考研大趋势之一：考研英语基础复习必备 1999.doc

考研大趋势之一：考研英语基础复习必备1999 Text 11/391999 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试试题Text 1题材：社会生活类 词数：3781. Its a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on yourdoormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat orstove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for yourtroubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding morecompanies liable for their customers misfortunes.2. Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying toanticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn,among other things, that you mightsurprise!fall off. The label on a childs Batman capecautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly.”3. While warnings are often appropriate and necessarythe dangers of drug interactions, forexampleand many are required by state or federal regulations, it isnt clear that they actuallyprotect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent ofthe companies lose when injured customers take them to court.4. Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, somecourts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probablywouldnt have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois,successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game whilewearing a Schutt helmet. “Were really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets arentdesigned to prevent those kinds of injuries,” says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature ofthe game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athletes injury. At the same time, theAmerican Law Institutea group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendationscarry substantial weightissued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warncustomers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Importantinformation can get buried in a sea of trivialities,” says a law professor at Cornell Law School whohelped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, theinformation on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not asprotection against legal liability.Text 1 文章内容全解一、试题出处分析本文属现象分析型议论文。作者以两个例子引出本文话题：在 80 年代，由于法庭认为公司应该对消费者所遭受的不幸负责，因此通常判决企业赔偿消费者的损失，而企业为了避免法律诉讼，开始将警示语写得越来越长，并力图预测出任何一种可能发生的事故，而现在，这一趋势已经发生了变化，法庭开始站在被告方一边。二、原文深度解读Para 11. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming考研大趋势之一：考研英语基础复习必备1999 Text 12/39状语 条件状语从句标志词 从句主语 从句谓语 不定式短语作宾语disaster,a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles.(P1S4)主句主语 主句谓语 宾语 状语翻译幸运的是，如果门垫或炉灶上没有警示语提醒你可能发生的危险的话，那么一场成功的诉讼或许可以补偿你所受的伤害。解析该句是复合句，句子的主干是a successful lawsuit might compensate you，其中包含一个由 if 引导的条件状语从句。doormat超纲/dmt/ n.门口地垫warn of sth.提醒注意lawsuit/lsjut/ n.诉讼，起诉compensate/kmpenset/ v. (1)补偿，弥补，赔偿(2)与相抵，抵消真题例句He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himselfclearly and concisely, but he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensatingadvantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling himto detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.他指出自己总是很难做到清晰简明地表达自己，但是他认为或许正因为（语言表达上的）这种困难，他不得不对自己要说的每句话都经过长时间的认真思考，从而能够发现自己在推理和观察中的错误，结果这反而成为他的优点。(2008 翻译 para1 s2)For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell howable an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorablecircumstances.例如，测试并不弥补社会的不公；因此，它们不能说明一个贫困的年轻人如果在较好的环境下成长，会有多大才干。(1995 翻译 para1 s4)搭配 compensate sb. for sth. 给某人赔偿串记同族：compensation(n.赔偿金，补偿物；使坏的情况变好的事物) compensatory(adj.补偿的，赔偿的)2. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began状语 主句主语 主句谓语 时间状语 定语从句标志词 从句主语 从句谓语holding more companies liable for their customers misfortunes.(P1S5)从句宾语 形容词短语作宾语补足语翻译这种想法大约自 20 世纪 80 年代初就开始传播，那时陪审团开始认为更多的公司应对其客户所遭受的不幸负责。解析该句是复合句，句子的主干是the thinking has gone，其中包含一个由 when 引导的定语从句，修饰 1980s。jury/dr/ n.(1)陪审团(2)评判委员会，专家评奖组liable/labl/ adj.(1)有责任的，有义务的(2)应受罚的；可能遭受的搭配 be liable for sth. (法律上)负有责任 be liable to do sth. 可能做某事串记同族：liability(n.责任，义务；倾向；负债，债务) 近义：accountable(adj.负有责任的，有说明义务的) responsible(adj.有责任的，负责的)misfortune/msftn/ n.(1)厄运；不幸(2)不幸的事故(或情况、事件)串记同义：disaster(n.不幸，祸患) 反义：fortune(n.命运，前途)Para 23. Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels,现在分词短语作原因状语 主语 谓语 方式状语考研大趋势之一：考研英语基础复习必备1999 Text 13/39trying to anticipate every possible accident.(P2S1)现在分词短语作目的状语翻译由于感到了威胁，公司方面作出了反应：写出越来越长的警示标签，力图预测出任何一种可能发生的事故。解析该句是简单句，句子的主干为companies responded。ever-longer/evl/ adj.越来越长的warning label 警示标签4. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches longthat warn, among other状语 主句主语 主句谓语 主句宾语 后置定语 定语从句，修饰 labelsthings, that you mightsurprise!fall off.(P2S2)定语从句中的宾语从句翻译如今，折梯上贴着几英寸长的警告标签，除了其他警告事项外，还警告你可能会摔下来，简直是莫名其妙！解析该句是复合句，句子的主干为stepladders carry labels。句中包含一个由 that 引导的定语从句，修饰 labels，该定语从句中又包含一个由 that 引导的宾语从句，作从句谓语 warn的宾语。stepladder/stepld/ n.折梯；梯子5. The label on a childs Batman cape cautions that the toy “does主句主语 后置定语，修饰 label 主句谓语 宾语从句标志词 从句主语 从句谓语not enable user to fly.” (P2S3)从句宾语 宾语补足语翻译贴在儿童的蝙蝠侠披风上的标签告诫说，本玩具“无法让用户飞行”。解析该句是复合句，句子的主干为 The labelcautions that。句中包含一个由 that 引导的宾语从句，作主句主语 cautions 的宾语。cape/kep/ n.(1)披肩；斗篷(2)海角，岬Para 36. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary the dangers of drug让步状语从句标志词 让步状语从句的分句一 插入语，对interactions, for example and many are required by state or federal regulations, warnings 进行举例说明 并列连词 让步状语从句的分句二it isnt clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from主句主语 主句谓语 主语从句标志词 that 引导的主语从句作主句真正的主语liability if a customer is injured. (P3S1)主语从句中的条件状语从句翻译虽然警示语常常是合理而必要的如警告药物有相互作用的危险并且很多是州或联邦法规所要求的，但是当消费者受伤时，这些警示语能否真正保护制造商和销售商使之免于承担责任，却还很难说。解析该句是复合句，句子的主干为it isnt clear that，其中包含一个由 while 引导的让步状语从句，该让步状语从句中包含两个由 and 连接的并列句；that 引导的主语从句作主句真正的主语，该主语从句中又包含一个由 if 引导的条件状语从句。drug interaction 药物相互作用manufacturer/mnjfktr/ n.(1)制造人，制造商(2)制造厂真题例句 Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiate better考研大趋势之一：考研英语基础复习必备1999 Text 14/39prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers.不管是哪一种含义，如果可能的话，成立一个“国家”机构的好处之一是与药品生产商达成一个更优惠的价格。(2005 阅读 B para7 s1)串记 同族：manufacture(v.制造，加工；粗制滥造文学作品等；捏造，虚构)manufacturing(adj.制造的，生产的)7. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers主句主语 主句谓语 时间状语从句连接词 从句主语take them to court. (P3S2)从句谓语 从句宾语 宾语补足语翻译在被受伤的消费者告上法庭的公司中，大约一半会败诉。解析该句是复合句，句子的主干为 About 50 percent of the companies lose。该句包含一个由 when 引导的时间状语从句。take sb. to court 对某人提出诉讼，起诉某人Para 48.As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with时间状语从句 主句主语 主句谓语defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldnt have changed主句宾语 状语 定语从句，修饰 casesanything.(P4S2)翻译随着个人伤害索赔案件如以往一样不断发生，一些法庭正开始站到被告一方，特别是在处理那些有警告标签也可能无法避免伤害的案件时。解析该句是复合句，句子的主干是some courts are beginning to side with defendants，其中包含一个由 As 引导的时间状语从句和一个由 where 引导的定语从句。personal injury claim 个人伤害索赔案side with sb.支持某人defendant/dfendnt/ n. 律被告adj. 处于被告地位的真题例句 For example, he theorised that a judge fearful of appearing too soft on crime might bemore likely to send someone to prison if he had already sentenced five or six other defendantsonly to forced community service on that day.他从理论上进行了说明：例如，如果一位法官那天已经判处五六个其他被告进行强制社区服务，那么，担心对犯罪行为表现得太心慈手软的他更可能会把下一个人关进监狱。(2013 完形 para1 s4)串记同族：defend(v.防守，防卫；为辩护，为答辩)9. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit状语 主句主语 同位语，解释说明主语的身份 状语 主句谓语 主句宾语involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet.后置定语，修饰 lawsuit 定语从句，修饰 player 现在分词短语作伴随状语(P4S3)翻译 5 月份，伊利诺斯州的 Schutt 体育公司总裁朱莉尼蒙斯就打赢了这样一场官司一名橄榄球队员戴着该公司的头盔在一场比赛中受伤瘫痪，遂将该公司告上法庭。解析该句是复合句，句子的主干是Julie Nimmonsfought a lawsuit，句中包含一个由who 引导的定语从句，修饰 player。paralyze/prlaz/ vt.(1)使瘫痪，使麻痹(2)使失去功能，使无能为力串记同族：paralysis(n.麻痹症，瘫痪症；瘫痪)helmet/helmt/ n.头盔，钢盔考研大趋势之一：考研英语基础复习必备1999 Text 15/3910. “Were really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets arent designed to宾语从句分句一 转折连词 宾语从句分句二prevent those kinds of injuries,” says Nimmons.(P4S4)主句谓语 主句主语翻译尼蒙斯说：“他瘫痪了，我们真的非常难过，但我们设计头盔不是为了预防那种伤害的。”解析该句是复合句，句子的主干是says Nimmons，句中包含一个省略了连接词 that 的宾语从句，作主句谓语 says 的宾语，该宾语从句包含由 but 连接的两个并列分句。分句一的主干是 Weresorry，该分句包含一个省略了连接词 that 的表语从句；分句二的主干是 helmetsarent designed。11. At the same time, the American Law Institute a group of judges, lawyers, and状语 主句主语 同位语，解释说明主语academicswhose recommendations carry substantial weight issued new guidelines定语从句，修饰 judges，lawyers 和 academics 主句谓语 主句宾语for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious状语 现在分词短语作后置定语 宾语从句，作 stating 的宾语dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.(P4S6)翻译与此同时，美国法学会一群说话举足轻重的法官、律师、学者发布了新的侵权法指导原则，宣布公司不必警示顾客那些显而易见的危险，或者给顾客列出一份冗长的可能遇到的危险的清单。解析该句是复合句，句子的主干是theAmerican Law Instituteissued new guidelines，其中包含一个由 whose 引导的定语从句和一个由 that 引导的宾语从句。recommendation/rekmenden/ n.(1)推荐，介绍(2)介绍信；推荐的话(3)劝告真题例句 Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique toclone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experimentalthough noone had proposed to do soand asked an independent panel of experts chaired by PrincetonPresident Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendationsfor a national policy on human cloning.他宣称反对利用这种非同寻常的畜牧业技术去克隆人，并下令禁止联邦资金用于此类实验尽管还没有人提议要那样做他还要求一个由普林斯顿大学校长哈罗德 夏皮罗为首的独立专家小组，在 90 天内就制定关于克隆人的国家政策拿出建议，向白宫汇报。(1999 阅读 text4 para1 s2)串记同族：recommend(vt.推荐，介绍；劝告，建议) recommendable(adj.值得推荐的；得当的)substantial/sbstnl/ adj.(1)物质的，材料的(2)大量的，多的，大的(3)有重大价值的，很有分量的n.实质性东西，实际存在物真题例句Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect torake in substantial profits thereby.能够掌控欧洲错综复杂的批发市场的零售商在这个市场中由此完全能获得大量利润。(2010 阅读 B 选项D s2)Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height.从遗传学上讲，避免身高过高是有好处的。(2008 阅读 Atext3 para4 s1)Or they could read Mr. Kirbys report: “the substantial buying power of such an agencywould strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possiblepurchase prices from drug companies.”或者他们应该读一下科尔比先生的报告：“这样一个机构的巨大购买力，会加强公共处方药物保险计划，从而与药品公司议价以获得可能的最低购买价格。”(2005 阅读 B 选项B)考研大趋势之一：考研英语基础复习必备1999 Text 16/39Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial costreductions and better coordinated service.超级体系的支持者认为，这些兼并将会大幅度降低成本并能获得更好的协调性服务。(2003 阅读 Atext3 para2 s1)串记同族：substantially(adv.非常，大大地；基本上)guideline/gadlan/ n.(1)指导方针，指导原则(2)参考tort law 侵权法bombard超纲/bmbd/ vt.(1)炮击，轰炸(2)攻击，提供过多信息，向(某人)连续提出问题真题例句 Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television,radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages.远程通讯的发展使得信息可以通过电视、无线电传送信息。不久以后，还可以用电子邮件对人们实施信息轰炸。(1995 阅读 text3 para4 s3)12. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,” says宾语从句主语 从句谓语 从句状语 主句谓语a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines.(P4S7)主句主语 后置定语 定语从句，修饰 professor翻译康奈尔大学法学院一位参与起草新指导原则的教授说，“重要的信息会淹没在细枝末节的汪洋之中。”解析该句是复合句，句子的主干是says a law professor，其中包含一个省略了连接词 that的宾语从句和一个由 who 引导的定语从句。triviality/trvlt/ n.(1)琐事；琐碎；平凡(2)浅薄；轻浮串记同族：trivial(adj.琐碎的；平常的；浅薄的)13. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way,条件状语从句标志词 从句主语 后置定语 从句谓语 从句宾语the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers主句主语 后置定语 主句谓语 状语一and not as protection against legal liability.(P4S8)并列连词 状语二翻译如果法律界的这一适中的目标能够实现，产品上提供的警示信息就不再是为回避法律责任而设，而是真的为保护消费者利益而提供了。解析该句是复合句，句子的主干是the informationmight actually be provided，其中包含一个由 If 引导的条件状语从句。moderate/mdrt/ adj.(1)中等的，适度的(2)温和的，稳健的(3)适中的，普通的vt.使和缓，使减轻真题例句 Such bodily reaction might conceivably help moderate the effects of psychologicalstress.这种身体反应有助于缓解心理压力。(2011 完形 para3 s1)串记同族：moderation(n.适度，节制；温和，减轻) 反义：excessive(adj.过分的，过度的；重的，严厉的) extreme(adj.过分的，过度的；重的，严厉的)have ones way 成功；实现legal liability 法律责任三、全文翻译及语篇分析1. 外面是一个危险的世界。迈出家门时，你可能会滑倒在门垫上而摔伤一条腿。点燃炉灶时，你可能会把房子烧掉。幸运的是，如果门垫或炉灶上没有警示语提醒你可能发生的危险的话，那么一场成功的诉讼或许可以补偿你所受的伤害。这种想法大约自 20 世纪 80 年代初就开始传播，那时陪审团开始认为更多的公司应对其客户所遭受的不幸负责。考研大趋势之一：考研英语基础复习必备1999 Text 17/39第一段以两个例子引出过去法庭对个人伤害索赔案的处理态度。句指出：外面是一个危险的世界。作者在开篇第一句就提出这样骇人的言论能够引发读者的思考和阅读兴趣。句列举了两个例子，例证句的观点：在门垫上滑倒可能会摔伤一条腿，点燃炉灶可能会烧掉房子。句以Luckily转折指出：如果生产商没有标明商品的潜在危害，那么消费者遭受不幸时可以起诉并得到赔偿。句指出“消费者遭受不幸时可以起诉并得到赔偿”这一思想的起源以及陪审团的主张更多的公司(more companies)应对其客户所遭受的不幸负责(liable for)。该句中的 thethinking 指代的是句中的观点，使句间衔接更加紧密。2. 由于感到了威胁，公司方面作出了反应：写出越来越长的警示标签，力图预测出任何一种可能发生的事故。如今，折梯上贴着几英寸长的警告标签，除了其他警告事项外，还警告你可能会摔下来，简直是莫名其妙！贴 在儿童的蝙蝠侠披风上的标签告诫说，本玩具“无法让用户飞行”。第二段承接第一段指出，法庭倾向于维护索赔方的利益，公司就此所作出的反应。句为该段主旨句，概括指出公司作出的反应：写出越来越长的(ever-longer)警示标签，力图预测出任何一种可能发生的(every possible)事故。该句中的Feeling threatened(感到了威胁)点明了法庭立场对公司造成的影响，ever-longer和every possible形象地描绘出公司为此所作出的努力。句举例说明公司的做法，例证句的观点：折梯上的警告标签有几英寸长，警告消费者可能会掉下来；儿童的蝙蝠侠披风标签告诫说“无法让用户飞行”。句中的 several incheslong 与句中的 ever-longer 相呼应；句中的 fall off 和句中的 does not enable user to fly与句中的 every possible accident 相呼应。句中的 surprise 一词强调了这些警示语的莫名其妙。3. 虽然警示语常常是合理而必要的如警告药物有相互作用的危险并且很多是州或联邦法规所要求的，但是当消费者受伤时，这些警示语能否真正保护制造商和销售商使之免于承担责任，却还很难说。在被受伤的消费者告上法庭的公司中，大约一半会败诉。第三段承接上段指出，虽然商品的警示语常常是合理而必要的，且很多都是州或联邦法规所要求的，但是这些警示语也不一定能确保被起诉方免于责任。句总起该段：虽然商品的警示语是合理而必要的，但是它们也不一定能确保被起诉方免于责任，暗示公司在索赔案中的地位很被动，法律仍然偏向受伤的消费者(原告)。句以数据论述了这一事实：大约一半的公司会败诉。该句中的the companies回指句中按照规定对商品警示语作出标注的公司。4. 现在这种趋势似乎正在转变。随着个人伤害索赔案件如以往一样不断发生，一些法庭正开始站到被告一方，特别是在处理那些有警告标签也可能无法避免伤害的案件时。5月份，伊利诺斯州的 Schutt 体育公司总裁朱莉尼蒙斯就打赢了这样一场官司一名橄榄球队员戴着该公司的头盔在一场比赛中受伤瘫痪，遂将该公司告上法庭。尼蒙斯说：“他瘫痪了，我们真的非常难过，但我们设计头盔不是为了预防那种伤害的。”陪审团取得了一致意见：造成该运动员受伤的是这项运动本身的危险性，而不是头盔。与此同时，美国法学会一群说话举足轻重的法官、律师、学者发布了新的侵权法指导原则，宣布公司不必警示顾客那些显而易见的危险，或者给顾客列出一份冗长的可能遇到的危险的清单。康奈尔大学法学院一位参与起草新指导原则的教授说，“重要的信息会淹没在细枝末节的汪洋之中。” 如果法律界的这一适中的目标能够实现，产品上提供的警示信息就不再是为回避法律责任而设，而是真的为保护消费者利益而提供了。考研大趋势之一：考研英语基础复习必备1999 Text 28/39第四段指出法庭态度的转变：正开始站到被告一方。句总起该段，指出前三段所述情况已经转变。该句中的the tide高度概括了公司按照规定标注警示语却无法确保自身在索赔案中免于责任的趋势。句具体解释了这种转变：一些法庭正开始站到被告一方(side with defendants)。句至句为第一个层次，以具体的案件宣判论述句中的观点。句指出Schutt体育公司总裁朱莉尼蒙斯就打赢了这样一场官司(successfully fought a lawsuit)原告戴着该公司的头盔在一场比赛中受伤瘫痪，遂将该公司告上法庭；句引用被告的话进行辩解：我们设计头盔不是为了(arent designed to)预防那种伤害的；句介绍了陪审团的一致意见：造成该运动员受伤的是这项运动本身的危险性(the nature of the game)，而不是头盔(not thehelmet)。句为第二个层次，从美国法学会发布新的侵权法指导原则的角度论述句中的观点。句新的侵权法指导原则宣布公司不必警示(need not warn)顾客那些显而易见的危险，或者给顾客列出(bombard them with)一份冗长的可能遇到的危险的清单；句引用参与起草新指导原则的教授的话指出，新的指导原则的目的是防止重要的信息淹没(get buried)在细枝末节的汪洋之中(in a sea of trivialities)。句作者表明自己对这一规定的支持态度：如果法律界的这一适中(moderate)的目标能够实现，产品上提供的警示信息就不再(not)是为回避法律责任而设，而是真的(actually)为保护消费者利益(the benefit of customers)而提供了。Text 2题材：商业经济类 词数：3931. In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts totap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion,companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Suchbusiness-to-business sales make sense because businesspeople typically know what producttheyre looking for.2. Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about itsreliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,”says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk byconducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to thecompanys private intranet.3. Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology availablefor marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull”customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools thatallow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketingmessages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screensaver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers computermonitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directlyto a companys Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to usesimilar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or otherevents. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culturethinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific考研大趋势之一：考研英语基础复习必备1999 Text 29/39request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction betweenthe Web and television fades. Thats a prospect that horrifies Net purists.4. But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategiesto make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, A, and other pioneers show thata Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, andsecurity will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall,which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silic