压缩机及汽轮机简介ppt课件

壓縮機基本簡介,1,2,3,動能式壓縮機Dynamiccompressor,4,MaximumPressuresandCapacitiesofAirCompressors,壓縮機最大壓力及容積,5,壓縮機應用範圍,6,7,CentrifugalCompressors,CentrifugalCompressors,CentrifugalCompressors,離心式壓縮機,8,9,Sketchofacentrifugalcompressorwithavaneddiffuser.,10,Theelementsofacentrifugalcompressor,11,CentrifugalCompressor,12,FluidMechanicsofCentrifugalCompressor(radialcompressor),Flowentersthecompressorparalleltotheimpelleraxisandisacceleratedbytheblades,greatlyincreasingitsvelocity,andthusitstotalpressure.Thegasleavestheimpellerandisdeceleratedassmoothlyaspossibletoconvertthekineticenergyimpartedintheimpellertostaticpressure.,13,FluidMechanicsofCentrifugalCompressor(RadialCompressor),Thedecelerationofthegasiscarriedoutinthediffuser.Whilesomecompressorsuseavaneddiffusertodeceleratethegas,mostuseadiffuserwithoutvaneswheretheshapeofthehousingiscarefullydesignedtominimizepressurelosses.,14,FluidMechanicsofCentrifugalCompressor(RadialCompressor),Astheairflowleavesthecompressorwheel,ithasarelativevelocityparalleltotheblade,buttheabsolutevelocityisfoundbyaddingthebladetipvelocitytothisrelativeexitvelocity.Thescroll,asshowninthefigureincreasesinbothdepthandwidth.,15,FluidMechanicsofCentrifugalCompressor(RadialCompressor),Thisprovidesgreaterareafortheflowandalsomovestheflowtolargerradius.Boththesedesignfeaturesslowdowntheflowandconvertitskineticenergyintopressureduetotheconservationofmomentumoftheflow.Awelldesignedradialcompressorhasanefficiencyof65%-75%.,16,離心式壓縮機剖面,17,CentrifugalCompressorImpellers,18,Therearethree(3)typesofimpellersnormallyusedinthecentrifugalcompressor.Theseare:,開放式,半開放式,封閉式,19,OPENBuiltwiththebladesinaradialdirectionnoenclosingcoversoneitherthefrontorbacksides(normallyfoundinsuperchargers).SEMI-CLOSEDBuiltwiththebladesinaradialdirectionwithanenclosingcoveronthebacksidewhichextendstotheperipheryoftheblade(normallyfoundinaircompressors).CLOSEDBuiltwithbackwardorforwardleaningbladesandhasenclosingcoversonboththefrontandbackside(normallyfoundinmulti-stagecentrifugalcompressors).R-Rusesclosedimpellers.,20,操作範圍,21,種類,22,6段齒增速心式壓縮機,23,離心式壓縮機原理,離心式壓縮機利用葉輪旋轉產生離心力來增加氣體的速度，然後再利用Diffuser將氣體的速度轉換成壓力。,24,離心式壓縮機的結構,25,COMPRESSORCASING,離心式壓縮機機殼分為三種設計:多段式軸向分離設計多段式徑向分離設計單段式設計,26,多段式軸向分離設計,優點:1.製造費用較低2.於壓縮機廠房內易於進行檢修3.僅需少數幾種的特殊工具,27,多段式軸向分離設計,缺點:1.密封面積較大2.耐壓等級較低3.若出入口NOZZLE位於機殼的上方，則必須移除出入口管線,28,多段式徑向分離設計,優點:1.可以減少氣體洩漏2.耐壓等級較高3.移除轉子組時，勿須拆除出入口管線,29,多段式徑向分離設計,缺點:1.價格較高2.需要較多的特殊工具,30,單段式設計,優點:較多段式便宜缺點:輸出的壓力及流量受到限制,31,離心式壓縮機機殼的型式,1.Straight-ThroughFlow般使用於低壓的製程2.雙吸式使用於高流量的製程,32,離心式壓縮機機殼的型式,3.ISO-Cooling增加效率將氣體溫度控制於定的範圍內，以減少聚合物於壓縮機內產生2.BacktoBack在高壓的環境下，可以減少軸向推力,33,COMPRESSORROTOR,34,COMPRESSORROTOR,葉輪,35,COMPRESSORROTOR,轉子組相關空氣動力配件,36,COMPRESSORROTOR,InterstageImpellerEyeandShaftSeals1.LabyrinthStyle-Aluminum/StainessSteel-間隙較大較容易洩漏-有些製程氣體無法適用2.AbradableStyle-Fluorosint/NickelGraphite-間隙較小洩漏量較小-適用於大部分製程氣體,37,COMPRESSORROTOR,Aluminum/StainessSteelLabyrinth,新裝置/乾淨迷宮環-產生擾流阻止氣體洩漏,迷宮環阻塞-產生擾流變小導致氣體洩漏增加,迷宮環遭磨損-間隙變大-產生擾流變小導致氣體洩漏增加,38,COMPRESSORROTOR,AbradableLabyrinth,新的AbradableLabyrinth-產生擾流阻止氣體洩漏,使用後的AbradableLabyrinth-間隙不變-繼續產生擾流阻止氣體洩漏,39,AbradableLabyrinthSeal,AbradableStyle,40,軸封,LabyrinthSeal：用於低壓空氣壓縮機或可容許洩漏製程氣壓縮。,SteelRetainingCartridge,AluminumLabyrinth,SteelSleeves,OptionalEjectionorInjectionPorts,OptionalBufferGas,ContaminatedOilDrainRDS#2B-3500),迷宮式及油膜式軸封,41,CL,Process,Iso-SleeveSeal-Parts,42,ActiveDryGasSeal：以串列式Tandem配置，緩衝氣(Buffergas)進入乾式軸封前先以很細的過濾器過濾異物，並在軸承室與軸封室間加入隔離氮氣避免潤滑油進入軸封室。,ProcessGas,軸封,乾式軸封,43,應用,乾.式軸封（DryGasSeal）,結構,44,SealOilInlet,BufferGas,RotatingSealRing,FloatingCarbonSealRing,StationarySealRing,ShutDownPiston,ContaminatedOilDrain,IsoCarbonSeal：使用於中低壓。其優點：可容許軸封油與密封油混合；當怠速時密封油不慎關啟此時因製氣氣壓力高，ShutDownPiston加壓使轉動環與固定環密合更緊；,製程氣與軸封間可注入緩衝氣避免油進入製程側。,軸封,機械式軸封,45,OriginalDesignPartNames,46,JOURNALBEARING,JournalBearings的用途:-支撐轉子組的重量和轉子組傳遞過來的力-保持轉子組運轉的同心圓,47,THRUSTBEARING,ThrustBearing的用途:-吸收轉子組因壓差所產生的軸向推力-保持轉子組於運轉時沒有軸向位移產生,48,止推軸承(Thrustbearing)構造,49,COUPLING聯軸器,DiaphragmType-可以高度容許因對心導致軸向及角度的偏移-沒有磨擦導致磨損,50,SteamTurbine,SteamTurbine,汽輪機(SteamTurbine),51,單向冷凝式：排汽低於大氣壓力,非冷凝式(或背壓式)：排汽高於大氣壓力,自動抽汽冷凝式,一、汽輪機簡介,汽輪機之分類,52,轉子,軸頸軸承,調速閥桿,受力止推軸承,軸頸軸承,3段隔板,非受力端止推軸承,1段葉片,2段葉片,3段葉片,2段隔板,噴嘴組,汽輪機剖面,53,機殼組成：1.高壓汽櫃(HighPressureSteamChest)2.噴嘴環(NozzleRing)3.隔板(Diaphragm)4.筒身段(BarrelSection)5.出口機殼(ExhaustCasing),1.,2.,4.,5.,3.,汽輪機機殼,54,轉子組成：1.心轉(Shaft)2.葉輪(IMPELLER)：由圓盤(Disk)與動葉片(Blade)組成3.止推圓盤(ThrustCollar),轉子與動葉片,55,排式壓縮機Positivedisplacementcompressor,56,性能曲線排式vs.動能式,57,ReciprocatingCompressors,ReciprocatingCompressors,往活式壓縮機ReciprocatingCompressors,58,ReciprocatingCompressors,Compressorsareusedtoincreasethepressureofaprocessgas,inordertodriveitintoapipelinesystemtoanonshoreprocessplant,touseontheproducingwellasgaslift,tore-injectgasforreservoirpressuremaintenanceandforuseasafuelgas.ReciprocatingcompressorsareusedforHighPressure/LowFlowapplications,wherescrewandcentrifugalcompressorscannotmeettheduty.,59,60,61,62,MainComponentsoftheReciprocatingCompressor,Cylinder(汽缸)Piston(活塞)Connectingrod(連接桿)Crankshaft(曲柄軸)PistonPin(活塞插銷)PistonRings(活塞環)Valves(汽閥),63,PV曲線,64,橫臥-單作動-往式壓縮機示意圖下圖中間是活速,底下是汽缸PV圖,65,吸入閥與吐出閥之密封動作示意圖轉速400rpm之壓縮機閥每開關2.1億次,66,ScrewCompressors,ScrewCompressors,旋轉旋式壓縮機ScrewCompressors,67,螺旋式壓縮機可處30060,000sm3/h,出口壓40kg/cm2G可使用在真空(0.1kg/cm2A)注油旋式壓縮機已成儀表空氣壓縮機主,68,功能原氣體從入口端吸入(a),隨著公母轉子轉動,沿著軸向擠壓,氣体容積減少而壓提升(bd),69,注液式與無油式,注液式:注入的液體可用潤油、水或其他液體注液提供內部卻.某些高溫會聚合或有爆炸之虞的氣體特別適用氫氣用水,無油式:通常使用軸上型齒(TimingGear)以維持個反向旋轉轉子之適宜的齒嚙合.廣泛使用於製藥廠及高純化學廠,等容許污染之場合。因溫高，轉子