Point of View 文学原理教程

.,PointofView,.,PointofView观点-Theangle/perspectivefromwhichthestoryistold.Narrator叙述者/Storyteller-Thecharacter/voicethattellsthestory.,.,Pointofviewdependsontwofactors:-Physicalsituationofthenarratorasanobserver;-Speakersintellectualandemotionalposition.,.,观点-有些东西能为我所见，有些东西则不能。在事件中，没有一个人能说出全貌，却都提供了别人所缺少的部分。作者的任务是找出最适合于他要述说之故事的观点。,.,KindsofPointofView,1.Third-PersonPointofView(narratorasnon-participant)-Narratoroutsidetheactiondescribestheevents.,.,Third-PersonPointofViewOmniscient(all-knowing)-Withthispointofview,an“all-knowing”narratorfirmlyimposeshispresencebetweenthereaderandthestory,andretainscompletecontroloverthenarrative.,.,-Thenarratorisnotacharacterinthestorybutcantellyouthethoughtsandactionsofallcharactersatalltimes.(Pronouns:he,she,him,her,they,them,etc.),.,Advantage-Theflexibilitygivenbythe“all-knowing”narratorcandirectthereadersattentionandcontrolthesourcesofinformation.,.,Third-PersonPointofViewLimited(limitedtoonecharactersthought)-Withthispointofview,thenarratorlimitshisabilitytopenetratethemindsofcharactersbyselectingasinglecharactertoactasthecenterofrevelation.,.,DramaticPointofView(strictlyreporting)-Inthispointofview,thenarratordisappearscompletelyandthestoryisallowedtopresentitselfdramaticallythroughactionanddialogue.,.,Advantage-Withthedisappearanceofthenarrator,tellingisreplacedbyshowing,andtheillusioniscreatedthatthereaderisadirectandimmediatelywitnesstoanunfoldingdrama.,.,2.First-PersonPointofView(NarratorasParticipant)-Inthispointofview,thenarratorappearsinthenovelas“I”or“me”andsharesthelimitationsofthirdpersonlimited.NarratorasMajorCharacter;NarratorasMinorCharacter.,.,Advantage-Byassumingtheidentityas“I”,thenarratorendearshimselftothereaderwhilehehastosacrificetheprivilegeofomniscience.-Thenarratorstandsinsidethestoryandrelatesfirsthandexperience,whichcancreateafeelingofintimacy.,.,AnalyzingNarrator,Ishe/shereliableorunreliable?Ifthenarratoriscrazy,jealous,self-serving,mistaken,confused,etc.,thenthereadermayquestionsthereliabilityofthestoryhe/sheistelling.,.,2.Isthenarratoraparticipatingcharacter,oristhenarratortellingthestoryfromanomniscientpointofview?3.Isthenarratornave?Thereadercanseethatthenarratorsbackgroundlimitshis/herabilitytounderstandasituation.,.,全知全能的叙事观点-叙事者对每一件事都能了然，他能随意进入任何人物的内心深处，并直接告诉读者，某一小说人物正在想些什么。通常是以第三人称法叙事，其优点是具有高度弹性，缺点是在训练不足的作家手中，可能会使作品倾向于松散而凌乱。,.,有限制的叙事观点：-其叙述者所知有限，他可能是小说中的人物，以第一人称（我）的方式去叙事，也可能置身于小说之外，以第三人称叙事。,.,戏剧式观点-前两者或以小说外的导演口吻来布局，或以剧中人的我来道出亲身经历，都是有一个操纵者或摄影者，但戏剧式观点是根本没有明显的观看者，完全借着对话、行动，让小说中的人物自己演出，是极为客观的一种叙述法。,.,Haircut,InHaircutRingLardnertellsastoryaboutanawfulman,butthroughtheeyesofWhitey,thetownbarber.,.,WhiteyhasanunusualpointofviewaboutJim.WhiteyseesJimKendell,themaincharacter,as“comical”(101)and“kindofrough,butagoodfellaatheart”(101).,.,WheninrealityWhiteydidnotseeJimforwhathereallywas,aheartless,cheating,vindictiveman.WhiteybelieveshetellingastoryabouthisfriendJim,whowithhisbuddyHodMeyers,“usedtokeepthistowninanuproar”(101).,.,InfactWhiteywastellingastoryaboutsomeofthehorribleandmischievouspra