化的象征之一，对世界文化产生过深远的影响。,.,原始人打造的石器,印地安人用的石斧,.,.,（）青铜器时代：这是人类社会出现最早的金属材料，中国历史上曾有过灿烂的青铜文化。,.,青铜鼎,青铜宝剑,.,青铜编钟(chimes),.,（3）铁器时代：用铁作为材料来制造农具，铁在农业上的广泛应用，推动了以农业为中心的科学技术日益进步；以钢铁为中心的金属材料大规模发展，有力地摧毁了封建社会的生产方式，萌发了资本主义。,hoe,.,铁斧,铁梨plow,.,.,（4）聚合物时代二战后各国致力于恢复经济，发展工农业生产，对材料提出了质量轻、强度高、价格低等一系列要求。具有优良性能的工程塑料部分地代替了金属材料。合成高分子材料的问世是材料发展的重大突破，从此以金属材料、陶瓷材料、高分子材料为主体，建立了完整的材料体系，形成了材料科学。,.,PolymericBiomaterials,人工心脏：聚酯、聚氨酯、环氧树脂人工肺：硅橡胶半透膜关节(肩、髋、膝):聚四氟乙烯人工肾(kidney)：透析膜,.,AtrificalHeart,.,ArtificalBone,ResomerResorbablePolyester：Polylactide,PolyglycolideorthecopolymersBoehringerIngelheimKG,.,.,.,1MaterialsandMaterialScience,影响材料使用的因素,materialsbehavior,availability,cost,synthesisandproductionmethod,processingtechniques,environmentalacceptability,.,1.1.1DefinitionConstitute:Thematerialsmakingupthesurroundingworldconsistofdiscreteparticles,havingasubmicroscopicsize.组成:构成物质世界的材料由具有亚微观尺度的各种微粒子组成。,1MaterialsandMaterialScience,.,Materials:definedassolidsusedbymantoproduceitemswhichconstitutethesupportforhislivingenvironment.,.,Character:materialshavecertaincompositions;canbeformed;withcertainshapeandcolor;canbeusedandreusedorrecycled.特点:具有一定的成分和配比；可成型加工；保持一定形状和外观；具有使用价值并可回收再利用。,.,可成型加工,保持一定形状和外观,具有使用价值,.,Essentialroleofmaterials:indispensabletooursocietyasfood,energyandinformation.substancematerial:differences,.,材料的应用领域,战机,舰船,导弹,火箭,人造卫星,战车,高速列车,汽车,高层建筑,.,1.1.2ClassificationBasisofclassification:atomicstructuresnatureofchemicalbonds:金属键Metallicbond离子键Ionicbond共价键Covalentbond次价键secondarybond范德华力VanderWaalsbond氢键Hydrogenbond,.,.,Classification:metalsandtheiralloys:-metallicbonding,.,Classification:organicpolymers-covalentbondingareopaquetovisiblelight;arehard,rigid;canundergoplasticdeformationhaveahighmeltingtemperature(Tm).,.,Organicpolymers:madeupoflong-chainmolecules;areelectricalandthermalinsulators;arelightandeasilyformable;andthebest-knownorganicpolymersare:poly(vinylchloride)(PVC);polyethylene(PE);polystyrene(PS).,.,Ceramics/inorganicnonmetallicmaterials:thecombinationofmetallicelements(Mg,Al,Ti,.)withnon-metallicelements(o);havehighmechanicalandthermalresistanceathightemperature;areveryhardandusedasabrasives;areelectricalandthermalinsulators;butsomearethermalconductors,orsemiconductors.,.,Compositematerials:areconstitutedbytwoormoredifferentmaterials,havespecificproperties.glassfiberreinforcedresins:lightweightcompositeswithhighmechanicalstrengthconcrete:anagglomerationofcement,sandandgravel,.,1.1.3PropertiesMechanicalproperties:thebehaviorofmaterialsdeformedbyasetofforces.弹性Elasticity塑性Plasticity强度Strength硬度Hardness韧性Toughness疲劳特性Fatiguebehaviour耐磨性Abrasionresistance,.,Physicalproperties:thebehaviorofmaterialssubjectedtotheactionoftemperature,electricormagneticfields,orlight.电性能Electricproperties磁性能Magneticproperties热性能Thermalproperties光性能Opticalproperties,.,Chemicalproperties:thebehaviorofmaterialinareactiveenvironment.抗腐蚀能力Corrosionresistance：atmospherically,chemically(salts,sour,alkali),.,1.1.4UseofmaterialsFactorsrelatedtotheuseofamaterialare:Quality:propertiesandfunctionsEconomy:costsrelatedtomaterials,processingandenergyEnvironment:environmentalbehaviorofthematerialResources(2)Inasimplermodel,spheresarereplacedbypoints晶格(lattice)：假想的格架晶胞anelementarycell:thesmallestofparallelepipeds,.,晶体、晶格和晶胞示意图,晶体,(b)晶格,(c)晶胞,.,Anelementarycell:describedbythreesectionsa,b,andc,andthreeanglesmadebyeachtwoofthesesections,and.晶格常数latticeconstant/latticespacings:晶胞的三条棱边长a、b、c.,.,Typesofelementarycell:simplethree-dimensionallatticebody-centredcellfacecentredcell,.,Coordinationnumber:determinesthequantityofthenearestequidistantelementaryparticles.配位数：晶格中与任一原子处于相等距离并相距最近的原子数目。,.,配位数：-body-centredcubic(BCC)lattice:foreachatomiseight(C8)-simplecubiclattice(SC):six(C6)-face-centredcubic(FCC)lattice:12(C12),.,金属三种典型晶格配位数示意图,体心立方晶胞配位数8,面心立方晶胞配位数12,密排六方晶胞配位数12,.,Packingfactor(填充因子)：,Thepackingfactorisdeterminedastheratioofthevolumeofallelementaryparticlesperelementarycelltothetotalvolumeoftheelementarycell.,.,Packingfactor(填充因子)：,Octahedral(a)andtetrahedral(b)voidsinFCClatticemetals,.,Packingfactor(填充因子)：,Closepackingofatomsincrystal,.,ABA,ABCA,ATOMICPACKING,.,Packingmode1(ABCABC),.,Packingmode2(ABCABC),.,Packingmode3(AaBbCcAaBbCc),.,1.3.2CrystallographicIndices,coordinate:同等的、并列的（pl.）坐标originofcoordinates坐标原点Indices:index的复数形式Reciprocal：互惠的,相应的,倒数的,彼此相反的n.倒数,互相起作用的事物Parenthese:圆括号,插入语,插曲slipplane:滑移面,滑动面,滑面,侧滑面Prism:棱柱,Term:,.,1.3.2CrystallographicIndices,HCPcrystals,.,1.3.2CrystallographicIndices,Crystallographicindicesof(a):directions(b):planes,.,Anisotropy:Thepropertiesofcrystalsaredifferentinvariouscrystallographicdirections,whichareassociatedwithanorderedarrangementofatoms(ions,molecules)inspace.Thisphenomenoniscalledanisotropy.,1.3.3Anisotropy,.,Virtuallyallpropertiesofcrystalsareanisotropic.Thephenomenonishowevermorepronouncedincrystalswithstructuresofapoorsymmetry.,Naturalcrystallinesolidsaremostlypolycrystals,i.e.theyconsistofapluralityofdifferentlyorientedfinecrystalsandexhibitnoanisotropy,sinc