英语语法.1名代冠形.doc

1. 名 词1.1名词用作单数的名词1.1.1 经常用作单数的名词英语中除质名词外，经常用作单数的名词在形式上可分成两类；以s结尾及无s结尾。以s结尾的词通常是一些学科、疾病的名称及其他的词，如：electronics, physics, optics（光学）,linguistics,mathematics, politics, statistics（统计学），arthritis（关节炎）,bronchitis（支气管炎），measles（麻疹）,classics, news等等。无s结尾的通常是一些抽象名词或某些具体名词的总称，如：information, knowledle, work, advice, weather, fun, luck, trouble, music, progress, happiness, machinery（机器、机械的总称）,furniture, equipment（设备的总称），technology, luggage,baggage, evidence, homework等等。 使用上述这些名词时要注意主谓的一致，即当它们作句子主语时动词须用单数形式，而且不能在这些名词词尾加s或es构成复数。 News of victories keeps pouring in. He has obtained much in formation concerning agriculrure. There is not much furniture in the room. 然而，上述不少名词均可在其前面加上一定的单位词予以量化： a piece/ a bit/ an item of good news two pieces of advice there pieces/ articles/ suites of furniture1.1.2 经常用作复数的形式 经常用作复数的名词可分成：单数形态但表示复数概念及复数形态同时表示复数概念两类。 1) 单数形态表示复数概念的名词常见的有：people, police, militia, cattle, staff, poultry, livestock（家畜）,vermin（害虫），personnel,以及由the+形容词或分词构成的一类人：the rich, the poor, the old, the yuong, the sick, the unemployed, the dying,等等。 The police have caught the burglar All his cattle were grazing in the field Where are your poultry? There were five airline personnel on the plane that crashed. The rich are not always generous to the poor. 2) 复数形式表示复数概念的名词包括： 本身总是由两部分构成的物件；常以-ings 结尾的某些名词； 常具有复数形态的名词。这些名词一般均不用其单数形式，常见的有：pants, spectacles, scissors, shoes, trousers, socks, belongings（所有物），savings, earnings, surroundings, lodgings（租住的房间）；clothes, goods, congratulations, manners (礼貌、规矩)，thanks, particulars（细节），spirits（情绪），funds（基金），pains（辛苦），arms（武器），troops, regards,等等。 Where are my apectacles? These surroundings are not good for the child. Many trrops were sent overseas.许多士兵被派往国外。 All my thanks are due to you. 一切都得感谢你。1.1.3 某些集合名词的数的特殊用法 某些集合名词如：audience, firm, class, government, party, board（委员会），couple, crew, committee, family, public, team, group等既可用作单数，也可用作复数。当一个集合名词可看作整体时，用作单数；当一个集合名词可看成各个成员时，用作复数。 The average family is a great deal smaller than it used to be.（家庭） My family are going with me.（家人） The gouernment is made up of senior members of the four main righr-wing parties.（政府） The gouernment are hoping to ease import restrictions soon.（政府各位成员）1.1.4 单复数同形的名词 单复数同形的名词，一种以单数形成结尾，如：fish, deer, aircraft, sheep, youth, Chinese, Japanese；另一种则以复数形式结尾，如：means, species, barracks（兵营），headquarters, crossroads（十字路口），series, works等等，其谓语形式按具体情况确定。 Five enemy aircraft were brought down. Deer are herbivorous（食草的）. This species is now extinct. 这一物种现已灭绝。 These species are now extinct. 这些物种现已灭绝。1.1.5 由连字符构成的复合名词的数 由连字符构成的复合名词作定语位于名词之前时，复合名词中的名词部分不能用复数形式，也不能加上表示名词所有格的“”。 a ten-pound note a five-minute talk a thirty-mile journey 但是，当上述复合名词不用连字符连接，在句子中作表语或补充说明语，而不是作定语时，该用复数的名词还得加“s”。 His lecture on the American history, three hours long, bored most of the students. 此外，合成名词在构成复数时，通常只将里面所包含的主体名词变为复数。 looker(s)-on旁观者 comrade(s)-in-arms战友 editor(s)-in-chief 总编辑 son(s)-in-law 女婿 runner(s)-up 亚军 如果没有主体名词就在词尾加“s”。 go-between(s) 中间人 grown-up(s) 成年人 但由man 和 woman 构成的合成名词，里面所含的成分都要变成复数。 man-servant-men-servants woman doctor-women doctors1.1.6 不规则名词的单复数形式 不规则名词的单复数变化可分成两类，即英语中古旧的复数形式和外来词的复数形式。 古旧的复数形式 man-men, woman-women, child-children, ox-oxen, tooth-teeth, goose-geees, foot-feet, mouse-mice 外来词的复数形式： 1) 将词尾-sis改成-ses analysis-analyses, crsis-crises, basis-bases, thesis-theses, diagnosis-diagnoses, hypothesis-hypotheses2) 将词尾-um改成-a datum（数据）-data, bacterium（细菌）-bacteria, spectrum（光谱）-spectra, medium（媒介）-media 3) 将词尾-us改成-i nucleus-nuclei（或nucleuese）,focus-foci（或focuses） 4) 将词尾-on改成-a criterion-criteria, phenomenon-phenomena 1.1.7 固定结构中的名词复数 某些固定结构中的名词必须作复数形式，常见的有： take pains 下苦功 make arrangements 作安排 make preparations 作准备 keep on good terms with. 同.保持友好关系 be in high/low spirits 情绪高/低 extend thanks to. 向.致谢 by means of 借助于.，依靠. on second thoughts 进一步考虑后 give regards to. 向.问候 be at odds with. 与.不和 give respects to. 向.致意 sing the praises of 赞颂1.1.8 专有名词的复数 1) 表示某姓的一家人 Are the Simths coming to our party tomorrow evening?（史密斯一家人） 2) 表示同姓或同名的若干人 There are two Marys and three Roberts in his class.（两个叫玛丽的，三个叫罗伯特的人） 3) 本身带有复数词缀的专有名词 the United States the Philippines the Netherlands1.2 名词的风格1.2.1 s所有格的用法 名词的s所有格除大量地用于表示“人”的所有格如：teachers reading room, childrens palace, Miss Marys letter 以外，还可表示： 1) 由“人”组成的集体名称，如某人的家，店铺等 the governments policy 政府的政策 my sisters 我姐姐的家 the butchers 肉铺 the bakers 面包店 2) 价值、度量、时间 ten dollars worth, a tons weight a nights rest, todays newspaper 3) 动物所属 cows milk, sheeps wool, a frogs leg 4) 天体所属 the earths surface, the suns heat, the moons soft beams, heavens will 5) 习语中的名词s所有格 英语某些习语中的名词经常用s所有格，应注意它们的固定用法。 a stones throw 一箭之距 to ones hearts content 尽情地 at ones wits end 智穷计尽 for Gods sake 看在上帝份上 in ones minds eye 在某人心目中 by a hairs breadth 险些儿1.2.2 名词的双重所有格 当某一名词同时使用of 所有格及s所有格作为另一名词的后置修饰语时称作为双重所有格。如：a friend of my fathers, this brilliant ides of Davids等。它们的适用场合为：1) 当被修饰的词前面的一个表示数量的词（如：a, two, Some, any, no, few等），例如：a painting of my colleagues a/any daughter of Mrs Greens some students of Lao Yangs 2) 当被修饰的词前面有一个指示词 that performance of the taechers that clever remark of your sisters this notorious scheme of your colleagues 用于这种场合的双重所有格多数有爱憎褒贬等感情色彩。 有时of属格与双重所有格意义无甚区别，如： a feiend of my brother/a friend of my brothers 有时两种属格意义有很大区别，如： a portrait of Mr Browns 一张布朗先生画的（或收藏的）肖像 a portrait of Mr Brown 一张布朗先生肖像 a criticism of Shaw 对萧声的评论=opinion about shaw a critisism of Shaws 萧所作有评论=opinions by Shaw1.2.3 名词作定语的用法 现代英语中名词作前置定语的趋势已十分明显，这样的名词按其功能可分成以下几类。 1) 表示被修饰名词所构成的材料silver dollar 银元 stone house石屋straw hat 草帽 iron door铁门gold ring 金戒指2) 表示被修饰名词所属的学科门类electronics industry 电子工业 physics lsboratory 物理实验室history teacher 历史教师 geography lesson 地理课3) 表示被修饰名词所有盛的液体tea kettle 茶壶 beer/milk bottle 啤酒（牛奶）瓶 oil can 油壶gasoline tank 汽油箱 coffee cup/pot 咖啡杯（壶）4) 表示被修饰名词的类别apple seeds 苹果籽 cotton filed 棉田 feature film 故事片rose garden 玫瑰园 youth delegation 青年代表团注：个别情况下也有用名词的复数形式作为定语的，如：goods train, savings banks, sports meet。1.3 名词前置修饰语的几个问题1.3.1 名词前的单位词 单位词多用于某些物质名词或不可数的抽象名词之前，用介词of连接，从而使这些名词具有数量概念；同时也可用于某些表示个体的可数名词前面以表示它们的整体概念，常见的单位词如： a piece（一条、一块、一张、一支、一件、一片、一段）of advice/ bread/ cake/ chalk/work/furniture/cloth/paper/news/information/evidence/luggage/luck an item（条、则）of news/ information a cake（块）of soap a drop（滴）of water/ oil/ whisky an article（件）of chthing/ luggage/ furniture a bar（条）of chocolate/ soap/ iron/ gold an ear（穗）of wheat/ rice a grain（粒）of wheat/ rice/ corn/ salt/ sand a loaf（只、条）of break a lump（块）of coal/ sugar/ clay a slice（片）of break/ bacon/ meat/ cake 以下是表示成群的单位词： a flock（群）of birds/ geese/ pigeons/ visitors/ custonmers a berd（群）of bees/ ants/ stars（星） a pack（帮、群）of thieves/ wolves/ hounds（猎狗） a bunch（串、束）of keys/ bananas/ grapes/ roses a bundle（捆、束、包）of clothes/ letters/ bank-notes/ firewood a crowd（群、堆）of people/ books a gang（帮、伙、群）of banfits/ robbers1.3.2 名词前表示数量的词 名词前表示数量的词可分成三种情况，修饰可数名词；修饰不可数名词；既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词。 1) 只修饰可数名词的数量词有： many, g good many, a(great/ small)number of , num-bers of, few, a few, only a few, only a few, scores of, dozens of, a series of, a varety of（各种各样的） 2) 只修饰不可数名词的数量词有： much, a great deal of, a little, little, a(n)(small/ large)amount of 3) 既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的数量词有： Some, more, most, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a(small/ great)quantity of, (large)quantities, a portion of 1.3.3 名词前置修饰语与不定冠词及形容词的相对位置 名词前有修饰语so, such, as, too, rather, quite, how, what等时，它们的词序有如下两种情况。（以a difficult problem为例） 1) 不定冠词位于形容词之前 It is such/ quite a diddicult problem. What a difficult problem it is! 2) 不定冠词位于形容词之后 It is too/ so difficult a problem How difficult a problem it is! It is as difficult a problem as the one we solved last week 注： rather的用法比较灵活，既可就：a rather difficult problem, 也可说：rather a difficult problem。 so只用于后续单数可数名词，但so many/ so littlr/ so much除外，如：a) （正）so strange a woman b) （误）so strange peoplec) （正）so beautiful a garden d)（误）so bad weather应将上述b),d)两短语中的so改成such。1.3.4 名词被多个形容词修饰时的形容词词序 当一个名词被多个形容词前置修饰时应注意形容词的词序，一般可遵循以下原则： （1）限定词（如：冠词、指示代词、数量词）；（2）表示大小、高度、长度时间； （3）表示质地的词； （4）表示年龄的词； （5）表示颜色的词； （6）表示国名的词。 例如： a big beautiful green house (1-2-3-5) a large old brown desk (1-2-4-5) this pretty little Swedish girl (1-3-4-6)2. 代 词2.1 代词的格2.1.1 代词主格及宾格的正确方法 在正式场合，than后面作主语的人称代词要用主格。 Mr Moss seemed even more frightened than we. （不说：.than us ） I thank you understand the problem better than I. 在正式场合，连系动词be之后作表语的人称代词用主格，但在口语中往往用宾格。此外，在“It is/ was+代词+who从句”这样的强调句中，在正式场合下代词总是主格来表示行为的执行者。 Open the door, please. Its me. What would you do if you were him? It was I who survived. It is she who wants it.2.1.2 名词性物主代词的正确方法 名词性物主代词有mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs, 它们可在句中替代名词词组，充当不同的句子成分。 Ours (=Our mission)is a glorious mission.（主语） He left his carnera at home. You can use mine. (=my carnera)（宾语） These pictures are for your friends and theirs. (=their friends)（介词宾语） The fault is chiefly mine.(=my lault)（表语） 此外，名词性物主代词也可与of 连用作为名词的修饰语。 Jack is a friens of hers. That idea of his has found favour with many of us.2.1.3 代词代有格用作V-ing的逻辑主语 在正式文体中，V-ing的逻辑主语用代词所有格来表示（如有名词则用s所有格）。 I dont object to his smoking in the romm. Forgive my ringing you up so rerly. Do you mind my opening the windows?2.2 反身代词的用法2.2.1 反身代词的非强调性用法 反身代词用在pride, avail, absent, busy, behave, conduct, adapt, enjoy, help, force等及物动词后，具有非强调性的用法，例如： He prides himself（自夸）upon his skill as a pianist. We auail ourselves（利用）of every opportunity to practise speaking English. Not a single student absented himself from the lecture. Hob busied himself preparing his lessons. They behaved(=conducted)themselves well. When you go to a foreign counrty, you must adapt yourself to new manners and customs. Did you enjoy yourself during the winter wacation? Please help yourself（自己动手吃）to the apples.2.2.2 反身代词的强调性用法 反身代词用作同位语时属强调性用法，它在句中的位置比较灵活。 The president himself will attend the opening ceremong. The post-graduates will write the book themselves.2.2.3 用于介词短语中的反身动词 1) by oneself 自己（无需他人帮助），单独于They made the machine all by themselves.This is a machine that works by-itself.2) of ineself 自动地The door closed of itself.3) for oneself为（给）自己Youll have to judge for yourself.He has a right to decide for himself.4) in oneself 本性，自身This is nor a bad idea in itself.They were good men in themselves.5) between ourselves 私下说的话（不可告人）All this is between ourselves. 6) among themselves（在内部）相互间They had a heated discussion among themselves.7) beside oneself 欣喜若狂He was beside himself with joy 8) to oneself 独自拥有How I wish to have a room to myself.2.2.4 习语中的反身代词 反身代词常出现于某些习语中充当宾语，从而构成固定搭配。 1) vt.+反身代语+ad. pull oneself together 振作起来 take oneself away 走开 give oneself away 露马脚 2) vt.+反身代词+prep. avail oneself of 利用 pride oneself on 夸耀 absent oneself from 没有出席 abapt oneself on 适应于 accustom onesflt on 习惯于 apply oneself to 专心致志于 surrender oneself to 听任，沉溺于 3) vt.+反身代词 Behave oneself 使举止规矩 conduct oneself 为人，表现 deport oneself 举止 kick oneself 严厉自责2.3 名词性替代词的基本用法2.3.1 替代词one/ones的用法 替代词one/once只能替代单数/复数可数名词，而且常有形容词或指示代词修饰。 My chidl doesnt like this book. Show him a more interesting one. They sent us a lot of small apples instead of big ones.如果名词词组中心词是不可数名词，就不能用one/ones替代，可采用省略名词的办法避免重复。We prefer green tea to black(tea).The old equipment works just as well as the new(equipment).替代词one/ones和它们所替代的名词词组中心词的“数”可以不一致。Compare the new edition with the old ones.I perfer the large bottle to the amall ones.此外，one/ones不用于物主代词之后，不说my/your/his one(s),应该用名词性物主代词。Your hat is blue and mine is black.（不能说：.my one.）2.3.2 替代词the same的用法 the same的替代作用有如下几个方面。 1) 替代整个名词词组，通常指物，所替代的名词词组并非共指同一对象，而是同类东西。 A：Ill have two poached eggs on toast, please. B：Ill have the same.(=two poached eggs on toast) 替代词the same一般不带有前置修饰语，但可带有表示条件的后置修饰语。 A：Id like a cup od tea. B：Id like the same with but without sugar. 2) 替代一个名词性从句所表示的事实。 A：John thought it was possible. B：Yes, I thought the same.(=that it was possible) 3) 替代上文中的某个过程。 A：I lost my way in the galleries. B：The same happened to me. (=I also lost my way in the galleries.) 4) 替代一个作表语的形容词词组或比较结构 A：John sounded rather regretful. B：Yes, Mary sounded the same.(=rather regretful.) A：These apples are just sa sour sa the last ones we had. B：Yes, they taste the same.(=sa sour as the last ones we had.)2.2.3 比较级中的名词性替代 比较级后than引导的从句中，常采用名词替代词，可数名词一般用the one, those=the ones, 不可数名词多采用that. I like this coat better than the one you showed me before. The girls in your class are more active than those(=the ones)in our class. The output of steed is 11 percent higher than that of the same period of last year.2.4 不定代词2.4.1 关于another, the other, others, other+名词复数，the others, the other+名词复数的正确用法 1) another：泛指，不定数目中的“另一个”；the other：特指，确定数目中的“另一个”。 This glass is broken. Get me another.（任意一个） No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to the other.（双方中的一方） 2) other与other+名词复数泛指其他的人或物的复数。 Ive finished reading these books. Can you give me some other books / other? She has no regard for athers. 3) the other与the other+名词复数，用于特指一定范围内的人或物的复数。 Of the four students, one is going to week in a factory; the other/ the other students will take up agricultural work.2.4.2 关于no one与none no noe=nobody, 仅用于人，不用于后续of 短语，动词用单数形式。 No one likes his friends to take advantagee of him. none既能指人，又能指物；既可用单数动词，又可用复数动词；可后续of短语。 None of the suggestions was/ were acceptable. None of his classmates likes/ like literature.2.4.3 关于everyone与every one Everyone=everybody仅用于人，不能后续of短语；every one 可用于人或物，可后续of短语。 Everyone is ready Every one of us is ready, Every one of his books is kept clean.2.4.4 由不定代词mothing, anything, something, everything,构成有习惯方法 1) nothing but 只有，只不过 Dont worry for my illness; what I need is nothing but a few days rest. 2) nothing like 没有什么给比得上. In summer there is nothing like swimming as a means of keeping fit. 3) anything but 根本不 I will do anything but that. 4) something like 大约；有几分像 It must be something like seven oclock. It is shaped something like a ball. 5) something of 在某种意义（程度）上 He is something of a musician.（他有几分音乐家的才能。） 6) be everything to sb, 在某人看来是最重要（宝贵）的 In learning English, grammar is not everying to beginners.（对初学者来说，学英语单学语法是不行的。）2.5 作为限定词的代词之间的搭配关系 用作中词修饰的代词如：物主代词、指示代词、不定代词以及冠词、数词、名词所有格也称为限定词，根据它们在名词前的相互搭配关系可分成三类： 1) 前位限定词：如all, both, half, double, such, what, three times, one-third等。 2) 中位取定词：如a, an, the, that, this, these, those, every, each, either, my, your, Johns, the teachers等。 3) 后位限定词：如one, two, first, another, few, last, next, other, many, much, scuh等。 这三类限定词同时修饰一个名词中心词时，它们间的搭配关系按照“前位中位后位”顺序排列，一般不能颠倒。 All the four teachers 前 中 后 All these last few days 前 中 后 后 一般来说，后位限定词之间没有互相排斥的问题，可以连续使用，如上例中的last或few之间，然而前位限定词之间或中位限定词之间是互相排斥有，不能连续作用。 * the teachers that book应改成：that book of the teachers * our that room应改成：that room of ours 注：正文中标有星号“*”的例证往往欠妥或错误。3. 冠 词3.1 定冠词the的基本用法 在以下场合需用定冠词the。 1) 世上独有的事物，天体、方位、左右等 the world, the sun, the earth, the moon, the right, the left, the east(south, west, north) 2) 表示上文提到的人或事物 He ordered a book some time ago. The book has now arrived. I have wo children; a boy and a girl. The boys name is John.The girl;s name is Mary3) 用在带有限制性修饰语的名词之前Is this the train to Shanghai?The aeroplane the children were watching was a jet.4) 用在形容词最高级和比较级之前This is the best dictionary I have ever had.This dictionary is the better of the two.定冠词用于形容词比较级之前，主要是对两个人或物进行比较时起特指作用。5) 指谈话双方都知道的特定的人或物Turn on the radio, please.Be sure to lock the door when you leave the room.6) 用于序数词或next, last, same前构成名词短语the twentieth century, the next book, the last xhance, the same amount of money然而，last和next在以下场合不用定冠词： time last weeknext month year Sunday7) 用于“十或其倍数”的复数数词之前，表示年代the fifties （50年代） the eighties（80年代）8) 用于单数名词前，指类型The tiger is an animalThe computer is very essential to modern business.9) 用于形容词或分词前，表示整个类别或某一抽象概念The rich and the poor should be treated alike .The hospital is taking care of the wounded and the dying.He cant tell the g