江苏省东台市唐洋镇中学八年级英语下册《Unit 3 Online travel Period 6 Grammar B》学案（无答案） 牛津版

Unit 3 Online travel Period 6 Grammar B学案知识目标A掌握并使用被动语态。B熟悉并理解使用被动语态的语境。能力目标A熟悉用来引出动作执行者的单词by。重点四会内容 词汇：incorrectly, total, free, Mars, set 词组：a total of 句型：Activities for the Computer Club are organized by Mr Lin.难点三会内容词汇：inch教学过程1.预习书后新单词和课本内容。2.完成下面的预习题一、根据句意、首字母或中文提示完成下列句子。1.Millie doesnt know how to open her _ (电子词典)2. Lets _ (重启) the computer, ok?3. We should check the _ (设置) of the computer first.4. Please _ (连接)your computer to a telephone line.5. P_ the green button, then the machine will be turned on.Grammar 被动语态Grammar passive voice (被动语态)语态：动词的一种特殊形式，表示主语和谓语之间的关系。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。被动语态：主语和谓语之间为被动关系，即谓语动词是人的动作，但主语不是动作的执行者，而是动作的承受者。被动语态的构成：助动词be+及物动词的过去分词done，其中，人称、数和时态的变化通过be的变化表现出来。现以build为例，如下表。一般现在时am/is/are + doneThe road is built by workers.一般过去时was/were + doneThe road was built by workers.一般将来时will/shall + be +done The road will be built by workers.现在进行时am/is/are + being + doneThe road is being built by workers.现在完成时have/has +been + doneThe road has been built by workers.过去进行时was/were + being + doneThe road was being built by workers.情态动词can/may/must + be + doneThe road must be built by workers.不定式to be doneThere are two more roads to be built被动语态的用法： 不知道或没必要说明动作的执行者时，用被动语态。e.g. Knives are used for cutting things.刀是用来切东西的。 Toms mother was saved.汤姆的妈妈得救了。Is this coat made of cotton or wool?这件外衣是棉的还是羊毛的？ 强调动作的承受者，想指出动作的执行者，但执行者处于次要位置，用被动语态by + 动作执行者（宾格）e.g. That glass must be taken by my brother.那个杯子是被我弟弟拿走的。 The window was broken by Jack.窗子是杰克打破的。 The horse on the blackboard cant be drawn by Lin Tao.黑板上的那匹马不可能是林涛画的。出于礼貌措词等原因不愿说出动作的执行者。e.g.You are invited to a party at eight tomorrow.你被邀请参加明天8点的晚会。You are wished to do it more carefully.希望你认真一点做。Enough has been said here of this question.关于这个问题，这里已经谈得不少了。汉语中的“被、受、由”等词译成英语的常用语态e.g. The house was washed away by the storm.房子被暴风雨冲走了。The girl was praised for her excellent job.这女孩因工作优秀受到表扬。在文章标题、广告、新闻等中常用省略动词be的被动语态。e.g. Telephone call placed.电话接通了。 （省略了has been）Girls wanted.招女工。 （广告用语 省略了are）Road Blocked.道路堵塞。 （新闻报道 省略了is）在商务书信中，书信起草人往往是以公司的名义写，多用被动语态。e.g. Your letter has been received.来信收到。Your complaint is being looked into你的投诉正在调查之中。注意事项：不及物动词和连系动词无动作承受者，故无被动语态。谓语是表状态的及物动词，包括一些系动词，不用被动语态， 形式上是主动，实际含有被动含义。e.g. The cloth washes well.这块布料很好洗。（布被洗）The shirt will wear long.这件衬衫很耐穿。（衬衫被穿）The shoes sell well.这些鞋销路好。（鞋被销售）主动语态转换成被动语态的方法及难点：方法： 主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语。 谓语变为被动结构， 即be + done；时态要与原主动语态一致。 主动语态的主语若要留下，放在介词by后，并将主格变为宾格。e.g. Her mother cooks meals at home.Meals are cooked by her mother at home.她妈妈在家做饭。He wrote the book several years ago.The book was written by him several years ago.很多年前，他写了这本书。难点：含有复合宾语（宾语+宾补）的句子变为被动语态：把宾语变为被动结构的主语，把宾补放在被动结构后面作为主语的补足语，原来的位置不变。e.g.We call him Xiao Wang. （Xiao Wang名词作宾补）He is called Xiao Wang.我们叫他小王。We keep food cold in the fridge. 我们用电冰箱保鲜食品。Food is kept cold in the fridge. （宾补cold的位置不变）Toms father saw Tom sitting on some eggs.Tom was seen sitting on some eggs (by his father).汤姆的父亲看见汤姆蹲在一些鸡蛋上面。双宾语的动词变为被动语态：把“人”的间接宾语变为主语， 指“物”的直接宾语保留不动；如果“物”的直接宾语变为被动结构的主语时，间接宾语要加介词to 或for。常见的能接双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的词有：give, show, bring, lend, send这些与介词to搭配；buy, make, draw这些与介词for搭配。e.g.Someone gave the boy an apple. 有人给了那个男孩一个苹果。An apple was given to the boy. / The boy was given an apple.His mother has bought him a present.A present has been bought for him. / He was bought a present by his mother.他妈妈给他买了一件礼物。The artist drew the king a horse in five minutes.A horse was drawn for the king in five minutes by the artist.画家用5分钟时间就给国王画了一匹马。感官动词（hear, watch, see, ect）和使役动词(make, help, let, have, ect)在主动结构中，后接不带to的不定式，但若改成被动句，则需还原省略的to。A girl saw my pen drop when she passed by.My pen was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.一个女孩走过的时候看见我的笔掉了。 （不带to的drop，变被动后要加to）They heard the children sing that morning.The children were heard to sing that morning. 那天早晨，他们听到孩子们唱歌了。The boss made us work twelve hours a day.We were made to work twelve hours a day.那个老板让我们一天工作12小时。含有宾语从句的主动结构变为被动结构时，用it作为被动结构的先行主语，从句放在句子后面；或将从句中的主语作为被动句的主语。可以这样转换为被动结构的动词有：know, say, believe, find, think, report等。People believe that he is ill. It is believed that he is ill.He is believed to be ill. 人们相信他病了。有些相当于及物动词的短语也可用于被动语态，但必须视它为一个整体，不能漏掉后面的介词或副词。e.g. Older people must be spoken to politely.必须有礼貌地跟长者说话。 （不可漏了介词to）We can look after the children well here.The children can be well looked after here.孩子们在这儿会被照顾得很好。When was the hospital set up?这家医院什么时候建成的？Someone turned off the light. The light was turned off ( b