中考英语 阅读理解 细节理解题解题指导

阅读理解之细节理解题解题指导细节理解题是中考阅读理解中主要考查的类型，通常占50%以上的分值。其宗旨是考查学生对文章中的细节与具体事实的把握能力，内容涉及询问事实、原因、结果和目的等，属于浅层次的理解题，难度较低。同学们需要在有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，发现文章中的细节信息，然后遵循由整体到细节的原则，把握作者的思路，按全文段落词语的步骤来解题。一、命题特点事实细节题的考点非常明确，通常主要有以下几种考法：1. 列举信息处常考。文章中firstsecond, to begin with, in addition, on one hand, on the other hand等并列关系出现的地方，常会要求考生从所列的内容中选择符合题干要求的选项。2. 举例与打比方之处常考。要注意那些引出例子或比喻的标志词，如as, such as, for example, for instance等，因为这些词是作者为使自己的观点更具说服力而用来引出具体事实的，这些事例就是常考的细节之处。3. 指示代词出现处常考。这类考题常用来考查学生是否真正了解上下文句子之间的逻辑关系。4. 引用人物论断处常考。作者为正确表达自己的观点或使论点更有依据，常会引用某些权威人士的论断或采纳其重要的发现。5. 特殊标点符号后的内容常考。因为特殊标点符号后的内容往往是对前面内容的进一步解释或说明，因此，注意到这些标点，也就注意到了细节。这些特殊符号包括表示解释的破折号、括号和冒号以及表示引用的引号等。另外，细节理解题的选项也很有特点：通常正确答案不是照搬的原文。而干扰选项则正好相反：有的来自原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容 ；有的符合常识，但不符合原文内容；有的与原句内容极为相似,只是在程度上有些变动；有的与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；也有的是部分正确或部分错误。二、解题方法1. 跳读查找法。这个方法的要点在于先看题干，然后带着问题读文章。以what, who, where, when, why, how 提问的问题，可以从文章中直接找到答案。同学们做这类题时可以边读边做记号，能加强阅读的针对性，提高做题的准确率，节省宝贵的时间。这是做事实细节题最基本也是最常用的方法。一般来说，细节题主要考查考生对某句话或某几句话的理解，同学们若能根据题干内容从原文中找到相关的句子，然后进行比较和分析，便可确定最佳答案。另外，运用跳读查找法解题时，要特别注意试题以及选项与原文之间的适当变换。根据近几年的中考题情况来看，很少有直接用原文中的句子进行考查和测试的，通常要进行一定的处理，而这种“处理”主要就是进行语义转换，其中包括同义变换、概念解析、归纳事实等。【2020 辽宁大连】The first subway line for Stockholm was opened in 1950. The Stockholm Subway is well known for its decoration of the stations. It is called the longest art gallery in the world. Over 90 percent of its stations are decorated with paintings.【题目】Which subway is called the longest art gallery in the world ?A. The Beijing SubwayB. The Stockholm SubwayC. The London UndergroundD. The New York City Subway.【解析】B。看到题目，知道重点应快速搜寻the longest art gallery，并最终确定答案为B。【2020 重庆】Sometimes the easiest way to get somewhere is on the back of a bike.More and more people are using cars in many places in Africa today. However, things are different in Malawi. Bikes are the most popular in this African country.【题目】In Malawi _ are the most popular way for people to get somewhere.A. cars B. bikesC. trains D. buses【解析】B。运用“跳读查找法”来寻找这道题目的关键，一个是地名Malawi，另一个是题目中询问的way（方式），所以要快速浏览这段文字中出现地名Malawi的地方在第2段第2句话，接下来的一句就是对这个地方的介绍：Bikes are the most popular in this African country，所以本题选B。另外，在做题目以前，也可以进行猜测，文章的第一段通常都会是本文要进行描述的重点，如本文直接点题Sometimes the easiest way to get somewhere is on the back of a bike，引出自行车这一话题，所以在做这个题目时可以提前推测为B。2. 排除法有些题目中，正面选择比较困难，但是运用排除法，将不正确的选项先确定下来，就只剩下唯一的一个正确答案了。【2020 湖北十堰】Scientists have learned a lot about the kinds of food people need. They say that there are several kinds of food that people should eat every day. They are: (1) green and yellow vegetables of all kinds; (2) citrus(柑桔) fruits and tomatoes; (3) potatoes and other fruits and vegetables; (4) meat of all kinds, fish and eggs; (5) milk and foods made from milk; (6) bread or cereal (谷物), rice is also in this kind of food; (7) butter, or something like butter.【题目】From the first paragraph we know noodles belong to a kind of _ food.A. vegetable B. fruitC. meat D. cereal【解析】D。这道题更像是一道常识题，面食究竟属于哪一类？A项指“蔬菜”一类，应排除；B项指“水果”一类，也不对；C项指“肉类”，也不符合；最后只能是D项了，指“谷类食品”，对应文中的第（6）条。【2020 山东烟台】Once there was a huge apple tree. A little boy loved to come and play around it every day. He loved the tree and the tree loved to play with him.Time went by the little boy had grown up and he no longer played around the tree every day. One day, the boy came back to the tree and he looked sad. “Come and play with me,” the tree asked the boy. “Im no longer a kid. I wouldnt play around the tree any more,” the boy replied. “I want toys. I need money to buy them.” “Sorry, I dont have money. But you can pick all my apples and sell them. So, you will have money.” The boy picked all the apples on the tree and left happily. The boy never came back after he picked the apples.【题目】 Why did the boy pick all the apples on the tree?Because _.A. he wanted to eat themB. he needed money to buy toysC. he liked the tree without applesD. he wanted to share them with friends【解析】B。运用“排除法”来做题，最简单的办法就是选项放入题干中是合适的、有道理的。本题中，A项表达的意思是“他想把那些苹果都吃完”，但是看题干中的all the apples就知道这是不合常理的，即使再怎么饥饿，也不会把所有的苹果都吃完；C项“他喜欢没有苹果的树”，表达出来的意思是对苹果很不满意，但是从文中的句子The boy picked all the apples on the tree and left happily.可知，小男孩摘到苹果后是很高兴地离开了，绝对不是讨厌苹果的含义，排除C；这段文字中并没有出现friends这一词，所以应与朋友无关，排除D；只有B项是最有可能的，因缺钱买玩具，所以才去摘苹果并卖掉用来买玩具，这从文中的句子I want toys. I need money to buy them也能得到确认。3. 简单计算法数字计算题也是细节理解题的一种，要求对文章中提到的数据进行简单的加减乘除运算，以便得出符合题目要求的数据。解答这类题目时，考生首先要弄清题干的要求是什么，然后找到与它相关的数字，再对它们进行分析、整合，最后计算出正确答案。【2020 湖北荆门】Main DishesCheeseburger ￥5.2Big Mac ￥10.4Mc Chicken ￥5 (50% off until Feb 24)Fillet-o-fish ￥9.9【题目】How much did you need to pay for one McChicken before?A. ￥5. B. ￥10.C.￥2.5. D. ￥50.【解析】B。重点根据“McChicken：￥5 (50% off until Feb 24)”可知，在2月24号以前有50% 的优惠，即优惠后的价格是￥5，所以原价应是￥10。三、注意要点细节题在阅读理解中占比重很大，阅读时要特别注意以下几点：首先，阅读时利用这类关键词和词组that is to say, above all, especially, mainly等，把握文章的思路和脉络。另外，在问题的选项中表示绝对意义的词first （第一），least （最不），always （总是），never（永不），all（所有），none（一个也不），any（任何） 和表示唯一性的词汇only（只有） , just（仅仅），往往是命题的陷阱，因此要多加注意。其次，必须以原文提供的事实、细节和逻辑关系为依据，切忌把自己的观点和看法与原文或作者的观点、看法混为一谈。最后，文章中的数字、日期、时间都是设题的重点，此类题目很少是文章中表层出现的数字或日期，通常需要做简单的计算。总而言之，只要掌握了解题技巧并不断练习，就能在考试中取得好成绩。细节理解题专项训练Passage 1Tea tree oil comes from the tea tree. The tree only grows in Northern New South Wales in Australia. We can find this kind of oil in the cells of the leaves. People there have used the oil for thousands of years. And there are stories of a “magical lagoon (神奇的环礁湖)”. People can find tea tree leaves there. Nowadays, every family in Australia has tea tree oil. It can help with everything from bad breath to all kinds of skin disease.1. Tea tree can grow in _.A. America B. AustriaC. Australia2. When did people in Northern South Wales begin to use tea tree oil?A. Hundreds of years ago.B. Thousands of years ago.C. Millions of years ago.Passage 2American boys and girls love to watch television. Some children spend six hours a day in school and four to six hours a day in front of the television set. Some even watch television for eight hours or more on Sunday.3. Some children spend eight hours or more _ on Sunday.A. studying B. playingC. watching TVD. helping their parentsPassage 3You can collect stamps from letters, ask your friends to let you have their old stamps, or you can buy used stamps. When you get a letter with a stamp on it, carefully cut out the stamp. Leave lots of space around the stamp so that you will not damage it. Put the stamp in water and wait until you can safely remove the stamp. Carefully remove the stamp off the letter. Place the wet stamp between two clean pieces of paper. A stamp can get wrinkled (褶皱的) when it dries, so put some books on top.4. Whats the correct order when we try to get a stamp on a letter?Remove the stamp off the letter. Place the wet stamp between two pieces of paper.Cut out the stamp.Put the stamp in water.Put some books on top.A. B. C. D. Passage 4Kite surfing as a water sport began in the 1980s, but didnt get popular until the end of last century. It is also known as kite boarding, and in some European countries as fly surfing. Kite surfing works through wind power (动力) by using a large kite to pull a rider on the water at high speed.5. Kite surfing has a history of about _ years.A. 30 B. 50 C. 100Passage 5I had the meanest (最刻薄的) mother in the whole world. While other kids ate candy for breakfast, I had to have porridge, eggs or toast. When others had Cokes and candy for lunch, I had to eat a sandwich. But at least I wasnt alone when I was sad. My sister and two brothers had the same mean mother as I did.6. How many children does the writers mother have?A. Four. B. Two. C. Three. D. Six.Passage 6A topiary gardener should make a drawing first. The drawing shows the final shape that the gardener likes. The gardener then chooses a bush for the topiary. It may be one that just planted or one that is already in place.In June of the plants first year, the gardener looks for new leaves. When the leaves grow, its time to shape (给造型) the bottom of the bush. It needs about five years. The top is not trimmed during this time. In the fifth year, the bush grows tall enough for shaping. Then the gardener begins to shape the whole bush.7. Put the following in the right order according to the passage.a. The gardener chooses a bush for the topiary.b. The whole bush grows tall enough for shaping.c. The gardener begins to shape the bottom of the bush.d. The gardener draws the shape of a topiary.A. dabc B. bcadC. adcb D. dacbPassage 7When we cut down the rainforests, we destroy these forest people, too. In 1900, there were 1,000,000 forest people in the Amazon forest. In 1980, there were only 200,000.8. The number of the people living in the Amazon forest in 1980 was _of that in 1900.A. half B. one-thirdC. two-fifths D. one-fifthPassage 8Li Shizhen was born in 1518. His father was a poor doctor. Li Shizhen often saw that people fell ill. He decided to study medicine so that he could be able to help people9. Li Shizhens father was _.A. a soldier B. a doctorC. a teacher D. a peasantPassage 9Jack is a clerk of a bookstore. Here is the note from his boss, Ben. Jack has to decide what books to order according to the following note and the descriptions of the books.Hi Jack,You must hand in the order list of books to me by the first working day of every month.10. Jack must hand in the order list to his boss by _.A. the first day of last AugustB. the last working day of this monthC. the last day of next AugustD. the first working day of each month_参考答案及解析1. C。从in 及选项中三个单词可以看出，要选种植茶树的地方。从本段文字第2句The tree only grows in Northern New South Wales in Australia.可以看出，地点是在Australia (澳大利亚)，因此对照选项可知选C。应该特别注意的细节是：B选项Austria拼写相似，但却表示奥地利，是完全不同的两个国家。2. B。考查 when的细节理解题。查看原文第4句People there have used the oil for thousands of years可知，是在数千年以前，因此选B。h