美国知识产权短语按章节整理.docx

Chapter1amorphous character无形性abstract concept of property抽象的财产概念real property不动产tort law侵权法the metaphysics of the law法律玄学statutory法定的the statute成文法patented item专利产品process方法combination组合justification正当理由antitrust government regulation反垄断法及政府法规the foundations of patent protection专利保护的基础the Statute of Monopolies垄断法，又称专卖条约guild行会，互助会exclusive rights独占权，专有权royal privilege皇家特权importation patent引进型专利patentee专利权人royal prerogative王权、君主特权an incentive theory of patents专利的激励理论inventive and importation patents发明专利和引进型专利meritorious有价值的Revolution独立战争Articles of Confederation联邦条例（美国1781年至1789年的第一部宪法）Constitutional Convention制宪会议a Constitutional patent power保障专利的宪法性权力more rigid Constitutional constraints更加刚性的宪法性约束the trademark statute商标法pre-empt优先于pre-emption优先适用权has no effect at all无任何效力revisions修订validity of patents专利的合法性the Patent Office has been vested with专利局被授予a patent application satisfies专利申请符合codified成文法典United State Code美国法典Design and plant patents外观设计专利及植物专利Application申请Grants授予Use使用Challenge异议a new,useful,and nonobvious process or product一种具有新颖性、实用性以及非显而易见性的方法或产品the patent application专利申请specification说明书claims 权利要求书asserted 主张的prior state of the art现有技术patentable可授予专利的disclosure公开，披露accrue产生issued授予trade secrets商业秘密unfair competition不正当竞争search检索ascertain确定examiner审查员be in agreement达成一致（合意）similar or identical类似的或者相同的interference proceeding抵触审查程序priority优先权the Patent Office Board of Interference Proceedings专利局抵触审查委员会amend修正patent term专利权期限exempted使免除（责任）infringement侵权renew续展expiration期满public domain公有领域make，use，or sell生产、使用、销售exploit利用，实施working实施compulsory licensing强制许可be sold outright卖断non-exclusively非排他性许可on a geographic basis以地域为界implications暗指violation违反authorization授权charge of infringement侵权诉讼unwarranted不当，无正当理由novelty新颖性utility实用性nonobviousness非显而易见性litigated诉争的re-examine复审invalid无效的declaratory judgement确权判决controversy争论pro赞成anti反对the “bargain”or contract theory“交易”或契约论the “natural rights”theory自然权利论bargain theory交易理论premise前提enumerates逐条陈述all title to全部产权obligation义务utility实益a taking剥夺the standard of patentablility专利性标准optimum最好的、最适宜的、最有利的chapter2the subject matter of patents专利的客体ideas v. applications发明构思与专利申请products or processes产品或方法plant patents植物专利design patents外观设计专利patentable可取得专利的，可授予专利的laypersons世（俗）人、外行人the application of an idea构思的应用law of nature自然法则the statutory scheme法律的保护机制manufactures制品a composition of matter物质的组合intangible无形的new and useful improvement新颖、实用的改进naturally-occurring-substance自然产生的物质printed-matter印刷品bars限制business methods商业方法mere chemical formulas 纯粹的化学公式systems of bookkeeping记账系统fundamental truths，original causes，motives，methods of calculation基本事实，起因，动机，计算方法mental step思维步骤the application of an abstract principle抽象原理的应用apportions these interests利益分配products of nature自然产品concentrated or purified products ofnature人工浓缩或提纯的自然产品an ingenious way独创方法chemical process化学方法derivative衍生物mathematical method数学方法abstract principle抽象的原理new life forms新的生命形式new technology新技术eligible符合条件的compositions of matter物质的组合patent申请专利manufacture制品structure，rather than its content，that is inventive是结构具有创造性，而不是其内容inventive characteristics创造性machine机器capture采用mathematical manifestation数学证明mathematical formulas（or “algorithms”）数学公式（或算法）mathematical algorithm数学算法test for patentablility of a process方法的专利性检验标准physical phenomenon物理现象jeopardize危及the program计算机程序Semiconductor Chip Protection Act半导体芯片保护法Orphan drug act罕见病药物法FDA美国食品及药物管理局a working requirement实施发明的要求utility patents实用专利plant patents植物专利design patents外观设计专利utility 实用性distinctiveness独特性nonobviousness非显而易见性asexually reproducing plant无性繁殖植物novelty，ornamentality，and nonobviousness新颖性、装饰性和非显而易见性the “ordinary observer”test“普通观察者”检验方法ordinary designer普通设计人员the ordinary intelligent man具有普通智力的人an exclusively functional designe具有唯一功能的外观设计chapter3statutory bars法定限制anticipation 在先公开a grace period of 12 months 12个月的宽限期application priority申请优先权printed publication，public use，sale印刷出版、公开使用、销售the principle of substantial identity实质等同原则public use公开使用a senior inventor先发明人junior inventor后发明人the availability of a documentary description by prior patent or publication在现有专利或出版物中可查阅到对该专利的文字性描述at issue争议中的publicly disseminated or accessible公开传播或广为知悉interference proceedings抵触审查程序conflicting claims相互抵触的权利要求concealment隐藏diligence勤勉foreign anticipation国外在先公开oral publication口头公开published已公布those knowledgeable in the particular art具备特定行业专业知识人员prior use在先使用a prior invention在先发明judicial construction司法解释active or continuous积极或持续的publicly available公开获得atomic energy information原子能信息references to prior publications现有出版物中的参考文献an“enabling disclosure”可实施的公开性文件enable a person having ordinary skill in the appropriate art to duplicate the invention使所属领域的普通技术人员能够重现发明a specification说明书the total combination of prior art and references现有技术和参考文献的完整结合describe描述，阐明substantial and realized anticipation实质性的和有意识的在先公开substantially identical实质相同rough similarity大致相似that which infringes，if later，anticipates，if earlier在后为侵权在先为在先公开substantiality test of infringement侵权的实质性检验标准unconscious or accidental无意识的或者偶然的a count 事项，特征be so intentional or noticed可意识到的或者被注意到statutory bar法定限制disabling使（在法律上）无资格的，这里指丧失专利性the double patenting bar重复授予专利限制the patent policy favoring speedy disclosure鼓励尽快公布发明的专利政策without divulging the secrets of the invention未透露发明的秘密the policies of statutory bar法定限制的立法目的pirate剽窃file申请专利the patent monopoly专利垄断权application priority申请优先权publicity and limited disclosures公开性和有限公布the effective life of a patent专利的有效期public use公开使用patent prosecution process专利申请程序limited or restricted限于一定范围内或秘密使用be pledged to confidentiality保证保守秘密experimental试验性使用a balancing process衡平方法the experimentation exception实验性例外the principle of substantial identity实质等同原则jeopardy危险Priority depends upon three factors：the time of conception，the time of reduction to practice，and the use of due diligence in pursuing both patent protection and perfection of the discovery。优先权取决于决于三个因素：构思时间、付诸实现的时间、在寻求专利保护和发明物的有效性过程中的应有注意the first to conceive generally has priority to patent protection先构思者常享有专利保护的优先权A junior inventor can never challenge a senior inventor unless the junior inventor reducesto practice first.除非后发明人首先将构思付诸实践，否则不能对先发明人提出异议Factually事实上Priority paradox优先权悖论Only more diligent than one other person who conceives later比后构思者更勤勉即可Chapter4qualitative utility决定专利的实用性curiosity奇异性an impermissible fraudulent quality不被允许的欺诈性presumed utility推定的实用性hold otherwise would be to grant a patent on an unknown range of applications不能授予未知适用领域的专利speculative utility推测的实用性a specific utility特定实用性a “monopoly of knowledge”对知识的垄断substantial utility实际的实用性chapter5nonobviousness非显而易见性those skilled in the art该技术领域内的技术人员prior art现有技术synergism“协和作用”combination patent组合专利secondary considerations间接证据commercial success商业上的成功the long-felt-but-unfulfilled-need doctrine早已产生但未获满足的需求理论“flash of creative genius”requirement“创造性的灵光一闪”条件subjective standard主管标准objective standard客观标准subjective ingenuity主管创造力articulation and implementation理解和实施negative rules of invention否定发明规则ad hoc rules特殊规则journeyman mechanic普通技术工匠overbreadth过于宽泛uncertainty不确定性equivalent substitutions等同替代indicia标记象征，表明事实可能存在的情况in such a black-letter way以这么被普遍接受的方法en banc全体出庭法官（在美国，指巡回上诉法庭通常对一个重大案件的审理可扩大法庭审判官的人数，又称sitting en banc）unusual or surprising result异常的或奇异的效果the statutory test法定检验标准the duty of candor真实陈述义务pertinent相关的analogous 类似于reconstructing the prior art重现现有技术functional功能性的by reference to the purpose sought参照其所追求的目标a well-established field 公认的技术领域Secondary evidence间接证据unexpected results意想不到的效果subtests次级标准objective tests客观标准nexus联系long felt感知已久的needs需求history of the art 特定技术的历史a competitive edge竞争优势ideas per se构思本身Prior patents现有专利reject 驳回a doctrine of constructive prior art推断现有技术理论judicial fiat 司法判断、裁量chapter6double-patenting 重复授予专利权the statutory period法定期限best-mode最佳实施方式the double-patenting 禁止重复授权run afoul of与发生冲突terminal disclaimer最终放弃chapter7the patenting process专利审判程序the claim 权利要求a complaint and answer起诉书和答辩状ex parte nature单方性质the patentee专利权人prohibit the “stealing” of anothers patents禁止“窃取”他人的专利delegate授权、转让assignees受让人joint invention 共同发明good-faith 善意deceptive intent欺诈动机aggregate effort共同努力prosecuting 进行，推行examination 初步审查rejection 驳回reexamination复审Patent Offices Board of Appeals专利局申诉委员会the primary examiner主审员the deference尊重privy利害关系人remand a dubious 将一项有争议的准许发回the specifications and claims 说明书和权利要求书in its best mode 以最佳方式allowance准许enabling disclosure是能够公开的trail and error 反复试验、试错the “how-to-use” doctrine “如何使用”原则exploitation 实施trespassing侵犯the prohibiting patents on newly discovered properties of old elements 禁止对旧事物的新功能授予专利原则the limits of agency discretion 专利局裁量权限范围the judicial arena司法管辖范围equitable estoppel or laches 衡平法上的禁止翻供或者疏忽懈怠the economic well-being经济利益inter alia特别是precedential先例效力claims drafting撰写权利要求【I】n a patent claim， more means less在专利权利要求书中，多意味着少preamble序言transition过渡the body 正文comprising包括consisting由构成reading on 照搬抄袭presumption of patent validity专利的有效性推定ex parte 仅有单方当事人the striking of an application 驳回专利申请an interference proceeding专利抵触审查程序attorneys fees律师费negligence 过失material information重要信息materiality重要性scienter 明知，故意culpability有罪行为，可归咎之行为guilty of patent fraud专利欺诈罪an arms length adversary 地位平等的对造当事人reissue and re-examination换发专利证书与复审intentionally deceptive conduct故意欺骗行为the exhaustion of remedies doctrine of administrative law行政法上的用尽救济原则（指司法复审原则，要求原告只有用尽所有行政救济措施办法后，法院才不得拒绝复审行政机构的决定的请求）stay中止the Patent and Trademark Office美国专利与商标局judicial review司法审查Federal Circuit 联邦巡回法院the Court of Customs and Patent Appeal关税及专利权上诉法院district court地区法院de novo 重新审理true appeals正式的上诉chapter8infringement 专利侵权file wrapper estoppel禁止反悔the proper course正当方法claim interpretationdifferentiation，literality，and equivalence对权力要求的解释不同，字面和等同the doctrine of claim differentiation权力要求不同原则literal overlap文字上重叠equivalent等同absolute identity 绝对等同a substantial equivalent实质等同practical interchangeability 实际上的可互换性a pioneer parent首创性专利the exclusive right to make，use，or sell the invention 制造、使用、销售其发明的独占权work实施a compulsory license 强制许可non-renewable不能续展的patent pending专利待批（专利未决）direct，indirect，and contributory infringement 直接侵权、间接侵权、共同侵权good faith or ignorance善意或不知情notice of the patent 专利权声明staple主要的、重要的evidentiary device取证方法innocent infringer无过错侵权人license agreement许可协议innocent infringement 无过错侵权duplicating仿造the stature 此指专利法hornbook law 法律常识extraterritorial effect域外效力repair and reconstruction 修复与再造first sale “exhausts”首次销售穷竭repair-reconstruction dichotomy修复与再造两分法essentialness keyness spentness本质性、关键性、或费用infringement defensesmisuse侵权抗辩滥用专利权relief法律补救方法nonstaple 非主要产品vending 出售chapter9remedies 救济措施injunctive relief禁令救济damages损害赔偿costs诉讼费用profits 侵权所获利润preliminary relief 临时禁令the standard of “likelihood of success on the merits”“胜诉可能性”标准beyond question that the patent is valid and infringed专利有效且侵权均无疑问a reasonable royalty for the use合理的使用费liquidation 清偿exceptional case 特殊情况knowing infringement by a defendant 被告明知侵权chapter10the doctrine of federal pre-emption 联邦优先原则undesirable conduct不良行为secret law 商业秘密法chapter11guild 行会confusion 混淆a mechanism for providing identification as well as a technique for providing a marketing advantage商品识别机制以及市场优势手段the Anglo-American common law of trademark英美普通商标法palming off假冒unconstitutional 违宪the interstate commerce clause 州际贸易条款in gross大量的、大批的appurtenant 附属于adoption 选择、选定priority of use 在先使用gross/appurtenant dichotomy总体功能和从属功能两分法within the same geographical area or between the same or similar products 在相同地域之内，或在相同或相近的商品之间in a line of种类federal registration联邦注册the Principal Register商标主簿注册constructive notice 推定通知federal jurisdiction 联邦管辖权forum法庭incontestability不容争议性，指商标注册人如果从注册之日起连续5年在商业上使用该商标于其商品或服务上，并在继续使用，他对该商标使用权即属不容争议service服务商标collective marks 集体商标anti-dilution反淡化“intent-to-use” provision “使用意向”条款“deadwood” provision “弃用”条款Chapter12distinctiveness 显著性novelty 新颖性originality独创性coined or fanciful 杜撰的或奇异的priority of appropriation 优先使用equity公平，正义on an equal footing处于同等地位the doctrine of constructive notice 推定通知原则prior use 在先使用likelihood可能性confusion，mistake，or deceit混淆，讹误或欺骗abandoned 放弃two consecutive years 连续两年non-use 不使用concurrent use 共同使用approximate similarity 大概相似mark 标记secondary meaning and descriptiveness 第二含义及描述descriptive marks 描述性商标a challenged mark 争议商标a prima facie presumption 初步推定the supplemental register 辅簿注册the primary register 主簿注册well-defined factors 明确的因素generic 产品的通用名称suggestive 暗示性的arbitrary or fanciful 独特的、奇异的“deceptively misdescriptive”bar 禁止虚伪欺骗的描述trade 行业in the descriptive/distinctive continuum 具备描述性/显著性的商标recapture 再次获得immortal or scandalous marks，national symbols，or names of living figures 不道德的或诽谤性标志、国家象征在世名人的姓名geographic marks 地理标志to be examined in their entirety，and not dissected 从整体上进行检验，而不是分割的principles of equity as well as of statutory law 公平原则和法律规律fashion a remedy tailored to the individual case 根据个案采取补救措施disparage 毁谤institutions 组织contempt 侮辱offensive 冒犯性standing 身份、资格immediate 直接arbitrary 随意的majority vote 多数票决capable of 有可能diversity 联邦法院管辖权（指不同州的公民之间或州公民与外侨之间所发生的诉讼管辖权）chapter13dilution 商标淡化expansion of trademark doctrine 商标权扩展理论consumer loyalty 消费者的信任goodwill 商誉legitimate complaint 合法诉因a property right 财产权anti-dilution 反商标淡化enjoining 禁止prophylactic theory 预防理论likeness 肖像a theory of misappropriation 禁止滥用权利理论likelihood of expansion 商标权扩展的可能性be tantamount to 相当于consumer expectations 消费者期望market reality 市场现状the similarity of consumers 消费者的相似性foreign to 与.不相关relatedness 相关性the interests protected 受法律保护的利益the right of the prior user to enter a related field，the right to protect its reputation from association with inferior goods，and the right of the public in being free from confusion and mistake 在先使用者进入相关市场的权利，保护商标所有者的声誉不受劣质商品损害的权利，公众免除混淆和讹误的权利vend 出卖proving a negative 这里指证明不可能发生混淆的情况a recognizable number of consumers 确有部分消费者strength of 影响力a property interest 财产利益relief 救济措施state anti-dilution statutes 州反淡化法chapter14loss of trademark protection and partial protection 商标保护及部分保护的丧失partial rights 部分权利the doctrine of regional priority区域优先使用理论publication 公布注册concurrent use 共同使用inter partes 在当事人之间senior registrant 先注册人a pre-registration user 注册前的使用人good faith junior users 善意的后使用人infringement action 侵权诉讼unauthorized user 未经授权的使用人junior registrant 后注册人to the best of his knowledge and belief 尽其所知和所能concurrent registration 同时注册pragmatics of trademark litigation 商标诉讼实用主义factual inquiry 事实调查allocation 权利分配opposition proceedings，interference proceedings，cancellationproceedings，de novo concurrent registration proceedings 异议程序、抵触申请程序、撤销程序及再同时注册程序judicial decree 司法裁决the Commissioner 局长abandonment 放弃actual abandonment 事实放弃constructive or legal abandonment 推定放弃或法定放弃actual commercial use 真正的商业性使用token use 象征性使用bona fide use 善意使用nonuse 不使用interstate 州际的intrastate 州内的police 管制naked licensing 无保证许可licensees 被许可人incontestability 不可争议性the substantive law 实体法the cancellation provision 撤销条款incontestability defenses 不可争议性抗辩federal publication 联邦公告circuits 巡回法院defensive/offensive 抗辩/指控dictum 法官的附带意见interpose the defense 提出抗辩fair use 合理使用chapter15trademark practice 商标的使用Trademark Law Revision Act of 1988 （“TLRA”） 1988年商标法修正案例use in trade 在商业中使用intent-to-use 使用意向contingent registration 备用注册constructive use 推定使用Trademark Office 商标局notice of allowance 批准通知standing 身份、资格the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board（TTAB）商标审理与申诉委员会Commissioner 局长de novo judicial trial 重新审查the prevailing party 胜诉方an original proceeding 初审程序a thorough conviction 足以确信the Official Gazette of the Office 商标局公告first use in commerce 商业中的首次使用collusive or contrived 串通的或图谋的token transactions 象征性交易the screening process 审查程序the device 此指商标the use in trade requirement 在商业中使用的要求in a similar fashion 以类似的方式registration use 注册使用euphemism 委婉的说法a search of existing registration 对已有注册商标的检索axiomatic 不言自明的in connection with 有关standing 启动异议程序的资格contravenes 违反sects 教派、学派chapter16subject matter 商标的客体certification marks 证明商标labor union 工会cancellation 撤销registrability 注册资格Seal of Approval 认证related companies 相关公司franchising arrangement 特许经营权协议collective marks 集体商标collective trade（or service）marks and collective membership marks 集体贸易（服务）商标和集体成员资格商标vested 归属于service marks 服务商标a correlative holding 一相关裁决primary purpose 主要目的trade dress 包装design patent 外观设计专利ornamental 装饰the functional bar 功能上的限制generic drugs 通用药品a Hobsons choice 无选择余地a utility patent 实用专利complexity 复杂性minimal complexity 最低限度的复杂性dispenses with 无需equitable remedies 衡平法上的救济措施federal subject matter jurisdiction 按照标的物确定联邦法院管辖权palming off 假冒commercial parties 从事商业经营之人inj