4、SCI科研论文英语写作全攻略12节视频pptw-11

酸谈学社 上海尤里卡信息科技有限公司版权所有 英语科研论文写作 第 十 一 章 Writing the Discussion section （2） Kevin主讲人 解 螺 旋|陪 伴 医 生 科 研 成 长 英语科研写作 Discussion包括的内容 Discussion 对主要结果的解释 本研究的结果和已发表结果的比较 创新性和卓越之处Novelty or exceptional strengths of your study 本研究的缺陷和合理的质疑Limitations or valid criticisms of your study 本结论能否延伸至更大的范畴？ 结论是否回答了the knowledge gap？ 本研究能否导致科学思维或医学实践的新变革？ 进一步研究的新途径？ Stating Your Conclusions 阐述主要结论 解 螺 旋|陪 伴 医 生 科 研 成 长 英语科研写作 Discussion写作顺序/模版 Conclusions Addressing gap in Knowledge Interpretation of results Novelty Generalization of conclusions? Implications/ significance Discussion写作顺序/模版 LimitationsFuture studiesRe-cap 解释分析结果 Interpretation of your findings 解 螺 旋|陪 伴 医 生 科 研 成 长 英语科研写作 Interpretation of your findings 要点： 1. 对结果的分析要有洞察：避免单纯讨论单一结果 Putting your findings into perspective 2. 解释有趣的或意想不到的结果 Explaining interesting or unexpected findings 3. 澄清可能的误解 Broader understanding 4. 帮助读者深入理解结果的含义 Increasing readers appreciation of your findings 5. Negative findings 尽量阐述积极意义 解 螺 旋|陪 伴 医 生 科 研 成 长 英语科研写作 Broader understanding In a study of a genes function in the development of an organism, you might relate your findings to those in evolutionarily related organisms. In a study of the mechanism of action of a molecule, you might relate the pathway you describe to pathways that together might affect activity. 解 螺 旋|陪 伴 医 生 科 研 成 长 英语科研写作 Broader understanding In the current study, we found PTK7 plays a significant role in promoting tumor cell growth in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Previous work has suggested that PTK7 may serve as a coreceptor for different receptors and selectively re-route signaling pathways to morphogenesis, angiogenesis during neuronal tube formation, or planar cell polarity13. Complexed with Wnt, it also functions like a molecular switch to toggle between canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways2. Therefore, given the versatility of PTK7 and the critical role of Wnt in tumorigenesis, we speculate that the oncogenic role of PTK7 in esophageal squamous carcinoma can be ascribed to this “molecular switch”-like mechanism. In the future work, the oncogenic characteristics of Wnt signaling should be examined for esophageal squamous carcinoma in the context of PTK7. 解 螺 旋|陪 伴 医 生 科 研 成 长 英语科研写作 Correcting misperceptions In a study showing an increased incidence of a disorder, you might discuss how better diagnostic techniques or different definitions of the disorder may have contributed to the perceived increase. 解 螺 旋|陪 伴 医 生 科 研 成 长 英语科研写作 Compensating for negative findings In a study showing that agents have similar clinical benefits, you might compare the cost of the agents or their ease of administration. In a study with contradictory findings, analyze the potential reasons for the discrepant findings. In a study showing that an agent has unexpected side effects, theorize how the properties or mechanisms of action of the agent might be responsible. In a study showing that an agent is ineffective, you might explain why continued research on this agent or related agents is still called for, why this agent might work better in different patients, or why this agent might be effective in combination with other therapies. 解 螺 旋|陪 伴 医 生 科 研 成 长 英语科研写作 Contradictory findings Although there has been an agreement that the functions of leptin differ in vertebral and appendicular regions, conflict observations were reported. For instance, Kishida et al. (2005) showed that exogenous leptin could inhibit apoptosis, cell proliferation, and matrix calcification in terminal chondrogenic differentiation15. On the contrary, Ealey et al. (2006) suggested that leptin-deficiency could inhibit matrix mineralization in femurs but not in lumbar vertebrae. The discrepancies may arise from different models involved in the studies: the observations of Kishida et al. were mainly made in a mouse embryonic carcinoma-derived chondrocytic cell line, whereas in the study of Ealey et al. ob/ob mice of different ages were used. However, to unequivocally illustrate the region-specific regulations of leptin on the growth plate chondrocytes, we think it more appropriate to directly measure the chondrogenic-specific markers in the TGP and VGP chondrocytes upon the leptin treatment. Therefore, in our study, we isolated and cultured primary chondrocytes from TGP and VGP, and characterized multiple cellular and molecular events when these primary cell cultures were co-incubated with different concentrations of leptin. Our results clearly show leptin may exert an inhibitory effect on VGP chondrogenesis, while such an effect is not observed for TGP. 本研究的结果和已发表结果 的比较 How Does Your Study Relate to Other Studies? 解 螺 旋|陪 伴 医 生 科 研 成 长 英语科研写作 Relating to other studies 描述别人的结果，阐述一致与不一致的结论 阐述自己和别人研究的不同点 如果存在不一致： 策略性地进行讨论 阐述自己的优势/优点，而不是攻击评判别人的缺陷 避免“非黑即白”的断言 Avoid all-or-nothing statements. 解 螺 旋|陪 伴 医 生 科 研 成 长 英语科研写作 讨论不一致的结果 负面的口吻： “That study was underpowered.” Not so negative : “That study may have been underpowered.” 积极的口吻: “Our study had a considerably larger and more homogeneous patient population.” 解 螺 旋|陪 伴 医 生 科 研 成 长 英语科研写作 讨论不一致的结果 Not useful: We found that drug B was not effective. Smith et al.1also studied drug B. Not useful: We found that drug B was not effective. In the study of Smith et al.,1 15 of 40 patients responded to drug B. Useful, but negative tone: Unlike our study, a previous trial showed that drug B was effective.1However, the patient selection criteria used in that trial were unrealistic. Failure of the previous trial to include patients with advanced disease probably accounts for the positive findings of that trial. Useful and positive tone: Unlike our study, a previous trial showed that drug B was effective.1However, unlike the previous trial, our study group included a high proportion of patients with advanced disease. This difference in patient groups may account for the different results. 如何转述别人的结果 解 螺 旋|陪 伴 医 生 科 研 成 长 英语科研写作 三种转述方法 01 直接引用 Quoting directly 03 总结 Summarizing 02 改写 （注意勿抄袭） Paraphrasing 解 螺 旋|陪 伴 医 生 科 研 成 长 英语科研写作 直接引用（ Quoting ） p53 has such an important role in cell cycle control that it has been called “the guardian of the genome.”1 Pagets “seed-and-soil” hypothesis2is as valid today as it was in 1889. The indexing of citations therefore permits sociologists and historians to “see how the cloth of science is woven.”3 解 螺 旋|陪 伴 医 生 科 研 成 长 英语科研写作 转述 （ Paraphrasing ） 提供原文的细节，用于较简短的信息 Original: Chronic hepatitis C virus infection is most frequently associated with remote or current intravenous drug use and blood transfusions before 1992, although as many as 20% of infected patients have no identifiable risk factor. Poor paraphrase: Chronic hepatitis C virus infection is most often associated with past or current intravenous drug use and with blood transfusions before 1992, but up to 20% of infected patients do not have an identifiable risk factor. Good paraphrase: The most common risk factors for chronic hepatitis C virus infection are use of intravenous drugs, either currently or in the past, and receipt of blood transfusions before 1992. However, in up to 20% of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection, no risk factor can be identified. 解 螺 旋|陪 伴 医 生 科 研 成 长 英语科研写作 总结 （ Summarizing ） 总结主要观点/结论，不提供细节。适用于篇幅较长的原文 Original: We observed a striking inhibition of hepatic preneoplasia by upregulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-I (IGFBP-I) in transgenic mice. This inhibition may have been caused by increased binding of insulin-like growth factor-I and/or -II by IGFBP-I within the preneoplastic lesions, which would