石油与天然气-黑色黄金

OilandGasBlackGold!,/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Oil_well.jpg,/wiki/Image:Moscow_traffic_congestion.JPG,NASA,/wiki/Image:Oil_platform.jpg,/wiki/Image:Ceratium_hirundinella.jpg,Talkoutline,Part1:OriginHowdooilandgasform?Practical:Non-RenewableEnergy,Part2:ExplorationandProductionHowdowefindoilandgasandhowisitproduced?Practical:ProspectorGame,Part3:PoliticsWhyareoilandgasimportant?,Origin(1):Chemistry,CrudeOil,Hydrocarbon,/wiki/Image:Octane_molecule_3D_model.png,/wiki/Image:Petroleum.JPG,Oilandgasaremadeofamixtureofdifferenthydrocarbons.,Asthenamesuggeststhesearelargemoleculesmadeupofhydrogenatomsattachedtoabackboneofcarbon.,Origin(2):Plankton,/wiki/Image:Copepod.,/wiki/Image:Ceratium_hirundinella.jpg,Mostoilandgasstartslifeasmicroscopicplantsandanimalsthatliveintheocean.,Plantplankton,Animalplankton,10,000ofthesebugswouldfitonapinhead!,Origin(3):Blooms,/images/microbelife/topics/red_tide_genera.v3.jpg,Today,mostplanktoncanbefoundwheredeepoceancurrentsrisetothesurfaceThisupwellingwaterisrichinnutrientsandcausestheplanktontobloomBloomsofcertainplanktoncalleddinoflagellatesmaygivethewateraredtinge,MiriamGodfrey,Dinoflagellatebloom,Origin(4):Ontheseabed,/wikipedia/en/0/04/Plankton.jpg,Whentheplanktondiesitrainsdownonseabedtoformanorganicmush,Seabed,Origin(5):BlackShale,/wikipedia/en/0/04/Plankton.jpg,However,ifthereislittleornooxygeninthewaterthenanimalscantsurviveandtheorganicmushaccumulates,Wheresedimentcontainsmorethan5%organicmatter,iteventuallyformsarockknownasaBlackShale,EarthScienceWorldImageBank,Origin(6):Cooking,AsBlackShaleisburied,itisheated.,Kerogen,Gas,Oil,ArockthathasproducedoilandgasinthiswayisknownasaSourceRock,Origin(7):Migration,www.diveco.co.nz/img/gallery/2006/diver_bubbles.jpg,HotoilandgasislessdensethanthesourcerockinwhichitoccursOilandgasmigrateupwardsupthroughtherockinmuchthesamewaythattheairbubblesofanunderwaterdiverrisetothesurface,Therisingoilandgaseventuallygetstrappedinpocketsintherockcalledreservoirs,Risingoil,Origin(8):AncientEarth,RonBlakey,ArizonaFlagstaff,Duringmid-Mesozoictimesaround150millionyearsago,conditionswerejustrighttobuilduphugethicknessesofBlackShalesourcerocks,AncientEarth,Origin(9):SourceofNorthSeaOil,AncientEarth,IanandTonyaWest,TheKimmeridgeClayisaBlackShalewithupto50%organicmatter.ItisthemainsourcerockfortheNorthSeaOil&GasProvince,BlackShale,PracticalExercise1,RenewableversusNon-RenewableEnergy,/wiki/Image:Oil_platform.jpg,/wiki/Image:Windpark_Galicia.jpg,ExplorationandProduction(1):OilTraps,SomerocksarepermeableandallowoilandgastofreelypassthroughthemOtherrocksareimpermeableandblocktheupwardpassageofoilandgasWhereoilandgasrisesupintoadome(oranticline)cappedbyimpermeablerocksitcantescape.ThisisonetypeofanOilTrap.,Impermeable,Permeable,DomeTrap,ExplorationandProduction(2):ReservoirRocks,EarthScienceWorldImageBankImage#h5innl,ThepermeablestratainanoiltrapisknownastheReservoirRockReservoirrockshavelotsofinterconnectedholescalledpores.Theseabsorbtheoilandgaslikeasponge,Thisisahighlymagnifiedpictureofasandyreservoirrock(water-filledporesareshowninblue),ExplorationandProduction(3):SeismicSurveys,EarthScienceWorldImageBankImage#h5inpj,EarthScienceWorldImageBankImage#h5inor,SeismicsurveysareusedtolocatelikelyrockstructuresundergroundinwhichoilandgasmightbefoundShockwavesarefiredintotheground.Thesebounceofflayersofrockandrevealanystructuraldomesthatmightcontainoil,Drillhere!,ExplorationandProduction(4):Drillingthewell,Onceanoilorgasprospecthasbeenidentified,aholeisdrilledtoassessthepotentialThecostofdrillingisverygreat.Onanoffshorerig,itmaycost$10,000foreachmetredrilled.Acompanyincursvastlossesforevery“dryhole”drilled,/wiki/Image:Oil_platform.jpg,ExplorationandProduction(5):EnhancedRecovery,CaliforniaDepartmentofConservation,Althoughoilandgasarelessdensethanwaterandnaturallyriseupawelltothesurface,inrealityonly40-50%ofthetotalwilldoso.Toenhancerecovery,aholeisdrilledadjacenttothewellandsteamispumpeddown.Thehotwaterhelpstopushtheoiloutoftherockandupintothewell.,ExplorationandProduction(6):Transport,UnitedStatesGeologicalSurvey,OnceextractedoilandgasmustbesenttoarefineryforprocessingPipelinestransportmostoftheworldsoilfromwelltorefineryMassiveOilTankersalsoplayanimportantroleindistribution,Trans-AlaskanPipeline,ExplorationandProduction(7):AttheRefinery,Beforeitcanbeusedcrudeoilmustberefined.Hydrocarbonscanbeseparatedusingdistillation,whichproducesdifferentfractions(ortypes)ofoilandgas,Oilrefinery,DistillationPlant,/wiki/Image:Anacortes_Refinery_31911.JPG,/wiki/Image:Crude_Oil_Distillation.png,Jetfuel,Carfuel,Roadtar,ExplorationandProduction(8):EarlyHistory,/wiki/Image:Abraham_Gesner.gif,/wiki/Image:Oilfields_California.jpg,AbrahamGesner(1797-1864),Californianoilgusher,Themoderneraofoilusagebeganin1846whenGesnerperfectedtheartofparaffindistillation.Thistriggeredamassiveworldwideboominoilproduction.Californiawascentreofactivityintheearly1900s,famousforitsgushers.,/wiki/Image:Lucas_gusher.jpg,ExplorationandProduction(9):TheSituationToday,USGS,Globaloilandgasoccurrencesarenowwellunderstood(provincesshowningreen).OnlyAntarcticaandtheArcticremainunexplored.,PracticalExercise2,TheOilProspectorGame,Politics(1):Fuelsource,84%ofcrudeoilisrefinedintofuel,principallyforcarsandplanes,Demandiseverincreasing,especiallyduetogrowthofChineseeconomy,/wiki/Image:Shellgasstationlosthills.jpg,Politics(2):Otheruses,Theremaining16%ofcrudeoilisusedforarangeofpurposesshownaboveaswellassyntheticfibres,dyesanddetergents,FertilizersandPesticides,Foodadditives,Plastic,/wiki/Image:CD-R.jpg,CDsandDVDs,/wiki/Image:Lilit.jpg,/wiki/Image:Konservering.jpg,Politics(3):MainProducers-OPEC,/wiki/Image:Opec_Organization_of_the_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries_countries.PNG,OrganizationofthePetroleumExportingCountries(OPEC)isagroupof13countriesthatproduce36%oftheworldsoil,or32millionbarrelsofoilperday.ThebiggestproducerisSaudiArabia,butIran,UnitedArabEmirates,KuwaitandVenezuelaarealsomajorsuppliers,Politics(4):OtherProducers,OrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)produces24%ofalloil,or21millionbarrelsperday.TheUSAisthebiggestsingleproducerinOECDbutMexico,CanadaandtheUKarealsomajorsuppliersOutsideOECD,thestatesoftheformerSovietUnionarealsomajorproducerssupplyingafurther15%ofglobaloutput,/wiki/Image:OECD-memberstates.png,Politics(5):SupplyandDemand,In2007,globalconsumptiongrewby1.2millionbarrelsperday.OPECandOECDnationscanonlyraiseproductionbyafurther2.5millionbarrelsperdaysoasqueezeisonthecards,/wiki/Image:OilConsumptionpercapita.png,USAuses24%ofglobalsupplybutChinashowsthebiggestyear-to-yearincreaseinusage,Oilconsumptionperperson(darkerredsindicatehigherusage),Politics(6):PeakOil,/wiki/Image:Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg,/wiki/Image:Hubbert.jpg,Hubbert(1903-1989),Eraofenergycrisis,In1956,HubbertpredictedthatglobaloilproductionwouldpeakaroundtheYear2000andtriggeranEnergyCrisiswithpowerblackoutsandrisingcostsofenergyandfuel,Politics(7):RisingOilPrices,/wiki/Image:Oil_Prices_Medium_Term.png,$139byJune2008,OilpriceshavebeensteadilyrisingforseveralyearsandinJune2008standatarecordhighof$139perba