graph-writingPPT课件

.,1,BECWritingHigher,I.GraphWriting,.,2,I.Description,Timelimit:70minutes(30points)2GenuineWritingTasks:PartOne:ConciseWritingGraphWriting:(120-140words),10pointsPartTwo:ExtendedWritingBusinessLetter,BusinessReport,orBusinessProposal(200250words),20points,.,3,ScoringCriteria,Band5:很好地完成试题规定的任务，对目标读者完全产生了预期的效果，给读者的印象颇佳。(Fullrealizationofthetaskset;Verypositiveeffectonthereader)内容覆盖了所有要求的信息点(Allcontentpointsincluded)；语言自然流畅，错误极少(Controlled,naturaluseoflanguage;minimalerrors)；语法结构和词汇表达丰富多变(Widerangeofstructureandvocabulary)；文章结构完整连贯，层次清晰(Effectivelyorganized,withappropriateuseofcohesivedevices)；语域与格式使用正确(Registerandformatconsistentlyappropriate)。,.,4,TimeManagement,AsPartOneisworth10pointsandPartTwoisworth20points,itissensibletoallocateabout25minutesforPartOneand45minutesforPartTwo.Candidatesneedtoplanandwriteveryquickly.,.,5,Cohesion,常见连接词(Dontforgettousethemthoughyoumayknowthemverywell.)：1.表示罗列增加first,second,third,first,then/next,afterthat/next,finallyforonethingforanother,on(the)onehandontheotherhand,besides/whatsmore/inaddition/furthermore/moreover/another/also,especially/Inparticular,.,6,2.表示时间顺序now,atpresent,recently,after,afterwards,afterthat,afterawhile,inafewdays,atfirst,inthebeginning,tobeginwith,later,next,finally,immediately,soon,suddenly,allofasudden,atthatmoment,assoonas,themomentfromnowon,fromthenon,atthesametime,meanwhile,till,notuntil,before,after,when,while,during,.,7,3.表示解释说明now,inaddition,forexample,forinstance,inthiscase,moreover,furthermore,infact,actually4.表示转折关系but,however,while,though,or,otherwise,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,incontrast,despite,inspiteof,eventhough,except(for),instead,ofcourse,afterall,.,8,5.表示并列关系or,and,also,too,notonlybutalso,aswellas,bothand,eitheror,neithernor6.表示因果关系because,becauseof,since,nowthat,as,thanksto,dueto,therefore,asaresult(of),otherwise,sothat,suchthat,.,9,7.表示条件关系as/solongas,onconditionthat,if,unless8.表示让步关系though,although,as,evenif,eventhough,whetheror,however,whoever,whatever,whichever,wherever,whenever,nomatterhow(who,what,which,where,when,whom),.,10,9.表示举例forexample,forinstance,suchas,takeforexample10.表示比较besimilarto,similarly,thesameas,incontrast,comparedwith/to,justlike,justas,11.表示目的forthisreason,forthispurpose,sothat,inorderto,soasto,.,11,12.表示强调indeed,infact,surely,certainly,nodoubt,withoutanydoubt,truly,obviously,aboveall,13.表示概括归纳inaword,inshort,inbrief,onthewhole,generallyspeaking,inmyopinion,asfarasIknow,Asweallknow,ashasbeenstated,asIhaveshown,finally,atlast,insummary,inconclusion,.,12,Table,表格图通常包含所有的细项，并且能提供最准确具体的数据。细目表可分为同类比较型和反映趋势变化型，BECHigher往往综合了两种类型。分析细目表要从整体出发，根据表中的数据，找出突出鲜明的信息对比，有时还需做些计算，进行类比分析。分析不止停留在表面的数字上，还须看出其中的变化发展趋势，从而得出结论。,.,13,LineGraph,曲线图常用来反映随时间推移的变化趋势。通常横坐标为时间段，纵坐标为数据（数字或百分比），以便直观反映事物发展变化的趋势。曲线图上的时间点所反映的数字未必非常准确。分析时要抓住起始时间至终止时间段内事物发展变化的最低点和最高点，以及变化趋势中突出的特点，分析原因，得出结论。,.,14,BarChart,柱状图(条形图)信息量大，数字对比明显，可以用来比较若干事物的大小，可以表示事物随时间变化趋势，还可以表明一个整体中各成分间的相对关系。但柱状图不能很明确地标明各时间点变化的准确数字。分析柱状图和分析曲线图的方法类似，也要把握事物变化的最大点和最小点，判断变化特点，得出结论。,.,15,PieChart,饼状图通过分割成若干部分的组合情况直观反映出整体状况。分析饼状图，应该依次描写，突出重点。通常要注意图中的最大比例份额及最小比例份额，要研究不同的比例份额，如有必要，还需做一些必要的计算，进行类比分析看出其中的变化发展趋势，从而得出结论。,.,16,UsefulExpressions,Expressions:toexpressarising/falling/eventrend,todescribeachange,tosummarize,tomakecomparisons,pleaserefertohandout.SentencePatterns(forgraphdescription):1.ThesalesincreasedslightlyinOctober.2.ThereisaslightincreaseinsalesinOctober.3.Therewasanoverallincreaseinsalesin2007.4.Thegeneraltrendisthattherewasasteadyincrease/declineinsalesinallcategories.,.,17,4.Thetrendcontinuedthrough1980s.5.Overall,therewasadeclineinsalesin2008.6.Theyearsfrom2000to2008/between2000and2008see/witness/reportasteadyincrease/decreaseinsales.7.2008unfolded/displayed/indicated/showed/recorded/saw/witnessed/revealed/exhibited/illustratedanincrease/adecrease/fluctuationofsales.8.Theincreaseinexportcorrespondedwithadeclineinimport.,.,18,9.Therewasasteadyincreaseinsalesin1998followedbythesharpfallin1999.10.Thesalesdroppedduring2006,butincreasedagainin2007to2milliontons.11.Thesaleshardlychangedthroughouttheperiodbetween2000and2006,exceptforaslightincreasein2004.12.Thesalesdoubled/tripledin2007comparedwiththosein2000/from2000to2007.,.,19,13.Thesalesin2007was2milliontons,incontrastto1.8milliontonsin2006.14.Thesalesreachedthepeak/theclimax/theculmination/thehighestpointinMay./ThesalespeakedinMay.15.Thesaleshitthebottom/reachedthelowestpoint/reachedtherockbottom/reachitsnadir/plummet/slump/slideinAugust.16.Thepricesfluctuateddramatically/slightly/constantlyin2003.,.,20,17.Thelinegraph/barchart/piechartbelow/above/ontheleft/rightshows/indicatesthechangeofsalesofthreedifferentphotocopiers.18.Wecanseefromthepiechartthat/Asisshowninthepiechart,/Ascanbeseeninthepiechart,foodexpenseswas/constituted/accountedfor12%in1990,butexpandedto29%in1998.,.,21,SimpleExercise1,10000,20000,F,M,A,M,J,month,sales,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,.,22,Fillintheblanks,1.Asthegraphshows,therewasan_insales.2.InJanuary,sales_.3.InFebruary,sales_,4.beforethey_again_.5.Therewasa_inApril,6.thena_to7.A_of20000inMay.,.,23,Key:1.(overall/general)upwardtrend2.rosesteadily3.Leveledoff/remainedunchanged/stayedthesame4.increasedgradually5.suddenfall6.dramaticincrease7.peak,.,24,SimpleExercise2,Thefollowinggraphshowssalestrendsofacompanybetween1994and2000.Lookatthegraphcarefullyandanswerthequestionsbelow.Usethewordsandexpressionsinredtohelpyou.,.,25,Salesin$Million,.,26,Questions:1.Inwhichyeardidclothingsalesandtoysalesremainapproximatelythesame?(In1997)2.Duringwhichperioddidclothingsalesrisesteadily?(1997-2000)3.Duringwhichperioddidtoysalesdecreasesignificantly?(1994-1995)4.Duringwhichperiodwasthereaslightincreaseintoysales?(1998-1999)5.Duringwhichperiodwasthereadramaticriseintoysales?(1995-1996),.,27,6.Inwhichyeardidclothingsalesreachapeak?(In2000)7.Inwhichyeardidtoysaleshitthelowestpointovertheseven-yearperiod?(In1995)8.Duringwhichperioddidtoysalesalmostremainconstant?(1996-1997)9.Duringwhichtwoperiodswasthereasharpdropinclothingsales?(1994-1995,1996-1997)10.Inwhichyearwastherethebiggestdifferencebetweenclothingsalesandtoysales?(In1994),.,28,WritingProcedures,Step1:RubricandGraphAnalysisStep2:OutlineStep3:WritingStep4:Review,.,29,Example1,Question1Thebarchartbelowshowsthecostofbuyingthreedifferentphotocopiers,thecostofawarrantyoneachmachine,andtheirexpectedrunningcostsforthefirsttwoyears.Usingtheinformationfromthechart,writeashortreportcomparingthecostsforthethreemachines.Writeabout120-140wordsontheseparateanswerpaperprovided.,.,30,Expectedtotalcostsforinitial2-yearperiod:Carta-$1,900KD-$1,800Sebu-$1,800,.,31,WritingProceduresofExample1,Step1:RubricandGraphAnalysis1.看题干：题干对图表做了概要说明：图中为三台不同品牌复印机的购买价格、保修成本、最初两年的运行费用，要求考生对三台机器的花费进行比较。,.,32,2.读图：1)图为柱状图，特点是信息量大，数字对比明显，要对比数据，找最高最低点。改图无时间轴，故不表示变化趋势，只做比较。2)图下有文字说明三机器最初两年的总花费：Carta最初两年的总花费是$1900,高于Sebu和KD的$1800.3)看图分项比较：Carta运行费用最高，购买价格最低；KD保修成本最高；Sebu的购买价格最高，运行成本和保修成本都为最低。,.,33,Step2:Outline1.开篇点题，一句话介绍图表主要内容，可借鉴题干。2.两年总费用比较。3.逐个介绍三品牌机器费用特征，加上具体数据。,.,34,Step3:WritingReport：PhotocopierCostsThebarchartbelowpresentsthecostofbuyingthreedifferentphotocopiers:Carta,KDandSebu.Theexpectedtotalcostsfortheinitial2-yearperiodforCartaisthehighest,$1900,withKDandSebubothrankingthesecond,$1,800.,.,35,Respectively,thepurchasepriceofCartaisthelowest.Itisslightlyover$600butitsexpectedrunningcostisthehighestwithitswarrantyatthemid-level.Incomparison,thepurchasepriceofKDis$700,alittlemorethanthatofCarta,whereasitswarrantycostisthehighestof$200.Incontrast,Sebuspurchasepriceisthehighestofaboutof$1000,withtherunningcostandwarrantycostthelowestof$700and$100.,.,36,Step4:Review1.是否有语法拼写错误2.是否有信息遗漏3.对照图看文字描述及数据运用是否准确4.字数是否合适,.,37,Example2,Question1Thegraphsbelowshowthechangingsharepricesof2privatecompaniesthatwentpublicandissuedsharesonthestockexchange.Bothcompanieswereeventuallyboughtbackbytheirpreviousowners.Usingtheinformationfromthegraphs,writeashortreportdescribingthegeneralmovementofthesharepricesandcomparingtheperformanceofthetwocompaniesbetweentheissuedatethebuy-backdate.Writeabout120-140wordsonyourAnswerSheet.,.,38,HuatongTelecom:Sharepricefromissuetobuy-back,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,0,5,10,15,20,25,SharePriceinUSDollar,.,39,HuaxunTelecom:Sharepricefromissuetobuy-back,SharePriceinUSDollar,2003,2004,2005,0,2,4,6,8,10,.,40,Step1:RubricandGraphAnalysis1.看题干：题干对图表做了概要说明：图中为“华通”和“华讯”两个私营电讯公司的股票业绩对比，要求考生对两支股票的大致走向进行描述，并对两家公司股票在发行日期和回购日期间的业绩进行比较。2.读图：1)图为两个线形图，特点是直观反映事物变化趋势，应抓住最高和最低点。,.,41,2）横坐标为年份，纵坐标为股票价格。一眼就可看出“华通”的股价呈上升趋势，“华讯”的股价呈下降趋势，“华通”的业绩好。3）分别看两图：“华通”在2000年初发行价为$6左右，之后升中有降，但从未跌破发行价，大致呈涨势。“华讯”在2003年发行价也为$6，在2003年底涨到了$9左右，2004年大跌至$2，05年有回升，但仍低于发行价。最后在05年底才涨到发行价。,.,42,Step2:Outline1.开篇点题，一句话介绍图表主要内容，也可加小标题。2.两家公司股价走势分别描述。3.得出结论，哪家公司股票业绩好。,.,43,Step3:WritingComparisonofperformanceofHuaxunTelecomandHuatongTelecomsharesTheissuepriceofsharesinHuaxunTelecomwasUS$6inlate2003.Thepricethenrose,butfelldramaticallyattheendof2004.Pricesrecoveredslightlyin2005,butwerestillbelowtheissueprice.Thefellagainandrecoveredtoreachtheissuepriceinlate2005whenthecompanywasboughtback.TheissuepriceofsharesintheHuatongTelecomwasjustoverUS$5inJanuary2000.Despiteacoupleoffalls,thepricerosesteadilythroughouttheperiodbetween2000and2005andneverfellStep4:Review,.,44,belowtheissueprice.Thebuy-backinmid-2005wasalmostfourtimestheissueprice.Lookingatthegeneraltrend,HuatongTelecomsharesperformedmuchbetterthanHuaxunsbetweentheissuedateandthebuy-backdate.Step4:Review,.,45,Samples&Scores,Question1Thegraphbelowshowstheturnoverforthethreekindsofretailoutlet,allownedbythesamecompany,duringathree-yearperiod.Usingtheinformationfromthegraph,writeashortreportcomparingthechangesinturnoverinthecompanysthreetypesofoutlet.Write120-140words.,.,46,Supermarkets,million,.,47,SampleA,ThedevelopmentoftheturnoveroftheFROZENFOODLtd.Thefollowingreportdescribesthechangesinturnoverbytypeofretailsectoroverthethreeyearsperiods2000to2002.Inallthreeyearstheturnovermadebysupermarketwasthehighestofallthreeretailoutlets.Departmentstoresremainedthesecondgreatestbeforesmallshops-outlets.Theturnoverreachedbysupermarketsincreasedsteadilyoverthethreeyearsandwas80min2002.Theturnoverofdepartmentstoreswas50min2000butfellto35min2001.In2002itremainedsteadytothepreviousyear.Afteralossin2001,thesmallshops-outletsreachedagaininhigherlevelbutcouldnotreachthe30mturnoverof2000.,.,48,Band3Allthecontentpointsareincludedand,despiteminorgrammaticalerrorsandseverallexicalerrors,thereisreasonablecontroloverall.Itiswell-organizedanswerwithanadequaterangeoflanguageandfitsthedescriptorsforband3.,.,49,SampleB,Belowisareportonthechangesinturnoverforthreekindsofretailoutlet,ownedbyonecompany,overathree-yearperiod.Theoverallhighestturnoverofeightymillionpoundswasobtainedbysupermarketsin2002.Ontheotherhand,thesmallestturnoverwasmadeinsmallshopsin2001.Overtheyear2000,aturnoveroffiftymillionpoundswasreachedindepartmentstores,whereitplummetedtoaboutthirty-fivemillionpoundsin2001andmaintainedthispositionthroughout2002.,.,50,Thesupermarketsturnoverrosesteadilyfrom2000,reachingitspeakin2002witheightymillionpounds.Clearly,smallshopshadthesmallestturnoveraltogether.Thirtymillionpoundsin2000,anoticeabledroptotwentymillionin2001andslightincreaseoffivemillionin2002.Inconclusion,thehighestresultswereachievedbysupermarkets,followedbydepartmentstoresandthensmallshops.,.,51,Band4Thisanswershowsanaccurateandnaturaluseoflanguagewithagoodrangeofstructuresandvocabulary.Theslightlyawkwardorganizationandtheminoromissionofastartingpointforsupermarketspreventitfrombeingaband5.,.,52,ASampleofTop-scoreWriting,Question1Thebarchartbelowshowstheprofitsmadebyeachofacompanysthreefactoriesforeachquarteroftheyear2003.Thepiechartshowsthenumberofworkersineachofthefactoriesduringthatyear.Usingtheinformationfromthecharts,writeashortreportdescribingthetrendsinprofitsandthenumberofemployeesineachfactory.Write120-140words.,.,53,Profitsfromeachfactoryperquarter(2003),million,.,54,Numbersofemployeesineachfactory(2003),Bristol600,Leeds350,London150,.,55,Thisreportoutlinesthedevelopmentofprofitsinthreeplants,inLondon,LeedsandBristol,in2003anddescribesthestaffingsituationineachplant.Bristol,thecompanyslargestfactory,employed600peopleandreachedprofitsof12millioninthefirstquarterof2003.Theprofitsdeclinedsteadily,droppingto9millioninthelastquarter.ThefactoryinLeedshadaworkforceof350people.Thismadeitthecompanyssecondlargestplant.Profitsremainedalmostunchangedat8million.Inthethirdquarterhowever,theyreachedalowat7.5million.,.,56,TheLondonfactorysworkforcecomprised150people.Profitsdidnotvarymuchandremainedjustover3million.Nevertheless,theypeakedinthesecondquarterwithearningexceedingthe4millionlevel.,.,57,Band5Thisisavirtuallyflawlessanswer,whichfitsallthedescriptorsforaband5.,.,58,SampleWriting,linegraph曲线图barchart柱状图piechart饼状图table表格图,.,59,linegraph曲线图Sample1,Question1ThegraphbelowshowsacompanyssalestoSouthAsiaoveraone-yearperiod.Usingtheinformationinthegraphandwriteareport.Write120-140words.,.,60,$million,.,61,ThegraphshowsthefluctuationinacompanyssalestoSouthAsiaoveraperiodoftwelvemonths.Accordingtothegraph,salestoSouthAsiaincreasedsteadilyfrom7milliondollarsinJanuaryto10milliondollarsinMay.Afterthis,salesfelldramatically,hittingthelowestpointinJuneat6milliondollars.TherewasthenaslightincreaseinJuly.BetweenJulyandSeptembersalesstayedconstantatalittleover6milliondollars.TherewasthenasharprisebetweenSeptemberandNovemberwithapeakof11milliondollarsinNovember.AfterNovembersalesdeclinedsignificantlyto8milliondollars.,.,62,Sample2,Question1:Thetwographsindicatetheeffectoftwobiocides:GEandHI,usedtopurifythepollutedwaterduringthefivemonths.Usingtheinformationfromthegraphs,writeashortreportcomparingthesituationwhentwobrandsofbiocidesareappliedwiththesituationwithoutthetreatment.Write120-140wordsontheseparateanswerpaperprovided.,.,63,.,64,.,65,Thetwographscomparetheeffectoftwobiocides:GEandHI.Withoutthetreatment,thepuritydegreesofthepollutedwaterdroptolessthan20%afterfivemonths.TheeffectoftheGEtreatmentisreasonablysound.Asthepuritydegreeofwaterwithouttreatmentfallsto35%afterthreemonths,theonewithGEbiocidesisshowntobeaspureas70%atthattime.Afterfivemonths,thepuritydegreeofthetreatedwaterstillmaintains40%.Incontrast,theeffectoftheHIbiocidetreatmentisunsatisfactory.AlthoughtheHIbiocideappearstobeveryeffectiveinthefirsttwomonths,itseffectdeclinedsteadily.Itcanevenaddmorepollutanttothewateratlast.Therefore,itwouldbeadvisabletoapplytheBEbiocideforitseffectisgoodandstable.,.,66,Sample3：handout（一）Sample4：handout（五）,Sample5:Question1Thegraphbelowshowstheamountoffastfoodeatenbetween1970and1990.Usingtheinformationinthegraphandwriteareport.Write120-140words.,.,67,gramsperpersonperweek,.,68,Thegraphshowstheamountoffastfoodeatenbetween1970and1990ingramsperpersonperweek.Overall,theamountoffastfoodeatenmorethandoubled.Theamountoffishandchipseatendeclinedslightly.In1970,theconsumptionwasabout300g/week.Thisfellto220g/weekin1990.Incontrast,salesofhamburgerandpizzarocketed.In1970,verylittlepizzawaseaten-lessthan50g/week.Thisroseto280g/weekby1990.Inthesameperiod,hamburgersalesshotupbymorethan500%,from100g/weekin1970to500gramsin1990.Inconclusion,althoughtherewasabigincreaseintheconsumptionofpizzaandhamburger,salesoffishandchipsdecreased.,.,69,barchart柱状图）Sample1,Question1:ThebarchartbelowpresentsinformationabouttheAustralianeconomy:theprofitsofmanufacturing,mining,retailtradeandotherindustrialfieldsintheearly1990s.Usingtheinformationfromthechart,writeashortreportdescribingthetrendsinprofitsshowninthegraph.Write120-140wordsontheseparateanswerpaperprovided.,.,70,CompanyProfitsBeforeTax,ByIndustry($million),.,71,ThebarchartshowsAustraliancompanyprofitsinfoursectorsbeforetax.Theirprofitsincreasedingeneralfrom1990to1993,withaslightdeclinein1994.Manufacturingoccupiedthemostimportantpart,whereprofitsnearlydoubledfrom1990to1993topeakatnearly8,600milliondollars.Mining,incontrast,roseto5,000millionin1993-1994afteragradualdeclineinthepreviousthreeperiods.Profitsinretailtradealsokeptongrowing,whileprofitsinotherindustriesdroppedsharplytonomorethan400milliondollarsin1993-1994followingthesteadypreviousincrease.Itindicatedthat1993wasaturningpointfortheAustraliancompanies.Profitsinmanufacturingandotherindustriesbothfellin1993-1994,whilethoseinretailtradeleveledoffafterconsistentrisesfrom1990to1993.Onlymining,whereprofitskeptshrinking,rosesignificantlyin1993-1994.,.,72,Sample2,Question1:ThechartbelowshowsthepercentageofproductsA,B,andCinsales,varietyandinventoryvolumesinHPcompanyfromJune2001toMay2002.Usingtheinformationfromthecharts,writeareportdescribingtheinformationshowninthegraph.Write120-140wordsontheseparateanswerpaperprovided.,.,73,.,74,Thebarchartcomparestheproportionsofthreeproductsinsales,variety,andinventoryvolumesinHPCompanyfromJune2001toMay2002.Amongthem,Asellsbest.Itapproximatelyoccupies80%ofthetotal,however,itsinventoryvolumeisalsothemostwiththeleastchangeofvariety.Incontrast,thesalesandtheinventoryvolumesofproductCaremuchlowerthanthatofA,whichareabout5%and25%respectively.Besides,Coffers40%varietychoicesasmuchasBdoes.Incomparison,only17%salesgotoBbutitsinventoryvolumeoccupiesjust18%,thelowestofthethree.Inconclusion,BsellsbetterthanCbutworsethanA.BandCprovidemorevarietychangesthanAwithalittlemorethan40%oftheinventoryvolumestogether.,.,75,Sample3：,Question1ThegraphbelowshowstheexpenditureonfastfoodbydifferentincomegroupsinUKin1990.Usingtheinformationinthegraphandwriteareport.Write120-140words.,.,76,.,77,ThegraphshowsweeklyexpenditureonfastfoodinBritainbyfoodandincomegroup.Therearetwomaintrends.First,theexpenditureisdirectlyrelatedtoincome.Secondly,therearedifferencesinthetypesoffastfoodeatenbyeachgroup.Theamountofmoneyspentonfastfoodisrelatedtoincome.Peopleinthehigh-incomegroupspentthemost-over78penceperpersonperweek.Peopleinthelow-incomegroupspenttheleast-halfofwhatthehigh-incomeearnersspent.Thetypeoffastfoodeatenalsodependsonthegroup.High-incomeearnersspent3timesmoreonhamburgersthanpeopleinthelow-incomegroup.Pizzawasgenerallytheleastfavoritefood.