ANCIENT GREECE IPPT课件

.,1,CHAPTER1,ANCIENTGREECEANDTHEHELLENISTICAGE(I):HistoryandArt,2,.,MAPOFGREECE,3,.,Introduction:GreekCulturalInfluences,4,.,Introduction:GreekCulturalInfluences,AncientGreekideasaboutart,architecture,drama,philosophy,andgovernmentgreatlyinfluencedWesterncivilization.AmongthemostinfluentialofGreekculturalachievementsistheParthenoninAthens,anoutstandingexampleofclassicalarchitecture.TheGreekteacherandphilosopherSocratesaffectedWesternspeculativethoughtandphilosophywithhisemphasisondialogueandrationalargument.Greekscientistsdevelopedmethodsofreasoningtodemonstratemathematicprinciples.GreekdramassetstructuralandthematicstylesemulatedbygreatWesternplaywrightssuchasWilliamShakespeare.,5,.,1.MinoanPeriod(2200-1400BC):PalaceofKnossos,TheancientcityofKnossoswasacenteroftheMinoancivilization,anadvancedsocietyonCretenamedafterMinos,alegendaryCretanking.Skilledinsuchfieldsasengineeringandarchitecture,theMinoansconstructedthepalaceatKnossosin1700bc.Aseriousfireatleastthreecenturieslatercausedthecollapseofthepalaceandforeshadowedthesubsequentdeclineofthecity.,6,.,2.MycenaeanPeriod(1550-1000BC):LionGate,ThefamousLionGateintheancientcityofMycenaeinGreeceshowsthedetailedstonecarvingatwhichtheMycenaeansexcelled.Mycenae,whichwasthecenterofAegeancivilizationfromthe14thcenturybctothe12thcenturybc,includedmassivewallsandbeehive-shapedtombs.,7,.,3.TheGreekDarkAge(1000-750BC),CivilwarsledtothedisruptionoftheMycenaeankingdomandcausedGreeceseconomytocollapseanditspopulationtoplummet,whichcreatedpovertyandpoliticalconfusionthatlastedformorethan200years.ThisperiodtraditionallyiscalledtheGreekDarkAge,partlybecausealackofwrittenevidencelimitsourknowledgeofit,butalsobecauselivingconditionswereharsh.Greekshadlostthedistinguishingmarksofcivilization:cities,greatpalacesandtemples,avibranteconomy,andknowledgeofwriting.ArchaeologyshowsthatduringtheearlyDarkAge,Greekscultivatedmuchlessland,hadmanyfewersettlements,anddidmuchlessinternationaltradethantheyhadduringtheperiodofAegeancivilization.Settlementsshranktoasfewas20people.,8,.,4.TheArchaicAge(750-480BC),Theperiodfromabout750to480bctraditionallyiscalledtheArchaicAgebecauseitwasconsideredarchaic,orold-fashioned,incomparisonwiththeClassicalPeriodthatfollowed.However,Greeksduringthisperiodproducedstartlinginnovations:theself-governingcity-state,imaginativetypesofartandarchitecture,andthepoetryofHomer.BreakingtheMediterraneantraditionofroyalrule,Greeksstruggledtocreatenewkindsofpoliticalorganizationfortheirgrowingcommunities.Themaingoalwastoavoidstrongcentralpoliticalauthority.TheGreekstriedtosharerule,sometimeswithinalimitedgroup(oligarchy)andsometimesamongtheentiremalepopulation(aformofdemocracy).Inafewareas,theyalsodevisedtheleaguealooseallianceofgeographicallyseparate,smallgroupswhoagreedtosharelawsanddefenseasanewformofpoliticalorganization.,9,.,4.1HoplitesinBattle,Thedesignonthis7th-centurybcwinepitchershowsGreeksoldiersknownashoplitesinbattle.HoplitesweretheinfantrymenorfootsoldiersofancientGreece,equippedwithbronzebodyarmor,shields,spears,andswords.,10,.,4.2SportsinAncientGreece,ThefiguresonthisamphorarepresentparticipantsinafootraceatthePanathenaicGames.City-statefestivalsprovidedthemostexcitingentertainmentinancientGreece.AtthesegatheringsGreekshonoredthegodswithcompetitionsinsports,music,dance,drama,andpoetry.,11,.,4.3RuinsatOlympia,ThesiteoftheancientOlympicGameswasasanctuaryconsistingoftemplesandbuildingstohonorthemythologicalgodsofancientGreece.Thegamesbeganin776bc,andopenedwithaceremonyandsacrificetothegods.Theexedra,orsittingarea,picturedhereisamongtheruinsatOlympia.,12,.,4.4Discobolus,TheDiscobolus(DiscusThrower)wasafamousstatuecreatedinthe5thcenturybcbyGreeksculptorMyron.Theoriginalislost,andthestatueisknowntodayonlyfromtheRomancopyinmarbleshownhere.ThrowingthediscusformedpartofthepentathloninancientGreekfestivalssuchastheOlympicGames.,13,.,4.5MusicandDance,MusicanddancewerepopularformsofentertainmentinancientGreece.Thispainting,whichadornsatwo-handleddrinkingcupfromthe6thcenturybc,showsamanplayingflutewhileawomandances.,14,.,5.TheClassicalAge(480-323BC),15,.,5.1WarwiththePersians:LeonidasI(480BC),SpartanleaderLeonidasIisbestknownforhisheroicdeathatThermopylaeduringhisattempttostopaninvadingPersianarmyfromadvancingthroughGreece.WithasmallGreekforce,LeonidasheldoffseveralthousandPersiansoldiersatanarrowpass.Heandhissoldiersfoughtbravelyuntilallofthedefendershadbeenkilled.,16,.,5.2TheGoldenAgeofAthens(1):Pericles(461-430BC),Pericles,whotookcontrolofAthensin461bc,wasresponsibleformakingAthensmostprominentamongtheGreekcity-states.Periclesbuiltmanynewstructures,includingtheParthenonontheAcropolis.,17,.,5.2TheGoldenAgeofAthens(2):Acropolis,TheAcropolis,amassivelimestonehillwhereafortifiedcitadelwasbuilt,dominatesAthens.TheywereconstructedduringtheGoldenAgeofAthens(5thcenturybc)undertheruleofthefamousAthenianstatesmanPericles.,18,.,5.2TheGoldenAgeofAthens(3):AncientParthenon,TheParthenon(aDorictemplebuiltforAthena,thegoddessofwisdom)isoneoftheworldsmostfamousclassicalstructureslocatedatthesite.,19,.,5.2TheGoldenAgeofAthens(4):DoricColumns,Parthenon,TheDoricorderistheearliestandsimplestoftheGreekarchitecturalorders.Bytheclassicalperiod,whenarchitectsusedtheDoricorderfortheParthenon(447-432bc),theyhaddevisedrulestogoverntheproportionsofeachpartofthebuildingsfaade.TheParthenonscolumnsgiveanimpressionofgracefulsolidityandpower.,20,.,5.2TheGoldenAgeofAthens(5):IonicColumns,Propylaea,IoniccolumnsaretallerandmoreslenderthanDoriccolumns,andaretoppedbycapitalsthatresemblescrolls.TheIoniccolumnsshownherearepartofthePropylaea(437-432bc),amonumentalgatewaytotheAcropolisinAthens,Greece.,21,.,5.3FalloftheAthenianEmpire:ThePeloponnesianWar(431-404BC),AthensdominatedtheGreekcity-statesinthe5thcenturybc,leadingtheDelianLeagueandcountingothercity-statesasallies.RivalSpartaledthesmallerSpartanConfederacy.ThetwosidesfoughtinthePeloponnesianWar(431-404bc),andAthenslost,leavingittemporarilyweakened.,22,.,ThePeloponnesianWar,23,.,5.4AlexandertheGreat(356-323BC),24,.,5.4AlexandertheGreat(356-323BC),AlexandertheGreatbecamekingofMacedoniawhenhisfather,PhilipII,wasassassinatedin336bc.Hetookimmediatemeasurestoquellinsurrections,bothdomesticandabroad,establishinghimselfasapowerfulleader.AlexanderledhistroopsincampaignsagainstGreece,Egypt,andthePersianEmpire,rulingmostofthecivilizedworldbythetimehediedin323bc.attheageof33.Hiscelebratedmilitaryandtacticalgeniussharerenownwithhisegoandruthlessness.,25,.,EmpireofAlexandertheGreat,26,.,6.TheHellenisticAge(323-31BC),27,.,6.1Alexandria,Egypt,This6th-centurymosaicfromJarash,Jordan,depictsthecityofAlexandriainEgypt.Foundedin332BCbyMacedoniankingAlexandertheGreat,Alexandriabecameacultural,religious,andeconomiccenteroftheGreekworld,effectingthespreadofGreekcultureduringtheHellenisticAge.,28,.,6.2TheRuinsofPergamum,TheancientcityofPergamumwasanimportantcenterofGreekculture,housinganimpressivelibraryandanaltartoZeus.ThecitywasthecapitalofthekingdomofPergamum,oneofseveralso-calledHellenistickingdomsthatemergedafterthebreakupofthevastempireofAlexandertheGreatin323bc.TodaytheruinsofPergamumlieontheoutskirtsofthetownofBergama,Turkey.,29,.,6.3TempleofApolloat