第三章第四节 词类转移法 revised.doc

第三章第四节 词类转移法教学目的： 由于英汉两种语言有语法和习惯表达上的差异，在保证原文意思不变的情况下，译文必须改变词类，这叫词类转换法。学生要根据具体情况，能熟悉运用动词转换成名词，名词转换成动词以及动词，名词，形容词，副词和其它词类的互转。教学重点：英语中的名词转换成汉语中的动词；汉词中的动词转换成英语中的名词；英语中的其它词类转换成汉语中的名词。教学内容，进程： 一： 名词转换成动词：英语中有大量由动词派生的名词和具有动作意义的名词以及其它名词往往可以转译成汉语动词。1 由动词派生的名词转译成动词。1） One after another， speakers called for the downfall of imperialism， abolition of exploitation of man by man，liberation of the oppressed of the world。发言人一个接一个表示要打倒帝国主义，要消灭人剥削人的制度，要解放世界上的被压迫的人民。2） Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe。火箭已经用来探索宇宙。The decision was taken only after the most serious consideration and careful weighing of implication. (n. 可能的影响或结果)做出这一决定之前，我们极为严肃地考虑并仔细权衡了利弊。2 含有动词意味的名词往往可以译成动词。1） The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.看到我们的喷气式飞机，听到隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。2） As the week drew to a close，the enemy rout (n. 大败，溃败) was complete.一周快结束时，敌人彻底溃退了。 3) There is no royal road to science, and only those who do not dread the fatiguing climb of the steep path have a chance of gaining its luminous summits. 在探索科学的道路上不会一帆风顺（在科学上没有平坦的大道），只有不畏劳苦，沿着陡峭的路攀登的人，才有希望达到光辉的顶点。3 英语中有些加后缀ER的词，有些在句子中并不指身份，而是含有较强的动作意味。在汉语中往往可以转译成动词。1） Talking with his son，the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doing.在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年青人过去所干的坏事。2） Some of my classmates are good singers.我同班同学中有些人唱歌唱得很好。3） Although he was always the “background”briefer on foreign policy issues，he could never be identified as anything other than “a White House official”or “a high Administration source” 虽然外交问题的“背景情况”由他介绍，但他仍只能称为是“一位白宫官员”或“一位政府高级人士。” Vietnamese war is a drain on American resources. 越南战争不断地消耗美国的资源。 My suggestion is that he quit smoking at once. 我建议他立刻介烟。4 英语中的一些介词往往可以转译成动词。1）“Coming！”Away she skimmed over the lawn， up the path， up the steps， across the veranda， and into the porch。“来啦！”她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门阆。 Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty. 千百万山区人民终于摆脱了贫穷。 He was away before dawn. 他是黎明前出发的。 十一点时，他已睡在被窝里面。He was between sheets by eleven.5汉语中的名词转换成动词。 该厂产品的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐用。The products of the factory are chiefly characterized by their fine workmanship and durability. 她在最后一幕里占了很突出的地位。She figured prominently in the last act. 地球形状象一个大球。The earth is shaped like a big ball.动量的定义是速度和物体质量的乘积。Momentum is defined as the product（n. 数学意义上的乘积 of the velocity and the mass (n. 物理学意义上的质量) of the body.哈佛大学为全美及全球培养最顶尖的人才。它是最早接受中国留学生的美国大学之一。中国的教育界，科学界，文化界一直同哈佛大学保持着学术交流。Harvard U aims at cultivating the top talents (qualified personnel)for US and the whole world as well. It is among the first American universities to accept Chinese students. The Chinese educational, scientific and cultural communities have all along maintained academic exchanges with this university.二形容词，副词转译动词。英语中表示知觉，情欲，欲望等心理状态的形容词，在系动词后面作表语时，通常转译成汉语动词。The soldiers are more concerned with saving their own lives than with taking others.这些战士们对救他们自己的命比起要别人的命，要关注得多。It was a very informative meeting. 会议上透露了许多信息。As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on.他跑出去时，忘了穿鞋子。She opened the door and let the fresh air in.他把窗子打开，让新鲜空气进来。三动词转译成名词1名词派生的动词1） As the war progressed，he would symbolized their frustration, the embodiment of all evil.随着战争的进行，他成了他们受挫的象征，成了一切坏事的化身。2） To them，he personified the absolute power.在他们看来，他就是绝对权力的化身。2名词转用的动词。1） In the early dawn，the guard towers were silhouetted (vt. 使呈现暗色轮廓)against the sky.黎明时，天空映出了瞭望塔的轮廓。2） Many spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earths atmosphere after completing their mission。许多间谍卫星，按其设计，是在完成使命后，在大气层中焚毁。3英语中一些被动态的动词，可译成受到名词的形式。1） Satellites，however，must be closely watched，for they are constantly being tugged by the gravitational attraction of the sun，moon and earth。由于经常受到太阳，月亮及地球引力的影响，卫星活动必须加以密切的观察。4形容词转译成名词1） Stevenson was eloquent and elegant-but soft.史蒂文森有口才，有风度，但很软弱。2） The Wilde family were religious.王尔德一家都是虔诚的教徒。汉语中的动词转译成英语的名词。 绝对不许违反这个原则。No violation of this principle can be tolerated。 林则徐认为，要成功地禁止鸦片买卖，就得首先把鸦片焚毁了。Lin Zexun believed that a successful ban of opium trade must be preceded(vt.在之前发生) by the destruction of the drug itself。汉译英 我儿子拉洋车。 My son is a rickshaw (n. 黄包车) puller. 很难把这部小说列入哪一类型中去。 This novel defies easy classification. 他长期以来习惯于在最后一分钟作出决定。He has long been used to last-minute decisions. 他酷爱古典音乐。He is an ardent（adj. 热情的） lover of classical music. 他统治那个地区长达二十年之久。 He has been the ruler of that region for as long as twenty years.研究一下那封信，我们毫不怀疑该信是别有用心的。A study of that letter leaves us in no doubt as to the motives behind it.因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会与外界被隔离起来。这种隔离状态，由于通讯工具不足，就显得更加的严重了。The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded (vt. 使严重、恶化) by the paucity of the information media.我给你打国际直拨电话就跟给楼下的李小姐打电话差不多，一拨就通。An international phone call to you is as easy as a call to Miss Li downstairs.一定的文化，反映了一定的社会政治和经济，反过来文化又影响和作用于一定的社会政治和经济。Any given culture is a reflection of the politics and economics of a given society, and the latter in turn has a tremendous influence and effect upon the former.汉语中形容词或表语转化为名词 朱延年用热情的款待把他的窘态遮盖过去。 Zhu Yannian covered up his embarrassment with the enthusiasm of his hospitality.空气是这样的清香，使人胸脯里感到分外凉爽，舒畅。The air was fresh and fragrant; it gave people a feeling of exceptional coolness and comfort.街中一切逐渐消失在灰暗的暮色里。Everything was gradually disappearing into a pall of grey.交通图非常复杂，卡车司机感到迷惑不解。The complexity of the traffic map puzzled the truck driver.因为膨胀力非常大，桥梁必须分段建造。The enormity（n. 巨大）of the expansion force makes it necessary to build a bridge in section.四名词转译成形容词1 形容词派生的名词往往可以转译成形容词。1） The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.她苍白的脸色清楚地表明她那时的情绪。2） The security and warmth of the chamber were wonderful.这间房子很安全，也很温暖，好极了。3） He talked for some time with Tom，and his questions reflected the enormity of his doubts.他同汤姆谈了一会儿，他提出的问题反映出他有很大的怀疑。2 有些名词加不定冠词作表语用，也可以转译成形容词。1） Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.独立思考对学习是绝对必要的。2） As he is a perfect stranger in the city，I hope you will give him necessary help.他对这城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能给他必要的帮助。五名词与副词的互译1 名词转译成副词1） When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这个争取过来。2 ）The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor.新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感。2 副词转译成名词。1）They have not done so well ideologically，however，as organizationally.但是，他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做得好。2) He is physically weak but mentally sound。他身体虽弱，但思想健康。It was officially announced that Paris is invited to the meeting.官方宣布，巴黎应邀出席会议。The paper said editorially that Mcmillan had stolen the western leadership during Dulles absence. editorial adj. 编辑的 这家报纸的社论说，麦克米伦在杜勒斯卧病期间窃走了西方的领导权。六其它词类的转译法。1 形容词转译成副词 当名词转译成动词后，修饰该名词的形容词就往往可以转译成副词。1） We took brief，restless naps，struggled to understand the intermittent broadcasting of