英语专四语法 限定词PPT课件

.,1,DETERMINER,.,2,Warming-upexercise,Myhandwashurt.Couldyoudo_typingforme?a.someb.manyc.suchd.anyMostEnglishpeoplegotoSpainforthesea,thesunandallthe_thingsassociatedwitharelaxingholiday.a.anyb.anotherc.somed.other_boxerwasstrong,but_hadagoodbuildandwaslightonhisfeet.a.Either/everyb.Neither/eachc.Both/bothd.Allthe/allWehad_goodtimethatwehatedtoleavetheparty.a.suchab.suchc.sod.prettyForyoungpeople,Carpenteris_singer.a.mosttheirpopularb.mostpopularoftheirsc.theirmostpopulard.mostpopularoftheir_feelsentitledtomoreinlifethanjusthousework.a.Manywomenb.Alotofwomanc.Manyawomand.Afewwoman,.,3,英语的限定词包括：,定冠词（DefiniteArticle），不定冠词（IndefiniteArticle），零冠词（ZeroArticle）物主限定词（PossessiveDeterminer）：my，your，his，her，our，your，their，ones，its名词属格（GenitiveNoun）：Johns，myfriends指示限定词（DemonstrativeDeterminer）：this，that，these，those，such关系限定词（RelativeDeterminer）：whosewhich,.,4,疑问限定词（InterrogativeDeterminer）：what，which，whose不定限定词（IndefiniteDeterminer）：no，some，any，each，every，enough，either，neither，all，both，half，several，many，much，(a)few，(a)little，other，another基数词（CardinalNumeral）和序数词（OrdinalNumber）倍数词（MultiplicativeNumeral）和分数词（FractionalNumeral）量词（Quantifier）：alotof，lotsof，plentyof，agreatgooddealof，alargesmallamountquantityof，agreatlargegoodnumberof等。,.,5,3.1限定词与三类名词的搭配关系,3.2限定词与限定词的搭配关系,3.3若干限定词用法比较,3.4冠词的使用,.,6,（1）能与三类名词搭配的限定词,有些限定词如the，some，any，no，other，whose以及my，your等物主限定词和名词属格（Johns，myfriends）等能与三类名词搭配。例如：thebookthebooksthemoneymybookmybooksmymoneymyfriendsbookmyfriendsboodsmyfriendsmoneyanybookanybooksanymoneysomebooksomebookssomemoneynobooknobooksnomoneytheotherbooktheotherbookstheothermoneywhosebookwhosebookswhosemoney,.,7,（2）只能与名词单数搭配的限定词有些限定词如a(n)，one，another，each，every，either，neither，manya，sucha等只能与单数名词搭配。例如：eachworkereverystudenteitherbookneithersentenceanappleonecopyanotherbookmanyabooksuchabook（3）只能与复数名词搭配的限定词有些限定词如both，two，three，anothertwothree，many，(a)few，several，these，those，a(great)numberof等只能与复数名词搭配。例如：bothworkers(a)fewwordsseveralstudentsthesethosebooksanumberofessaystwothreevisitorsmanystudentsanothertwostudents,.,8,（4）只能与不可数名词搭配的限定词有些限定词如a(little)bitof，alargeamountof，agreatdealof，(a)little，much，less，(the)least等只能与不可数名词搭配。abitofwateralargeamountofmoneymuchnoise(a)littlespacelessoil(the)leastoil（5）能与单、复数名词搭配的限定词有些限定词如thefirst，thesecond，thelast，thenext等既可与单数名词搭配，也可与复数名词搭配。例如：thefirstrosethefirstrosesthelastmanthelastmenthenextmeetingthenextmeetings,.,9,（6）能与单数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词有些限定词如this，that等能与单数名词和不可数名词搭配。例如：thisthatjobthisthatwork,（7）能与复数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词还有些限定词如alotof，lotsof，plentyof，enough，more，most，such，other等可与复数名词和不可数名词搭配。例如：,.,10,alotofbooksalotofmoneylotsofchickenslotsoffoodplentyofchairsplentyofwaterenoughcopiesenoughcoalmorearticlesmoretimemostpeoplemostworksuchmensuchbreadothermenotherbread这一类限定词也可以包括less和(the)least。如前所述，less和least通常只与不可数名词搭配，但在现代英语的非正式语体中，间或也可与复数名词搭配。例如：Lessandlesspeoplecanaffordtogoabroadfortheirholidays.PoliticalprogrammesonTVattracttheleastviewers.,.,11,EXERCISES3.1A,1.WhyistheretrafficonthestreetsinFebruarythaninMay?A.lessB.fewerC.fewD.little2.Onaccountofthetyphoonshipmentwillarrivethisweek.A.neitherB.allC.bothD.these3.Haveyougotcopiestogoround?A.theotherB.enoughC.alittleD.much4.Thereswaterinthebottle.A.fewB.anumberofC.plentyofD.any5.Thereisironinthisminethaninthatone.A.muchB.agreatdealofC.lessD.alotof6.HewroteessaysonVictoriannovelsinhisclass.A.thenextB.themostC.theotherD.themore7.HehaspublishedshortstoriesinEnglish.A.agreatamountofB.anumberofC.anotherD.manya8.Wehadrainfallslastsummer.A.toomuchB.littleC.alittleD.onlyseveral9.carewouldhavepreventedtheaccident.A.MuchB.LittleC.AlittleD.Afew10.Thestudentsspenttheirtimeworkinginthefields.A.bothB.mostC.moreD.half,A,A,B,C,C,B,B,D,C,D,.,12,在名词词组中心词之前如果有两个或两个以上限定词出现时，就会产生限定词的先后顺序问题。按其不同的搭配位置，限定词可分为：,（1）中位、前位、后位限定词,按照限定词和限定词之间的不同搭配位置，限定词可分为中位限定词（CentralDeterminer）、前位限定词（Predeterminer）和后位限定词（Postdeterminer）。a)中位限定词包括a(n)，the，zero；this，that，these，those；my，your，等；Marys，myfriends；some，any，no，every，each，either，neither，enough；what(ever)，which(ever)，whose等。,.,13,b)前位限定词包括all，both，half；double，twice，threetimes等；one-third，two-fifths等；what，such(a/an)等。,c）后位限定词包括one，two，three等；first，second，third等；next，last，other，another等；many，much，(a)few，(a)little，fewer，(the)fewest，less，(the)least，more，most；several，plentyof，alotof，lotsof，agreat/large/goodnumberof，agreat/gooddealof，alarge/smallamountof；such等。,.,14,(2)三类限定词搭搭配关系,如果一个名词词组带有上述三类限定词，其搭配关系总是按照“前位中位后位”的顺序排列。例如：allthefourteachersallyourthreebooks前中后前中后alltheselastfewdays前中后后如果只有上述两类限定词，其搭配关系仍按上述顺序。例如：halfhislecturethoselastfewmonths前中中后后,.,15,severalhundredguestsallotherstudents后后前后suchamisfortunesomesuchalloy前中中后,有上述诸例可以看出，中位限定词和前位限定词之间是相互排斥的，即一个名词中心词之前不可并用两个中位限定词或两个前位限定词。所以，“我的那本书”不是mythatbook而是thatbookofmine，因为my和that同是中位限定词，不可并列。但后位限定词的使用却不受此限制。例如：hislasttwobooksthefirsttwochapters中后后中后后threeothertwogirlstwomoresheets后后后后后,.,16,个别限定词有跨类现象，如such既属于前位限定词，又可归入后位限定词。由于它只是在sucha.和suchan这样的搭配中属于前位限定词，而在与其他限定词（some，any，no，all，few，another，other，many，one，two等）搭配时，such则是后位限定词，一律放在上述这些限定词的后面，如somesuch，anysuch，nosuch，fewsuch，onesuch等，因此把它归入后位限定词。,.,17,EXERCISES3.2A,Chooseanappropriatecombinationofdeterminerstofillineachblank:,1.Hediditintimeittookme.A.theone-thirdB.halfaC.thedoubleD.one-thirdthe2.Isawboysatthecinema.A.thebothB.manyaC.boththeD.theseveral3.candidatesaregirls.A.HalftheB.ThehalfC.TheirhalfD.Halfa4.friendsusuallyspeakhighlyofhim.A.HissomeB.HismanyC.ManyhisD.Somehis,D,C,A,B,.,18,5.alloymaybeusedtoreplacecopper.A.SuchaB.SomesuchC.SuchsomeD.Severalsuch6.Areyougoingtobuyrice?A.alltheseB.theseallC.allthisD.boththese7.dictionaryisenoughforme.A.SuchoneB.OnesuchC.SuchaoneD.Onesucha8.factorsshouldbeconsidered.A.TheseallB.SuchallC.AllsuchD.Somethese9.meatistainted.A.Thatone-thirdB.One-thirdthatC.SuchaD.Fewsuch10.caseshavebeenreported.A.SuchfewB.SuchsomeC.FewsuchD.Somethese,B,C,B,C,B,C,.,19,TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish,usingappropriatedeterminers:,1.开凿隧道需要大量劳动力（labor）。,1.Todigatunnelwillneedagreatamountoflabor.,2.少说空话（emptytalk）多干实事（practicalwork）。,2.Theremustbelessemptytalkbutmorepracticalwork.,3.今天参观展览会的人数比昨天少。,3.Therearefewerpeopletodayattheexhibitionthanyesterday.,4.安娜（Anna）因为没有足够的钱财而烦恼丛生。,4.Annahasenoughworriesbecauseshehasntgotenoughmoney.,5.你读的诗（poetry）和做的练习（exercises）都比我多。,5.YouhavelearntmorepoetryanddonemoreexercisesthanIhave.,.,20,（1）many，much，alotof，lotsof，plentyof等,表示“多”的意思，可用many，much，alotof，lotsof，plentyof，agoodgreatmany，alargeamountof等。作为限定词many和agoodgreatmany之后须跟复数名词：much和alargeamountof之后须跟不可数名词。例如：Manyanimalshavediseases.MuchinformationisnowtransmittedthroughE-mail.Wehaveagreatmanyquestionstodiscussatmeeting.Wearegoingtospendalargeamountofmoneyonchildrenseducation.,.,21,many，much，agreatmany等既可用作限定词，也可用作不定代词。例如：Haveyoudonealltheseexercises?No,Ihaventdoneverymuch.HasshereadanyEnglishnovelsintheoriginals?Yes,agreatmany.Hashespentmuchmoneyonthehouse?Oh,alargeamount.,.,22,many，much可以带有howtoosoas.as等修饰语。例如：Iwanttoknowhowmuchmoneywillbespentontheproject.Howmanycopiesdoyouneedforyourclass?Ihave(far)toomanybooksontheshelf.Wehavehadtoomuchraininthespring.Itsreallysurprisingthattheboyshouldhavesomuchstrengthathisage.Youcantakeasmanycopiesasyouneed.,.,23,（2）(a)few，(a)little,表示“少”的意思，可用（a）few，(a)little，既可用作限定词，也可用作不定代词。afew，alittle表示“少量”，带有肯定含义。例如：,Letsinviteafewfriendstocomewithus.Thereareonlyaveryfewleft.Ihadalittledifficultyinsolvingtheproblem.Givemealittleofthatwine.IamtryingtousethelittleFrenchIhavejustlearnt.,.,24,fewlittle若不与a连用则表示否定意义，相当于notmanymuch，notenough。例如：Ihaveveryfew(chocolates)left.Iunderstandlittleofhisspeech.要注意，quiteafew，agoodfew，notafew不表示“少”，而表示“相当多”的含义，相当于afairnumber(of)。例如：Quiteafewofusaregettingworried.Youwillhavetowaitagoodfewweeks.,little的比较级和最高级是less和lest，通常只能与不可数名词搭配，但在当代英语中也有用less与复数可数名词搭配的。例如：Ifonlytherewerelessholesintheroof.但这只见于非正式语体中；在正式语体中仍以用fewer为好。,.,25,（3）some，any,要表示“一些”的意思，可用some，any。some是肯定词（AssertiveWord），常用于肯定句：any是非肯定词（NonassertiveWord），常用于否定句或疑问句。例如：Therearesomelettersforme.Therearentanylettersforme.Arethereanylettersforme?Iseldomgetanysleepthesedays.any也常用于条件分句以及带有否定意义的句子中：Ifyouhaveanytrouble,pleaseletmeknow.Iforgottoaskforanychange（零钱）.,.,26,当说话人期待肯定回答时，some也可用于疑问句，比如当说话人期待来信时，他可以问到：Aretheresomelettersforme?当购物时向售货员提问或者主人向客人表示款待时，也可在疑问句中用some：CouldIhavesomeoftheseapples?Wouldyoulikesomechocolatecake?当some与单数可数名词搭配时，some相当于acertain（“某一”）的含义；而any与单数可数名词搭配，则相当于every（“任何一个”）的含义。例如：Someboyhasbrokenawindow.Anychildcouldanswerthatquestion.,.,27,（4）all，both，every，each，either，neither，any,这一类词，除every只能作为限定词外，都是既可作为限定词，也可作为不定代词。例如：,all(of)theboysboth(of)theboyseveryboyeveryoneoftheboyseachboyeither(one)oftheboyseitherboyeither(one)ofthe(two)boysneitherboyneither(one)ofthe(two)boysanyboyany(one)ofthe(threeormore)boys,.,28,由上述诸例可以看出，这一类的限定词和不定代词在用法上有以下值得注意之处：a)表示“全体”，可用all和both，但all表示三个或三个以上人或物的“全体”，而both则表示两个人或物的“全体”。例如：Allthefourapplicationsarebelowtheaverage.Bothhisparentsareagainsthisgoingtherealone.,如果要表示“全体都不”的意思，当“全体”为三个或更多的人或物时，通常用none。例如：,Noneofthestudentsfailedtheexamination.Illhavenoneofyourstupidideas.（我不能接受你的那些糊涂观念。）,.,29,在上述第一例中，既可用none，也可用noone：Noonefailedtheexamination.但noone只能指人，不能指物。如果要表示两个人或物“都不”，通常要用neither:NeitherstudentNeither(one)ofthe(two)studentsfailedtheexamination.,b)表示全体中的“每个”，如果这个“全体”包含三个或更多的人或物，通常用every。例如：Everystudentintheclasstookpartintheperformance.Hiseveryactionshowsthatheisaverydeterminedyoungman.,.,30,如果这个“全体”包括两个或两个以上的人或物，便可以用each。例如：Eachsideofthestreetwascrowdedwithpeople.在这里，不可以用every。如果说“广场的每一边都挤满了人“，那就既可用each也可用every:EachEverysideofthesquarewascrowdedwithpeople.every与each的区别还在于every指许多人或物中的“每个”，侧重在全体，近乎all的含义。例如：Everystudentfailedtheexamination.=Allthestudentsfailedtheexamination.而each则指许多人或物中的“各个”，侧重在个别。例如：Eachchildwillfindhisownpersonalroadtosuccess.,.,31,c)表示全体中的“任何一个”，也要看这个“全体”包含三个或更多，还是只包含“两个”。当“全体”包含三个或三个以上，要表示其中任何一个须用any。例如：Any(=Every)childwouldknowthat.Hisgiftwasunknowntoany(ofthem)excepthimself.当“全体”只包含两个时，要表示其中任何一个须用either。例如：TherearetwoflightsforBeijinginthemorning.Youcantakeeither(one).但在oneitherside，oneitherend等固定词组中有时可以兼指两个。例如：Therearewarehousesoneithersideoftheriver(=onbothsidesoftheriver).,.,32,EXERCISE3.3,Fillintheblankswithappropriatedeterminersorcorrespondingindefinitepronounssemanticallyrelatedtoquantity:,1.A:Doyouneedmoremilk?B:No,thereistoo_already.2.Icantopenthislock.Theremustbe_keythatwillopenit.3._peoplewillbelieve_storyyoutellthem.4.On_sideofthestreettherewereassembledalotofsoldiers.5.Whentheshipwassunk,allthesailorsweredrowned,_oneofthem.6.Thepresidentgotdownfromtheplaneandshookhandswith_onewaitingattheairport.,much,some,some,any,either,every,each,.,33,冠词,1、不定冠词a,an的位置不定冠词a用在以辅音音素（并非辅音字母）开头的名词前；不定冠词an用在以元音音素开头的名词前。例如：Anappleadaykeepsthedoctoraway.OldHen:Letmegiveyouapieceofgoodadvice.YoungHen:Whatisit?OldHen:Aneggadaykeepstheaxaway.Tellingliesisafaultinaboy,anartinalover,anaccomplishmentinabachelor,andsecond-natureinamarriedman.An还用在发音以元音开头的单个字母前面。例如：anSOSsignAnLletterisintheword“letter”.,.,34,2、名词与冠词使用的重要技巧从名词角度来看，对于名词与冠词的使用，以下几条是核心：单数可数名词：单数可数名词不能单独使用，必须与冠词或其它限定词连用。复数名词和不可数名词：对于复数名词和不可数名词，以下两点必须掌握：1）不能与不定冠词a(n)连用。2）复数名词或不可数名词在表示泛指时，不可用the。复数名词或不可数名词在表示特指时，要用the。,.,35,例如：Lifeishardsometimes.Lifeiseducationinitself.ThewriteriswritingabookaboutthelifeofblacksinAmerica.Ilovemusic,poetryandart.Idontlikethefilm,butIlikethemusic(ofthefilm).Airisacolorlessandtastelessgas.Theairinthisroomisstuffy.Pleaseopenthewindows.Booksbecomemoreandmoreexpensive.Putawaythebooksonyourdesk.Pencilscontainlead(铅).Whoputthepencilsonthedesk?Sugarisntverygoodforyou.Canyoupassmethesugar,please?请注意，表示特指的复数可数名词或不可数名词，他们一般带有各种短语或从句作后置定语，以限定这些名词所指的事物范围。,.,36,冠词的用法,第一次提到的单数可数名词前面用不定冠词a或an，这一名词再次出现则要用定冠词the：Amancameuptoapolicemanandaskedhimaquestion.Thepolicemandidntunderstandthequestion,soheaskedthemantorepeatit.Ihadabananaandanapple.IatethebananaandgavetheappletoClint.,.,37,在谈到说话人和听话人双方都知道的事物时，要用the。比如在自己家的房间里，我们要说thelight,thefloor,thedoor,thewindow,thecarpet。例如：Canyouturnoffthelight,please?(thelightinourroom)Shutthedoor,please!Howdoyoulikethefilm?A:Doyouneedthecartoday,honey?B:Yes.Ihavealotofthingstodo.WhydontIdriveyoutoworktoday?C:OK.Butbesuretofillthecarupwithgas.,.,38,表示世界上独一无二的事物：theearth,thesky,theequator,themoon,theworld,theuniverse形容词或副词最高级、序数词以及only用作形容词加名词连用时，它们前面一般要用the。例如：theonlybestwaytocopewiththeproblemThisisthefirsttimeIvecometoBeijing.在乐器、乐队、合唱团及流行音乐团体前加the。例如：theBeatles，thePhiladelphiaOrchestra，playlearntheguitar，learnthepiano注意：运动项目前