直译与意译.doc

直译与意译直译是基础，意译是补充能直译就尽量直译，不能直译就采取意译1. Their accent couldnt fool a native speaker.A.他们的口音不能愚弄本地人B.本地人是不会听不出他们是外乡人的。C.本地人一听他们的口音便知道他们是外乡人的。2. Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.意译：砸镜子并不能解决实际问题。直译:砸镜子并不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不能使社会问题烟消云散。3.He felt a rush of fear churning his stomach.直译： 他感到一阵恐惧涌上胃口意译：他感到一阵恐惧涌上心头4. He bent solely upon profit.A.他只屈身与利润之前B.只有利润才使他低头。C.他惟利是图5. Would there be any possibility of having breakfast on the train before we are decanted in Munich ?A.当我们在慕尼黑被腾出车厢之前有任何在火车上吃早饭的可能性吗？B.我们在慕尼黑被腾出车厢之前，有可能在火车上吃早饭吗？6. He had about as much chance of getting a job as of being chosen mayor of Chicago.A.他找到工作的机会和当选芝加哥市长的机会差不多B.他找到工作的机会简直跟当选芝加哥市长同样困难。C.他找到工作的机会简直微乎其微。正说与反说1.The administration was free corruption.这届政府没有腐败现象2. Wet paint.油漆未干3.I remained confused about the problem.这个问题我还是不懂4. They are dependent on each other.他们谁也离不开谁5. He is far from what I expected.他远不是我想象的那样。6. let bygones be bygones.既往不咎7. As was expected, he passed the exam easily.果不出所料， 他轻而易举地通过了考试8.We will live up to what our Patty expects of us.我们决不辜负党对我们的期望。9. I hate the lack of privacy in the dorrnitory.我讨厌宿舍里没有独处的机会。10. You evidently think otherwise.你显然有不同的看法11. He will die of hunger before he will steal.他宁愿饿死，也不愿去偷。12. That little bridge is anything but safe.那座桥一点也不安全。13. So far from taking my advice, he went and did just what I warned in ainit.他不但不听我的劝告，反而去做了我警告他不要做的事情。14. He was more frightened than hurt.他没有受什么伤，倒是受惊不小正说15. Dont unstring your shoes.把鞋带系上 16. Ml the teachers, without exception are to attend the meet Sunday.所有的老师都要参加星期五的会议。17. She carne into the room without shoes on.她光脚走进了房间。18. The doctor lost no tune in getting the sick man to hospital.医生立即把病人送往医院。19. I have no doubt that you will succeed.我相信你会成功。20. Its no distance at all to the school, only a short walk.从这到学校很近，只需要很短一段路。正、反说分析21.If he had kept his temper, the negotiations would probably have been a success.如果他克制脾气，谈判可能早就成功了。22.Some people refrain from expressing their gratitude because they feel it will not be welcome.有些人不愿意表达他们的感激之情，因为觉得着有可能不受欢迎。23. If you forward the transcripts yourself, they can be considered official only if the school envelope has remained sealed.如果证件由申请人本人递交，则本人不得擅自启封，否则证件将被视为无效。24. We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life.我们对生活要永远抱乐观的态度。25. We strongly disapprove of the company s new policy.我们强烈反对公司的新政策。拆句单词拆译26.Incidentally, I suggest that you have the telephone moved to the sitting-room.顺便说一句，我建议你把电话移至起居室。27.He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.他有个习惯叫人受不了，意思反复不定，一会一个主张。短语拆译28. Throughout his life, Benjamin Franklin continued his education, learning from human contacts as well as from books.本杰明。富兰克林整个一生都在受教育，他不仅从书本中学习，而且也从与人交往中学习。29. Energy can neither he created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.能量即不能创造也不能消灭，这是一条公认的规律。30. The meeting ended with protestations of friendship from everyone.会议结束，人人表示彼此将友好相处。31. His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.因为他没能遵守安全规则，机器出了故障。32. His weak chest predisposes him to winter colds.他的肺部很弱，冬天容易感冒。33.He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narowed in in-dignation.他摇了摇头，两眼睁的圆圆的，接着有眯成一条线，脸上露出了愤怒的神情。句子拆译这里主要指英语复合句，尤其是长句的拆译。34. He had left a note of welcome for me, as sunny as his face.他留下一封段信，对我表示欢迎，那信写的热情洋溢，一如其人。35. While I was waiting to enter university, I saw advertised in a local newspaper a teaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived.当我等着进大学期间，我在一份地方报纸上看到一则广告，说是在离我住处大约10英里的伦敦某郊区，有所学校要招聘一名教师。顺序法36. Your presumption that I would want to share a flat with you is false.你认为我会和你同住一套公寓，那就错了 。37.Researchers have established that when people are mentally en-gaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive (认知的) areas such as attention and memory.研究人员证实：人们在动脑筋时，头脑会产生很多的变化，使头脑在注意力和记忆力这类认知领域中更有效地活动38. During the ice ages, human beings exposed to the colder temperatures of the time would often make their homes in caves.在冰河时代，人们面临当时较为寒冷的气温，常常在洞穴里安家。逆序法39. It was extended and preserved in the 19th century, when our nation spread across the continent, saved the union, and abolished the awful scourge of slavery.在19世纪，我们的国家横跨大陆，拯救了联邦，废除了恐怖的奴隶制的蹂躏，这一信念才得以流传可扩展。40.By January 16, just a month after the beginning of the offensive on which Hitler had staked his last reserves in men and guns and ammunition, the German forces were back to line from which they had set out.到1月16日，德军又回到了他们当初出击的战线，这恰好是希特勒把他最后的兵力、大炮、弹药储备孤注一掷、发动进攻的一个月之后。41. Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand by, signed the Emancipation Proclamation.100年前，一位伟人签署了奴隶解放宣言， 今天，我们正是站在这位伟人富有象征意义的雕象下集会。变序法（综合法）42. Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?我有个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗？43. He had cleared up those confusions which arose from different medicines that had the same name and from various names that had been given to the same substance.药名混乱，有的由于不同药物同一名称所引起，而有的则由于同一药物不同名称所造成，他对此一一作了澄清。44. One teacher writes that instead of drowning students compositions in critical red ink, the teacher will get far more constructive results by finding one or two things which have been done better than last time, and commenting favorably on them.一位老师这样写到：如果我们能从学生作文中找出一两处比上次做的更好的地方，并提出表扬性评语，而不是用红墨水把学生的作文批改的一塌糊涂，我们就能从中的更富有建设性的结果。45. Ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a precept that transcends the virtue of uttering the truth for truth5 sake, and that is as far as possible do no harm.我们的职业传统上格守一个信条，那就是尽可能的不造成伤害，这一信条胜过为讲真话而讲真话的美德。46. The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Patty of Tong-held superiority in the House.在一次记者招待会上，问题集中于昨天的选举结果，总统就此发了言。他说他无法解释为何共和党遭到如此大的失败。这种情况最终使共和党在众议院中失去了长期享有的优势。为何要拆句？47.Literature offers us the knowledge of the long life which phobia have had in mankind.文献让我们了解到，恐惧症在人类中具有漫长的历史。48.What is good, I suppose, is that many people ae concerned about TV s influence and that we have the power to change what we don t like.我看，好在有许多人关心电视的影响，而我们也有能力改变我们所不喜欢的东西。英语翻译课程学习方法II. 由于汉英结构不同而造成的加词现象：1 由上下文的逻辑关系而引起的加词现象：句子结构方面：a. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.（在大多数情况下，这样做有一定效果。如果还不行，顾客可以采取许多措施直至满意为止。）b. They illustrate, for one thing, the underlying American faith that our future rests on the way our children turn out , and that a basic way to affect childrens development is through their education.(有一点，他们表明了美国人内心深处的一个信念，那就是，我们的孩子如何成长将决定我们的未来，而影响他们发展的一个基本途径就是通过教育。)c. That men have learned much from the behavior of animals is hardly new.（人类已经从动物的行为中学到了很多东西的说法并不是什么新鲜事。）下面的例句都是一些需要加关系代词的现象：d. He passed the exam, which can be read from his the light on his face.（我从他脸上就可以猜出他已通过了考试。）e. He was late on that very morning for the interview, which totally damaged the possibilities ofpromotion.(他偏偏在面试的那天早晨迟到，结果丧失了一次晋升的绝好机会。)f. As is expected , he arrived at the railway station in time.（他果然准时到了火车站）2 在无主句、存在句或一些祈使句中中加主语。因为在这些句子中，主语虽然没有表示出来，但却早已隐含在句子里面；加上英语对句子表面上的结构要求非常严谨，因此在汉语翻译成英语时往往要加上省略的部分（主语）意思才能完整,例如：a. 进行社会主义现代化建设必须尊重知识、尊重人才。(In our drive for socialist modernization, we must respect knowledge and talented people.)b. 你还是带把雨伞吧，以防下雨。(Youd better take an umbrella in case it rains.)c. 已经快七点种了，他怎么还没有到？( It is nearly seven oclock now , why hasnt he arrived yet ?)d. 一定不要忘记离家前父母对你所说的话。(Remember what your said to you before you left home.)有时，英语的动名词需要加上其逻辑主语才能显得意思完整：e.His father-in-law doesnt appreciate his smoking cigarette so heavily.（他的岳父对他抽这么多的烟很不以为然。）3.加宾语她妈妈说，他们应该带孩子一起去参加马丽的生日晚会。(Her mother said that they should bring their baby with them to Marys birthday party.)4.有时需要加上语气词：There were no houses whatsoever when we crossed the marshlands on the Long March, wejust slept where we could.（我们长征时根本就没房子住，随便找个地方就睡下了。）The audience was not interested at all (in any sense) in his long and boring speech.（观众对他那又臭又长的讲话一点都不感兴趣。）减词：I.和一些单词有关系的减词法1省略“范畴”词:先看下面的例子：a. 系里的领导来找他做说服工作。（The leader of the department came to him to the undertake the persuasion ）b. 这次考试不及格，使他深切认识到写好作文在学习英文中的重要性。（The failure of this exam made him aware of the importance of writing in learning English.）c.这本书的目的是改进学生们的理解能力。II. 表示逻辑关系上的减词：1省去句子的主要结构只保留关联词：a.The store manager may advise the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so, theconsumershould do this, stating the complaint as politely and as firmly as possible.（商店的老板会建议顾客给制造商写信。要真是这样的话，顾客应该尽量把投诉书写的礼貌些、措辞更坚定一些。）b. And how can it be otherwise, when the range of knowledge is so vast that the expert himselfis an ignoramus as soon as he strays away from his own specialty.（可是不这样，有能有什么别的更好的办法呢？知识的范围如此广袤，一旦越出其专业范围，连专家也会变得一无所知。）c. It must be admitted that every nation has its strong points. If not, how can it survive ?(每个民族都有它的优点，不然，怎么可以生存下来？)2省去主语：d.When completed, this bridge will be the largest in Asia.(这座桥一旦竣工将是亚洲最大的。)e.In some organization, important papers, letters, speeches, documents, etc, are kept on file so that they can be easily obtained when needed.（ 在许多组织里，重要的文件、信函、演讲材料、档案都保存在文件夹里，以便需要时很容易查到。） 来源：考研论坛（存档） 查看详细资料TOP 为婷风雨兼程 注册时间2005-7-31TOP 5楼 大 中 小 发表于 2005-10-4 10:26 只看该作者 翻译时句子成分的转换:英译汉时，有时为了通顺，往往需要将原文的某一句子成分转译成另一部分进行句子成分的转换：非主语转译成主语：定语译为主语a. If there should be any last-minute change in the sialing time, well contact you by telephone.开船时间假如临时有更改，我们会用电话通知你。（状语译为主语）b. In many countries, free-port areas or foreign-trade zones have been established, where foreign merchants need not pay tariffs fort their unloaded goods if the goods remain within these areas or zones.许多国家都建立了自由港和保税区，在那里，外国商人只要是在本区内，未卸船的货物可以不纳税。 c. The average temperature in summeris as hight as 35C. One can not be pleasant living in that place.夏天的平均温度高达摄氏35C，生活在那里不可能舒服。d. A good many new books were published by the Foreign Language Press last year. 外文出版社去年出版了许多新书。谓语译为主语e. When a material is stressed byong the elastic limit a permaent deformation results.当一种材料的应力超过弹性极限时，就会产生永久变形。表语译为主语f. Television is different from radio in that its sends and receives pictures.电视和无线电的不同点在于电视能收发图象。宾语转译成主语g.The wise buyer finds ways to make sure that wrong thinking is not allowed to interfere with careful planning in this purchases。（明智的购买者尽量做到购买时不让错误的想法干扰。）His father flew into rage with what he had done.（他的所作所为让他的父亲大为光火。）被动 语态 一般是，主谓语的位子翻译成汉语时需要颠倒，即原来的主语作宾语：h.Drastic action must be taken if they want to reduce traffic accidents and air pollution.(如果他们想减少交通事故和污染，就必须迅速采取措施。)i. I was totally upset by what he did in the exam.(他考试时的表现确实让我很担心。)jAsia was passed over by the industrial revolution.（工业革命没有光顾亚洲。）译成带“是”的结构：k.We were moved to tears by the fact that he came to the meeting in spite of his illness.（最让我感激涕零的是，他带病坚持来开会。）译成： “由”“把”，“使”等字引导的句子：l.His mother was dismissed due to the fact that shecouldnt type fast enough.( 老板把他的妈妈给解雇了，因为他打字不够快。)m. She was worried ,because her son had written for a long time.（ 她儿子很长时间没给她写信了，这可把她给担心坏 了。）n. Wind is caused by air moving between cold and warm region. (风是由冷暖地区流动着的空气引起的。)非谓语转译成谓语：The new rule is applicable to foreigners.这一项新规定适用与外国人。（表语译为谓语）There is a need for improvement in your study habits你的学习习惯需要改进（主语译为谓语）非宾语转译成宾语：主语转译成宾语a.After he was elected chairman of the committee, Mr. Smith was found working in the lab early in the morning.(史密斯当选以后， 人们发现他一大早就到办公室工作了。)b.Much progress has been made in computer science inless than a century.c. 不到一个世纪，计算机科学取得了很大进步。（主语译为宾语）How much risk does internationalizaion contain for national identity?(一个国家会在国际化中会有丧失自己的危险吗？)主语译为宾语，状语译为主语The amounht of energy thus lost can be considerably reduced and the life of the macnine prolonged by careful lubrication. 小心加以润滑能大大地减少这样所损失的能量并延长机器寿命。状语译为宾语Materials to be used for strutural prupose are chosen so as too behave elastically in the environmental condition.结构上用的材料必须选择得使它们在周围环境条件下具有弹性。非定语转译为定语主语译为定语a.The service university is characterized by several features: the existence of professionalschools, short tailor-made course, contracting of services and funding by contracts.(大学提供服务的主要特征有以下几点：建立职业学校、短期培训学校以及提供服务与资助之间的合同签定等。 )b. The satellite system use this device in varied forms.卫星系统上的这种装置有各种不同的形状。（宾语转译成定语c.His speech on the current international economic situation produce the profound influence on research work of that subject.（他的关于目前国际经济形式的讲话，对我们的研究工作产生了很大的影响。状语译为定语d. In his composition he made few spelling mistakes.他在作文中的拼写错误很少。主语译为定语，谓语译为主语The communications system is chiefly characterized by its ease with which it can be maintained.这一通讯系统的主要特征是容易维修。 非状语转译为状语宾语补足语译为状语a. Dont you see it was just in fun ? You got it all wrong.你没看出那不过是开开玩笑吗？你完全误解了。The professor showed her much attention and gave her some private coaching.教授对她很关心，给他一些个别辅导。（定语译为状语）主语转译成状语b.After that, his youthful indifference to studies and his unwillingness to think of a nonsports career caught up with him.（在那之后，由于他年轻时候对学习毫不关心，以及不愿意考虑与运动无关的事情，他终于得到了报应。）定语转译成状语c. We need a dialogue which promotes our mutual responsibility to the international community.（我们需要对话来推进我们两国对国际社会所应承担的责任。）d. We need a dialogue that prevents any single issue form holding the entire relationship captive.（我们需要对话来防止任何有碍两国关系的事情发生。）e. His lack of interest in the project upset his colleagues who were trying every possible means to have it carried out.(他对该计划表露出了不感兴趣，这使得他的同事们很担心，因为他们正在尽一切办法来履行这项计划。)宾语译成状语：f.There is high probability that in the 21st century a good number of universities will excel in service rather than conventional academic research.( 在21世纪，很多大学极有可能会在（大学提供）服务而不是传统的学术研究方面大显身手。)转译成谓语或者主谓结构：a.I would like to draw your attention to those sides of introduction of information technologieswhich can pose new problems for education.（ 我想请大家注意的是，介绍信息技术会给教育提出一些新的问题。）b.The security and warmth of the destroyers sick bay were wonderful.(驱逐舰的病房非常安全，同时，也非常温暖。) 来源：考研论坛（存档） 查看详细资料TOP 为婷风雨兼程 注册时间2005-7-31TOP 6楼 大 中 小 发表于 2005-10-4 10:26 只看该作者 翻译时句子结构的转换：在英译汉时有时需要将整个句子的结构转换。例如，把英语的简单句译成汉语的复合句，把一种从句译成另一种从句，把并列句译成复合句等，这主要是为了使译文通顺自然，符合汉语的习惯。转译成主从复合句1. 简单句转译成复合句a. At the slightest improvement in my work they woiuld show warm approval.我工作梢有改进，他们就热情肯定。b. His wish is to become a doctor born of a desire to help sick people.他之所以想当医生是因为他想帮助病人。c. With the boy leading, the two started towards the village.孩子在前面带路，两人朝村里走去。d. Now we have shown their srory to be false.现在我们已经证明他们的这套话是虚假的。e. I have read of people living sevral weeks on nothing but a gladss of warter a day.我曾经从书报上看到过有人一连几个星期只靠一杯水维持生命。F. He differed from his workmates in spending his spare time reading.他跟他的伙伴们不同，他把业余时间用在读书上了。并列句转译成复合句:有时，英语的几个小分句译成汉语后就变成了一个主从复和句，例如：a. Choosing the right career is very important. Most of us spend a great part of our lives at our jobs.For that reason we should try to find out what our talents are and how we can use them.(选则适合自己的工作是很重要的，因为工作占据了我们一生中的大部分时间，所以，我们应尽可能认识一下自己的天赋在什么地方以及怎么样发挥等。)分词短语还原译成复合句：b. People exposed to bright red show an increase in heartbeat, and blood pressure; red is exciting.( 如果将人暴露给红颜色，他们就会显露出心跳加快、血压增高等；红颜色让人兴奋。)c. Those living in countries with long dark winters are apt to be less talkative and less vivacious than inhabitants of countries where the climate is more equable(稳定的).( 一些人如果生活在有漫长、灰暗冬天的农村比起气候稳定地区的人来说较容易沉默寡言，也不活泼。)短语转译成主从复合句a. He always tries his utmost to extend help to others whenever necessary.(不管什么时候，只要有可能，他都会帮助别人。)b. If pressed further, they would become angry.(如果追问急了，他们会很生气的。)c. Although he didnt like his job, Bill didnt want to disappoint his wife by giving up his well-paid new position.(尽管不喜欢他的工作，可他不想放弃，因为那样会让他的妻子很失望。)d. Something fell in, for I heard a splash.有东西掉进去了，因为我听到扑通一声。e. This machine is simple in design, yet it is efficient in operation.虽然这台机器结构简单，但功效很高。2. 复合句转译成简单句While I sympathize, I cant really do very much to help.我真是爱莫能助。This is what the molecular frmula means.这就是此分子式的含义。Theres something(that)you dont know.这些事你不知道。I must get down to work tonight, as Ive got exams next week.今晚我得开始认真复习功课，下星期要考试了。This cause the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded together.这样就盖起了许许多多聚居的高楼大厦。When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite.（我们赞美中国领导人和中国人民不仅仅是出于礼貌。）3. 转译成并列句 主从复合句转译成并列句a. It couldnt have happened except that it did.按理说，那是不会发生的，但却发生了。Besides that the teacher explained the theory, he gave the students a lot of examples.教师不仅讲解了理论，而且还给学生举了许多例子。b. While wheels have brought better and more convenient transportation, they have also brought new and unforeseen problems.(轮子带来了更便利的交通手段，可也带来了新的、原来没有过的问题。)独立结构译成并列句：a. With the job finished , they went to the seaside for a holiday.( 工作做完以后，他们就到海边度假去了。)b. With all his savings gone, he started to look for a job.( 积蓄都用完以后，他就开始去找工作。)简单句转译成并列句：He was terribly frightened. He had no gun in the shop. His only weapon was the pair of scissorshe used for cutting cloth. (他一下子给吓懵了，店里有没有武器，唯一有的就是剪布用的一把剪刀。)3. 副词译成介词短语：And although you may not like it, if she chooses your doorway as her place to sleep in the nig