Advice to Youth.ppt

AdvicetoYouth,MarkTwain,MarkTwain,BornonNovember30,1835,inFlorida,Missouri,SamuelL.ClemenswroteunderthepennameMarkTwainandwentontopenseveralnovels,includingtwomajorclassicsofAmericanliterature,TheAdventuresofTomSawyerandAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.Hewasalsoariverboatpilot,journalist,lecturer,entrepreneurandinventor.,MarkTwain,TwainwasbornduringavisitbyHalleysComet,andhepredictedthathewouldgooutwithit,too.Hediedthedayfollowingthecometssubsequentreturn.HewaslaudedasthegreatestAmericanhumoristofhisage,andWilliamFaulknercalledTwainthefatherofAmericanliterature.,Themeaningofhispenname,HisprimarypennamecamefromhisyearsworkingonMississippiriverboats,wheretwofathomsareadepthindicatingsafewaterfortheboattofloatover.Afathomisamaritimeunitofdepth,equivalenttotwoyards(1.8m);twainisanarchaictermfortwo.Theriverboatmanscrywasmarktwain,meaningaccordingtothemarkontheline,thedepthistwofathoms,thatis,thereare12feet(3.7m)ofwaterundertheboatanditissafetopass.,ThecoldestwinterIeverspentwasasummerinSanFrancisco.“Ageisanissueofmindovermatter.Ifyoudontmind,itdoesntmatter.GotoHeavenfortheclimate,Hellforthecompany.,AdvicetoYouth,AdvicetoYouthisasatiricalessaywrittenbyMarkTwainin1882.TwainwasaskedtowritesomethingtotheyouthofAmerica.Hetalksaboutsixthingsincludingobeyingparentsselectively,respectingsuperiors,earlytobedandearlytorise,thematteroflying,handlingfirearms,andreadinggoodbooks.,AdvicetoYouth,Thisessayisaclassicexampleofsatire.Thissatiricalmodecanbeseeninhisrecurrent复发的employmentofsarcasmwhileaddressingtheyouthwithhiswordsofwisdom.Specificallytargetedtowardsanykindofauthority,hisAdvicetoYouthmaybearesponsetotheprohibitionofalcoholinKansasin1881.Thisactiondeeplyupsetmanyresidents.Theyouthbecameespeciallydisgruntled不满的；不高兴的withthischange,becauseitwasthey,whoenjoyedindulginginthefineartofalcoholconsumption.,Wordssimplywatchyourchanceandhithimwithabrick.Thatwillbesufficient.,Wordsacknowledgeitlikeamanandsayyoudidntmeanto.Paraphrase:Ifyoufindoutthathedidntmeananyharmyoushouldbeamanandtellthepersonthatyouweretheonewhodidit.,Wordsotherwiseyouarenearlysuretogetcaught.Oncecaught,youcanneveragainbeintheeyestothegoodandthepure,whatyouwerebefore.Paraphrase:Youshouldrefrainfromlyingasmuchaspossibleunlessyouareskilledatit.Ifyourabadliarandgetcaughtspreadingliesyoullbebrandedaliarbyeveryone.,Words有人认为年轻人根本就不应该撒谎，那倒是大可不必,Wordstheseintime,willmakethestudentperfect;upontheseonly,mayherelyasthesurefoundationforfutureeminence.耐心、勤奋以及对细节的悉心关注这些都是基本要求；按照这些要求去做，随着岁月的流逝，年轻人会日臻成熟；只有达到了这些要求，他将来的成功才有保障。,Wordssuchalieasthathasnomorerealpermanencethananaveragetruth.你们需要不断研究、设法避免的，是编造那种拙劣、不堪一击、无法自圆其说的谎言；这种谎言并不比一条普通的真理更加长存。,Words不留心的;掉以轻心的Heedlessoftimeoranyotherconsideration,theybegantosearchtheunderwatercave.他们顾不上考虑时间或任何其他因素就开始寻找水下洞穴。,Wordstheyarethemostdeadlyandunerringthingsthathaveeverbeencreatedbyman.所以不要随意摆弄没有装填弹药的老式旧枪支；它们是人类创造的最致命、最百发百中的东西。,Wordsbeverycareful;confineyourselvesexclusivelytoRobertsonsSermons,BaxtersSaintsRest,TheInnocentsAbroad,andworksofthatkind.Paraphrase:Youshouldbecarefulofwhatyouchoosetoread,andonlyreadgoodbookshavingtodowithreligion.,Words&expressions,Buildyourcharacterthoughtfullyandpainstakinglyupontheseprecepts,andbyandby,whenyouhavegotitbuilt,youwillbesurprisedandgratifiedtoseehownicelyandsharplyitresembleseverybodyelses.大家要据此修身养性、奋力进取，这样，等到最终修成正果，你会惊喜地发现，你的品行和周围其他人的是多么惊人地相似。,Words&expressions,Precept-规诫，戒律，箴言Itoccurstomethatexampleisalwaysmoreefficaciousthanprecept.我想到身教重于言教。Armedwithsuchaprecept,anumberofdoctorsmayslipintodeceptivepractices.有了这样一条指导原则，一些医生可能渐渐习惯于采取骗人的做法。,InAdvicetoYouth,Twainlistssixvariousadvice-likestatements,toaidyouthintheirtransitionintoadulthood.Theadvicegoesfromthekindonewouldhearfromtheirparents,suchasAlwaysobeyyourparents,BerespectfulofyoursuperiorsandGotobedearly,Getupearly,toamoreexcessiverangefromArtoflyingtoNeverhandlefirearmscarelessly.Inaway,theadvicethatTwaingivesissortofmockingthetraditionalrulesthatyouaretoldwhenyouareyoung.,Forexample,thefirstpieceofadvicethathegivesistoobeyyourparents.Howeverhethanaddsintheline,“whentheyarepresent.”BysayingthisTwainispokingfunattheyouth.WhatTwainwastryingtosayisthatpeoplewhoclaimthattheyobeytheirparents,arepoliteandcourteousonlywhentheirparentsarearound.,MarkTwainusessatirewhendescribingthestoryoftheboywhoalmostshootshisgrandmotherwithwhathethoughtwasanunloadedgun.Insteadoftheclassic“lifelesson”storywherethegunturnsouttobeloadedandendsupkillingsomeone,hetwistsitsothatthegunisntloadedafterallandnoonegetshurt.Theruleattherootofthispieceistheideathatindividualityshouldbeeducatedandthatrationalteachingsarenormalizingouryouth.,InthelastsentenceMarkTwainpointoutsthattheyouthsofoursocietyarebeingtoldtobecomejustlikeeveryoneelseandthatdiscouragestheirindividuality.Heusessarcasmtoattackthosepeopleinsocietywhoinstructyoungerpeoplehowtoact.MarkTwainisgreatatmockingconventionalteachingsbecausehelooksatitfromadifferentangle,notsuggestingthattheyarewrongbutratherquestioningiftheyarelimitingoriginalityandfreedomofthought.,Comprehension,Whatistheauthorsadviceconcerningparent-childrenrelations?Whatisthesuperstitionyouhavetohumorasayoungman?Whydoestheauthorrefertolyingasa“greatart”?Onwhichoccasioncanayoungpersonfeelfreetolie?AccordingtoMarkTwain,whatkindofbookscanberegardedasgoodbooks?Whatisthetoneoftheessay?,Discussion,(1).Haveyoueverreceivedanylifeadvice?andfromwhom?(2).InwhatwaydoyouthinkTwainsadvicedifferfromothers?(3).Whatkindofadvicedoyouneedatyourage?,TheObjectofMarkTwainsarticleistopointoutthattheyouthsofoursocietyarebeingtoldtobecomejustlikeeveryoneelseandthatdiscouragestheirindividuality.Heusessarcasm,sothathecanassumetheroleofanelderinsociety,thekindofpeopleheattacks,whichinstructsyoungerpeoplehowtoact.MarkTwaindoesanexemplaryjobincopyingexactlythetypesofteachingsforyouththathavebeenpasseddownthroughtheages.Theideaofrespectingoneseldershasbeenaroundforalongtime.,Thearticlegivesexpressesofbothadultandteensatire.Butitmostly,pokesfunatthestereotypicaladviceandcoachinggiventoyouththroughtheuseoffirearms.However,thelastsentencehasamuchdarkerandmoreofabittertone,andattackstheteachingshehasjustmocked,“Buildyourcharacterthoughtfullyandpainstakinglyupontheseprecepts,andbyandby,whenyouhavegotitbuilt,youwillbesurprisedandgratifiedtoseehownicelyandsharplyitresembleseverybodyelses.”,Twainusessatireindescribingthestoryoftheboywhoalmostshootshisgra