2017考研英语-必备词汇.doc

一. 高频专业词汇 真题演练：1. 学科名称1.学科discipline/subject2.解剖学anatomy3.人文科学humanity4.人类学anthropology5.传记文学biography6.生物学biology7.语言学linguistics8.遗传学genetics9.建筑学architecture10.精神病学psychiatry11.心理学psychology12.药剂学pharmacy13.化学chemistry14.文学literature15.逻辑学logic16.数学mathematics17.医学medicine18.哲学philosophy19.地理学geography20.地质学geology21.物理学physics22.政治学politics23.机器人学robotics24.社会学sociology25.生态学ecology26.经济学economics27.电子学electronics28.工程学engineering29.营养学nutrition30.统计学statistics31.外科学surgery32. 应用科学technology2. 社会文化1.政府administration2.机构agency3.委员会commission/committee4.专家团panel5.专题研讨会symposium6.社会，团体community7.协会，社团association8.演艺人员entertainer9.脱口秀chat shows10.日历calendar11.常识common sense12.公平办事fair play13.普通教育general education14.人口普查census15.家庭household16.大家庭extended family17.青春期adolescence18.老年人口aging population19.歧视discrimination20.常规惯例familiar routine21.物质利益material benefit22.物质化的生活方式materialistic lifestyle23.平庸mediocrity24.大都市的metropolitan25.大众媒体mass media26.期刊，杂志periodical27.传播，宣传propagate28.宣传册brochure29.榜样role model30.副作用side effect3. 经济管理1.跨国公司multinational2.分公司affiliate3.能源密集型的energy-intensive4.垄断monopoly5.收购acquisition/merger6.合并incorporate/consolidate7.谈判negotiate8.财务accounting9.银行账户bank account10.资金capital11.利润margin12.坏账bad debt13.账面价值book value14.风险投资venture investment15.投资风险investment risk16.投资回报investment return17.中央集权化centralization18.商业文化commercial culture19.商品价格commodity price20.赔偿compensation21.竞争者competitor22.顾问职业consultancy23.优惠券coupon24.信用卡credit-card25.代理权dealership26.贬值devalue27.知识产权intellectual property28.企业家entrepreneur29.过量需求excess demand30.出资机构funding agency31.全球化globalization32.国内市场home/domestic market33.激烈竞争的市场hotly-contested market34.非流动性资产illiquid assets35.损益计算书income statement36.工业化industrialization37.基础设施infrastructure38.利率interest rate39.管理management40.人力manpower41.市场周期market/business cycle42.营销情报marketing intelligence43.对外开放open up44.空缺职位opening45.一揽子交易package deal46.兼职part-time job47.从业者practitioner48.优势，主导predominance49.生产力productivity50.专业化professionalization51.经济繁荣的prosperous52.白热化经济red-hot economy53.监管机构regulator54.波动fluctuation/swing55.通货膨胀inflation56.萎缩shrinking57.经济增速放缓slowing economy58.经济疲软softening economy59.经济衰退economic decline60.缩减规模downscale61.暂缓，推迟suspend62.交易transaction63.起薪starting salary64.零售商retailer65.复兴revive66.安全保障safety net67.托运人shipper68.经纪人broker69.股东shareholder/stakeholder70.股票期权stock options71.过剩surplus72.头衔，称号title73.高层管理top manager74.有毒资产toxic assets75.未开发的unexploited4. 网络通讯1.人工智能artificial intelligence2.数码的，电子的digital/electronic3.代指电脑或网络point-and-click4.电子邮件e-mail5.集成电路integrated circuit6.交互式的interactive7.搜索代理search agent8.数据库database9.键入key in10.关键字keyword11.匹配项match12.粘贴，帖子post13.回访repeated visit14.微处理器microprocessor15.小型化miniaturization16.半导体semiconductor17.小于毫米的sub millimeter18.晶体管电路transistor circuit5. 生物医学1.进化evolution2.适者生存survival of the fittest3.关节炎arthritis4.注意力持续时间attention span5.生物医学研究biomedical research6.生物的biotic7.基因gene8.谱系lineage9.系谱学家genealogist10.遗传隔离genetic isolation11.血统谱系bloodline12.亲属关系kinship13.父子关系paternity14.替代管bypass15.白内障cataract16.染色体chromosome17.动植物的群落community18.动物群fauna19.实地研究field-study20.植物群flora21.保护conservation22.习惯性生物creature of habit23.临床的clinical24.诊断diagnosis25.流行病epidemic26.症状，征兆symptom27.治疗中心treatment center28.治疗therapy29.处方，药方prescription30.制药的，药品的pharmaceutical31.皮下注射shot32.疫苗vaccine33.使免疫immunization34.实龄chronological age35.髋骨hip36.荷尔蒙，激素hormone37.分子生物学molecular biology38.死亡率mortality39.自然选择natural selection40.心理失调psychological disorder41.神经系统nervous system42.思维方式mode of thought43.思路train of thought44.心态states of mind45.操作条件反射ope-rant conditioning46.内科医师physician47.蛋白质protein48.外科医师surgeon49.组织tissue50.变异，变种variation6. 政法地理1.仲裁者arbiter2.司法权，审判权jurisdiction3.立法机构legislative4.律师attorney5.指责，控告charge6.公民，国民citizenry7.基本权利basic right8.特权privilege9.裁决ruling/verdict10.驳回（诉讼等）dismiss11.半球hemisphere12.内部法律顾问in-house counsel13.国会，议会parliament14.前任predicessor15.自治的self-governing16.悬而未决suspension17.合法的legitimate18.有效性，合法性validity7. 观点态度1.客观的objective2.客观的，公正的impartial3.有偏见的biased4.不偏不倚的detached5.主观的subjective6.反对opposition / disapproval7.赞成approval8.有保留地同意reserved consent9.支持的supportive10.热切支持enthusiastic support11.满意satisfaction12.批评的critical13.漠不关心的indifferent14.无忧无虑的carefree15.困惑的confused / puzzled16.令人困惑的puzzling17.惊奇的amazed18.失望的disappointed19.沮丧的gloomy20.愤怒的indignant21.恐慌的panicked22.乐观的optimistic23.悲观的pessimistic24.担忧的apprehensive25.害怕的scared26.敏感的sensitive27.质疑的skeptical / suspicious28.一丝的蔑视slight contempt29.成功的successful30.同情的sympathetic31.有回报的rewarding32.无效的fruitless33.有害的harmful 二. 高频熟词生义 真题演练：一级高频1）accommodateAnd they also need to give serious thought to how they can best _ such changes.A strengthen B accommodate C stimulate D enhance参译：他们也需要认真思考如何适应这些变化。（03年完形22题）2）account According to _ of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed.A requirementsB explanationsC accountsD assessments参译：根据实验的记述，当照明增强的时候，妇女的小时产量增长，但是当照明减弱时，产量同样也增长。（10年完形5题） Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society?参译：美国知识分子在社会上受到排斥，而且被认为不重要，这是真的吗？（06年翻译上下文）3）address The justices must _ doubts about the courts legitimacy by making themselves accountable to the code of conduct.A suppressB exploitC addressD ignore参译：这些司法人员必须通过使自己对行为法则负责以解除掉人们对于法院合法性的怀疑。（12年完形18题） To make your humor work, you should C address different problems to different people.参译：为了使你的幽默奏效，你应该 C 对不同的人说不同的问题。（02年阅读）4）approach I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.参译：我之所以把他（普通科学家）排除在外，是因为尽管他的成果可能有助于解决道德问题，但他承担的任务只不过是研究这些问题的事实方面。（06年翻译） Researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively.参译：20世纪60年代末期的研究人员发现，人类天生就会以四种主要的方法去应对挑战：分析法、程序法、关系法（或者合作法）以及创新法。（09年阅读）5）assumeGreeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.参译：希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。（04年翻译）6）broadWe are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education that of direct tuition or schooling. 参译：这就使我们得以在一直讨论的广泛的教育过程中进一步区分出一种更为正式的教育形式，即直接讲授或学校教育。（09年翻译）7）buyLots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.参考译文：许多美国人都相信了那套胡言乱语，在30年的时间里，大约有1千万名吸烟者过早地进入了坟墓。（05年阅读第2篇）8）chipChildren will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.参译：儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就到来了。（01年翻译）9）add, humble, common He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”参译：他又谦虚地说，或许自己“在注意到那些容易被忽略的事物，并对其加以仔细观察方面优于常人”。（08年翻译） However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.参译：然而，这种公平感是卷尾猴和人类独立进化而来的，还是起源于3500万年前他们共同的祖先，这还是一个悬而未决的问题。（05年阅读）10）community Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.参译：此外，欧共体的形成将迫使电视公司在制作和发行方面进行更为密切的合作。（05年翻译上下文） In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.参译：在欧洲，林业在生态上而言更为先进，不具商业价值的树种被看作是原始森林群落的成员，因此得到合理的保护。（10年翻译） Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment.参译：最后，因为最终的风险承担者是病人，医疗研究机构应该积极招兵买马，不仅要力邀像Stephen Cooper这样的名人加盟他对动物研究的价值做出了勇敢的言论而且还要邀请所有接受治疗的人加入到他们的事业中来。（03年阅读） Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values.参译：但是，“业余人员”这个词的确带有一种含义，那就是所指的这个人并没有完全融入科学界，尤其是他可能不完全认同其价值观。（01年阅读）11）company There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon.参译：两大分支中的一支是皇家莎士比亚剧团，它在Avon河畔的莎士比亚纪念剧院上演制作一流的剧目。（06年阅读） As was discussed before, it was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the _ of the periodical.A process B company C light D form参译：如前所述，直到19世纪，报纸才紧随小册子与书籍，和期刊一起成为电子媒体之前的主要媒体。（02年完形24题）12）context It was within the computer age that the term “information society” began to be widely used to describe the _ within which we now live.A context B range C scope D territory参译：正是在计算机时代，“信息社会”这一专有名词才开始广泛用于描述我们现在生存的环境。（02年完形37题） We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience.参译：我们的目标是客观公正，但我们却不能摆脱自己独特的生活经历背景。（12年阅读）13）cover On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.参译：另一方面，这一学科把这些概念结合到日常生活中，这与新闻记者每天报道和评论新闻时的做法是相同的。（07年翻译） A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.参译：一次工作上的平级调动伤害了我的自尊，阻碍了我的事业发展，这促使我放弃了那份地位较高的职业。尽管如此，我还是像一位蒙羞的政府官员一样，用“我想多花点时间陪陪家人”的托词来掩饰了我辞职的真正原因。（01年阅读） Alvarezs salary barely covered her household expenses.参译：Alvarez的工资几乎不足以支付她的家庭开支。（08年阅读）14）crossThe emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.参译：强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在的文化过程中采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特而且非常重要的社会科学。（03年翻译）15）cryThe defense of the Church became a rallying _ for the conservative forces.A support B cry C plea D wish参译：捍卫教会成为保守力量的战斗口号。（07年完形15题）16）determine And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice.参译：Ericsson确信，学会有意义地编码信息的最佳方法是一种被称为刻意训练的过程。（07年阅读） We believe that if animals ran the labs, they would test us to _ the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for locations.A moderate B overcome C determine D reach参译：我们相信，如果动物管理实验室的话，它们会对人类做实验以测定我们的耐心极限、忠实程度以及对地形的记忆力。（09年完形16题）17）develop Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.参译：沃夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，他逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。（04年翻译） Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New Yorks Veterans Administration Hospital.参译：纽约退伍军人管理医院精神科主任医师Yehuda博士认为：“对压力的反应方面，女性与男性相比特别容易患上抑郁症和焦虑失调。”（08年阅读） After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs.参译：在清晰、充分地规划文章的主体部分之后，要特别注意开头和结尾两个段落。（08年新题型）18）discipline The Japanese workforce is better disciplined.参译：日本劳动力更为训练有素。（09年阅读） Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology.参译：社会科学类学科包括地理、经济学、政治学、心理学及社会学。（03年翻译上下文）19）downA variety of activities should be organized so that participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants _.A off B down C out D alone参译：应该组织各式各样的活动，以使参与者能随心所欲地保持活跃，继而再开展别的活动，这样做就不会使他们感到内疚，也不会让其他参与者感到失望。（03年完形37题）20）establish But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.参译：新闻记者应比普通公民更加透彻地了解法律，而这种看法是基于他们对新闻媒体业已确立的规约和特殊责任的理解。（07年翻译） All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, although a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.参译：所有这些情况都会增加青少年犯罪的可能性，尽管其中的直接因果关系尚未得到证实。（04年完形上下文）21）fatEverybody loves a fat pay rise.参译：每个人都喜欢大幅加薪。（05年阅读）22）feed He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance against the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to replace old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to _ the soil.A enhance B mix C feed D raise参译：他必须把剩余的粮食用于三个方面：作为播种的种子；用以预防恶劣天气所带来的不可预测的影响；用做必须卖掉的商品，以更换旧农具和购买化肥给土壤提供养分。（00年完形45题） If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.参译：假若你再观察一下为世界杯和专业级别球队输送球员的欧洲国家青年队，你会发现这种奇怪的现象甚至更加明显。（07年阅读）23）fold Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance have jumped eightfold in just one generation.参译：甚至人口统计数据也不利于中产阶级家庭，因为拥有年老体弱的家长的几率以及由此产生的对父母身体和经济方面帮助的需求在一代人的时光里已经上升了8倍。（07年阅读） According to many books and articles, New Englands leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.参译：根据很多书籍和文章记载，新英格兰的领袖们为在美国人的知识生活中逐渐演变的、占统治地位的清教徒传统奠定了基本主题和条件。（09年阅读） The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong.参译：IASB说如果没有整体的规划，他们不想采取行动。但是当今年下半年要求其完成规则的重建时，要求他们屈服的压力是巨大的。（10年阅读）24）follow The text intends to tell us that A the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.参译：本文旨在告诉我们 A 人类身高的变化遵循一种循环模式。（08年阅读） He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.参译：他还坚持认为，自己进行长时间纯抽象思维的能力十分有限，由此他也认定自己在数学方面根本不可能有大的作为。（08年翻译）25）foundOn the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.参译：另一方面，某些人批评他虽然善于观察，却不具备推理能力，而他认为这一指责不具充分根据。（08年翻译）26）gameTime was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless” species.参译：曾几何时，生物学家们有点滥用这样一个证据，即通过猎杀弱者，这些生物保持了猎物的强健体魄，或者它们只捕食那些“没有价值的”物种。（10年翻译）27）groundThe author holds in Paragraph 1 that the importance of education in poor countries A is subject to groundless doubts.参译：在第一段作者认为，在贫穷国家教育的重要性 A 容易受到毫无根据的怀疑。（09年阅读） Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyones cost.参译：铁路公司认为对受制托运人实行价格差异化是合理的，理由是从长远来看会减少大家的成本。（03年阅读）28）groupIn Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful; groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.参译：在欧洲，像在其他地方一样，多媒体集团越来越成功，这些集团将相互之间关系紧密的电视、广播、报纸、杂志和出版社组合在一起。（05年翻译）29）hitWorkers tended to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before _ a plateau and then slackening off.A breaking B climbing C surpassing D hitting参译：在任何情况下，工人们往往在每周的头几天非常勤奋，然后到达顶峰，之后便懈怠下来。（10年完形20题）30）humble He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and i