雅思托福基础测试题.pdf

Model Test (Basic) vocabulary part I （20分） 1. The government is determined to protect its tobacco _. A) monopoly B) monotony C) monologue D) monograph 2. Apparently in interviews he refuses to talk about his _life. A) privacy B) private C) universe D) unify 3. He decided to postpone their holiday _ next year. A) on B) for C) until D) in 4. Within two weeks of arrival, all foreigners had to _ with the local police. A) inquire B) consult C) register D) profession 5. As he has _ our patience, well not wait for him any longer. A) torn B) wasted C) exhausted D) consumed 6. These teachers try to be objective when they _ the integrated ability of their students. A) justify B) evaluate C) indicate D) reckon 7. Mrs. Morriss daughter is pretty and _, and many girls envy her. A) slender B) light C) faint D) minor 8. Tomorrow the mayor is to _ a group of Canadian businessmen on a tour of the city. A) coordinate B) cooperate C) accompany D) associate 9. Norman Davis will be remembered by many _ with not only as a great scholar but also as a most delightful and faithful friend. A) kindness B) friendliness C) warmth D) affection 10. Technological _ has been so rapid over the last few years. A）retrograde B)retrogress C) progress D) project 11. Salaries for _ positions seem to be higher than for permanent ones. A) legal B) optional C) voluntary D) temporary 12. He never arrives on time and my _ is that he feels the meetings are useless. A) preference B) conference C) inference D) reference 13. It is obvious that this new rule is applicable to everyone without _. A) exception B) exclusion C) modification D) substitution 14.Critics believe that the control of television by mass advertising has _ the quality of the programs. A) lessened B) declined C) affected D) effected 15. The _ at the military academy is so rigid that students can hardly bear it. A) convention B) confinement C) principle D) discipline 16. Theres not much _ that this war will be over soon. A) prospect B) process C) foreground D) profess 17. It was the first time that such a _had to be taken at a British nuclear power station. A) presentation B) precaution C) preparation D) prediction 18.She felt _ when her closest friend moved away. A) desolate B) solace C) insulate D)repugnant 19.You should try to _ your ambition and be more realistic. A) reserve B) restrain C) retain D) replace 20.The ships generator broke down, and the pumps had to be operated _ instead of mechanically. A) artificially B) automatically C) manually D) synthetically Part II （10分） 1. She also photographs away from her studio at various architectural sites, bringing camera, lights, mirrors, and a crew of assistants to transform the site into her own abstract image. The word transform is closest in meaning to which of following? A) move B) extend C) change D) interpret 2. The upper end of the sea anemone has a mouth surrounded by tentacles that the animals to capture its food. The word capture is closest in meaning to which of following? A) catch B) control C) cover D) clean 3. When disturbed, a sea anemone retracts its tentacles and shortens its body so that it resembles a lump on a rock. The word retracts is closest in meaning to which of following? A) pulls back B) relaxes C) reproduces D) lifts up 4. Nevertheless, many local residents want to retain the existing the character of the area. The word retain is closest in meaning to which of following? A) preserve B) possess C) enjoy D) improve 5. A rock durable enough to have withstood natural conditions for a very long time in other areas could probably be shattered into small pieces by salt weathering within a few generations. The word shattered is closest in meaning to which of following? A) arranged B) dissolved C) broken apart D) gathered together Grammar （30分） 1. According to the law, _ have an equal right to an education. A. every of children B. every child C. all of children D. all children 2. The workers in that factory are paid _. A. by the hour B. by an hour C. by hour D. by hours 3. They talked about the problem among _. A. them B. each other C. themselves D. one another 4. A good writer is _ who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way. A. that B. he C. one D. this 5. Which do you think _ , wealth or health? A. best B. better C. the better D. the best 6.The size of that island is about _ that of this one. A. three times as much as B. as three times much as C. as three times greater than D. three times as big as 7. That last novel of his is _ the best he has written. A. by far B. so far C. by then D. so much 8. A good sleep can _ a tiring day. A. make out for B. make up C. make up for D. make up to 9. He hasnt any money so I _ him some. A. will be lending B. am to lend C. would lend D. am going to lend 10. He promised to let me have the book as soon as he _ it. A. had read B. has read C. read D, would have read 11. We can go only when the ground _ . A. is drying B. will dry C. dried D. has dried 12. He went away and he _ back yet. A. is not B. has not been C. was not D. will not be 13. The worlds supplies of petroleum _ . A. have been gradually exhausted B. have gradually exhausted C. are being gradually exhausted D. are gradually exhausted 14. We _ your terms carefully but _ to say that we cannot accept them. A. are studying; regret B. have studied; are regretting C. have studied; regret D. have been studying; will regret 15. With the development of production and science, electronics _ a wide application in a short time. A. has found B. finds C. have found D. found 16. The company _ a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened yet. A. has been promised B. has been promising C. is promising D. promised 17. The children _ many times not to go near the stove. A. have told B. told C. have been told D. are told 18. The experiment is very expensive. But _ succeed, we would be able to make production more efficient. A. should we B. were we C. if should we D. if we 19. _ if you had lost your watch? A. Hadnt you been upset B. Wouldnt you be upset C. Werent you upset D. Wouldnt you have upset 20. I wished it _ but it did. A. not occurred B. did not occur C. had not occurred D. would not occur 21. If I had only read all the books before I _ the lecture! A. attended B. would have attended C. had attended D. have attended 22. The swimmer was very tired but he _ reach the shore before he collapsed. A. managed B. could C. was succeeded to D. was able to 23. _ as much as one-fourth of all timber harvested is not used proved to be false. A. The estimate B The estimate that C. They are estimated D. It is estimated that 24. The lawyer told his client that _. A. the case was of a small chance to win B. it was nearly impossible to win him the case C. they had little chance of winning the case D. the chance of their winning the case was little 25. _ that men try to do the same things as nature does, and they usually have to do them in a different way. A. The fact is so interesting B. It is an interesting fact C. The fact has much interest D. There is a fact so interesting 26. We were all overjoyed at the news _ the experiment turned out a success. A. that B. which C. when D. what 27. The man _ had little information. A. I spoke of B. of who I spoke C. I spoke of whom D. whom I spoke 28. The size of the audience, _ we had expected, was well over twenty thousand. A. whom B. as C. which D. that 29. The higher income tax is harmful _ it may discourage people from trying to earn more. A. so that B. in that C. unless D. in case 30. Only in the last few years _ to help the underprivileged in the country. A. something is done B. is something done C. has there something been done D. has anything been done Reading （30分） Interesting Day Courses in your Area A Photographing Wildlife This workshop includes an introduction in the classroom, two photography sessions with specially arranged access to the zoo enclosures so that you can take natural-looking close-ups of the most exotic species, and the opportunity to review and discuss your images as a group. B Drawing For Fun You will learn some basic techniques using soft pencils and charcoal. These and different types of paper are provided. Just bring yourself and a willingness to have a go. This is a start-up day so people who have already attended courses should not apply. C Find Your Voice You may feel you cant sing or you may be an established singer who wants to improve or gain confidence. You will be shown how to sing in tune, how to breathe correctly and how to project your voice. You may attend this course more than once and each time have a wonderful experience. Everyone can sing and its great fun. D Focus On Landscapes This course is designed for students who are familiar with painting in watercolors, but are having difficulty with some techniques. We will discuss choice of materials, color mixing and any other areas that may be raised. The day will start with a demonstration, followed by an opportunity to sketch outdoors. After a light lunch cooked in the studio, there will be a further practical session. E Taking Happy Pictures The main objective is to introduce you to the skills required to take good photographs of people at special events, such as parties or weddings. We will discuss camera settings, dealing with varied light or bad weather, and how to get a good atmosphere. Lunch is provided at a nearby hotel, followed by a practical session inside the studio. F The Music Takeaway Get some friends, family or colleagues together for your own music course in a venue of your choice, which could be your front room, basement or workplace. We send two guitar tutors to lead a one-day session for you in the style of music you prefer, such as rock, country, funk or blues. Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once. Participants can decide where the course is held. Different ability levels are welcome. All the necessary materials are supplied. Participants will be able to go where the public are not normally allowed. It is possible to repeat this course. You can select what to study from a range of options. The course will provided advice on how to overcome difficult conditions. THE LONG-TERM STABILITY OF ECOSYSTEMS Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “ succession ” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes in plant numbers and the mix of species are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years. An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a years time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish may tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem. At one time. Ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystem stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologist concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a singe crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy their entire crop. In contrast, a complex climax community , such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from bad weather or pests. The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologist dont all agree what “stability “ means . Stability can be all defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience . In that case, climax community would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can acquire hundreds of years to return to the complex state. Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability- just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is , in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a childs tricycle） Ecologists are especially interested in knowing what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by volcanic explosion of Mount. St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example , pales in comparison to the construction cause by humans. We need to know what aspects of community are most important to the communitys resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery. Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “ patchiness” of the environment. An environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact. 2 According to paragraph 1, which of the following is not true of climax communities? A They occur at the end of a succession. B They last longer than any other type of community. C The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change. D They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time. 3 According to paragraph 2, which of the following principles of ecosystems can be learned by studying a pond? A Ecosystem properties change more slowly than individuals in the system. B The stability of an ecosystem tends to change as individuals are replace. C Individual organisms are stable from one year to the next. D A change in the numbers of an organism does not affect tan ecosystems properties. 4 According to paragraph 3, ecologist once believed that which of the following illustrated the most stable ecosystems? A Pioneer communities B Climax communities C Single-crop farmlands D Successional plant communities 5 According to paragraph 4, why is the question of ecosystem stability complicated? A The reasons for ecosystem change are not always clear. B Ecologists often confuse the word “stability” with the word “ resilience”. C The exact meaning of the word “ stability” is debated by ecologists. D There are many different answers to the ecological questions. 6 According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about climax community? A They are more resilient than pioneer communities. B They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities. C They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances. D They are the most resilient communities because th