人与动物关系的思考

作为目前唯一可确知存有生命的星球，地球是包括人类在内的各种生命体赖以生存的家园。而在诸种生命之中，与我们人类关系最为密切的当属动物群体了。从进化的历史看，各类动物都比人类出现得早，人类只是动物的最高阶段。就此意义而言，没有动物就不可能有人类。而当古代类人猿进化为人类以后，人类生活所需要的一切更是直接或间接地与动物有关。象形文字中“家”字是屋顶下养着的一头猪，这是富足与安定的象征。正是圈养的家畜、看门的走狗，让我们不再风餐露宿、奔波流浪，为我们带来了家的温馨与安宁。也许正是由于人类早期朴素的情感、认知状态，他们谦逊地承认了动物对自己的价值与意义，并且以形形色色的图腾崇拜予以再现。作为原始部族情感认同与精神信仰对象的图腾，不仅是该部族心目中最神圣和最美好的象征，也成为维系部族成员的纽带。而据人类学家们的研究结论，动物图腾是人类最早、同时也是最多的崇拜图腾。动物崇拜中寄寓着人类对祖先的崇拜，它不仅在时间上表现为某种血缘的连续关系，同时也在空间上基于共同的地域、共同的生存环境而形成了共同的文化认知。如我们中国人自称为“龙的传人”，作为中华民族图腾的龙，不仅是我们共同的祖先，也铸造了我们民族的“龙”文化传统。不过，随着人类的认识与实践能力的日益加强，特别是近代以来人类理性的日益发展，动物与人类的关系也发生了微妙的变化。人类开始习惯于以一种功利性的眼光居高临下地审世度物，开始自视为“万物之灵长”。形形色色的动物依人类的标准被分成各种类别：有用无用、好的坏的、可爱凶恶等等。随着森林被砍伐，草原在退化，池沼逐渐干涸，道路无限延伸新的资源分配正在进行，而动物自身也作为资源的一部分，进入人类的分配方案。然而，作为地球生命中与人类强大的统治力相比处于弱势的群体，动物仍保有对人类的一种神秘的威胁力，其中最可怕的莫过于对人类造成严重危害、有的至今仍无法找到治疗措施的疾病，如鼠疫、狂犬病以及最早在绵羊血液中发现的炭疽杆菌，直至非典、禽流感等等。这些疫病以一种极端的方式促使人们反思：人类功利性的需求已造成不少野生动物数量的急剧减少，而作为自然界的有机组成部分，任何一种野生动物物种的灭绝都有可能造成局部平衡的破坏，这种失衡有可能促成新的疫病爆发，最终将在根本上影响到人类自身的生存环境。庆幸的是，在“人是万物的灵长”这一观念之外，人类也始终存在着另一种对待动物的态度。在中国古人那里就有“天人合一”的观念，想像自然万物和人的生命活动相依相成。如果说老子“与麋鹿共处”、“同与禽兽居”还是一种小国寡民状态下的生态理念，那么到北宋张载提出“民吾同胞，物吾与也”，以世人皆为我同胞、万物皆是我同类，则体现了生态伦理的构建。正是在这样的“物与”理念下，“闻道偏为五禽戏，出门鸥鸟更相亲”之类的诗句在中国古典文化中比比皆是，构成了一种普遍的民俗文化心理。而在世界主要宗教中，对人与万物的关系也有更深刻的认识。如传统犹太教认为，上帝创造的所有东西都值得怜悯与同情，因此对纯娱乐的打猎、斗牛、斗狗等都表示鄙视；而佛教和印度教对生命的理解则更是真正地包罗一切生命，佛教中以身饲虎的故事更是其生命观的直接体现。今天，在人类生存环境不断恶化的情势下，古典文化与宗教的生态观应该成为我们重新思考人与动物、人与自然界关系的基点。因为，我们给动物一个未来，实际上是在给自己一个未来。As at present only can know precisely the planet, earth beings life is all sorts of living organisms, including humans, the homes of survival. And in the kind of life,what our human most close relations is the animal groups. From an evolutionary history look, all kinds of animal life appears earlier than humans, the highest stage of human just animals. This sense, no animal is unlikely to be human. And when the ancient apes evolved into human, human life after all the needed more directly or indirectly with animals. Pictographs home word is in under the roof keeps the pig, this is the symbol of wealth and stability. It is the livestock, the doorkeeper captivity, let us never lackeys forest stray, rushing about, brought us the warmth of home and at peace.Perhaps because of the early human simple emotional, cognitive status, they humbly admit the animal to own value and significance, and a large variety of totem worship to reproduce. As the primitive tribes emotion recognition and spiritual beliefs object totem, is not only the tribe mind the most sacred and best symbol, also become the key members of the tribe link. And according to anthropologists research conclusion, animal totem is the earliest, is also the most human the worship of totem. Animals in the human body worship of ancestor worship, it not only in time for some blood performance continuous relations in space, also based on common regional and common living environment and the formation of the common cultural cognition. If we Chinese self-styled descendants of the dragon, as the Chinese totem dragon, not only is our common ancestry, has forged our national dragon cultural tradition.However, with the human understanding and practice ability, especially the increasingly strengthening human rational since modern times, the development of the relationship between animals and humans are also had had a subtle change. Humans began to are accustomed to a utilitarian eye judge talked down the things, began to as degree of the soul of the universe long. Various animals in human standards were divided into various categories: useful useless, good or bad, lovely evil, etc. As forests have been cut down, grassland degradation, gradually dry in ponds, road infinite and outspread. New resource allocation are underway, and animal itself as part of human resources, enter the distribution solutions.However, as the earth life and human powerful dominant vulnerable group, compared to the human animal and maintain a kind of mysterious WeiXieLi, one of the most horrible way for human cause serious harm, some still cannot find treatment for diseases, like the plague, rabies and earliest found in blood in the sheep of anthrax, until the SARS and avian influenza, etc. These epidemic in an extreme way makes people introspect: human utilitarian needs have caused many wild animals, and the sharp drop in the number of as an organic part of nature, any kind of wild animal species have become extinct is likely to cause the destruction, the local balance may have contributed to the new epidemics unbalanced outbreak, will eventually affect fundamentally humans living environment.Fortunately, in man is the spirit of things long beyond the notion, humans have always there exists another kind of treat animals attitude. In ancient Chinese there is the nature and humanity idea, imagine natural and human life activities all dependencies each other. If the Lao tze and elk coexistence, with a beast house or XiaoGuoGuaMin condition to the ecological idea, then put forward people we zhangzai northern song dynasty thing our countrymen, and also to the world all for my compatriots, everything is my Cousins, embodies the construction of ecological ethics. It is in this content and concept, smell word for wuqinxi, go out OuDiao wide more mutually close verse in such classical Chinese culture everywhere, constitute a kind of common folk cultural psychology. And in the world to people in the main religions, the relationship with all have a more profound understanding of it. Such as tradi