A-Basic-Course-in-WritingPPT课件

.,1,英语写作基础教程,ABasicCourseinWriting,.,2,LecturesonWriting,Wehavetowriteschoolpapers(bookreports,termpapers,collegeapplications),businesspapers(memos,reports,lettersofinquiry),homepapers(everythingfromnotestothemilkmantoinvitationstoadinner).Weareconstantlycalledtoputwordsonpaper.Theabilitytocommunicateclearlyinwritingisoneofthemostimportantskillsyouwillevermaster.Itwillhelpyoutogetyourideasacrosseffectivelyandtogettheresultsyouwantinyourbusinessandpersonallife.Thereisnomysterytogoodwriting-itisaskillyoucanlearn.,.,3,1.Keepitbrief,Thepurposeofwritingistocommunicate:athought,anidea,asentiment,afact.Themoreconcreteandconcisetheseelementsinacommunication,themoreprecise,themorerewardingtheyaretothereader.Brevityisthesoulofwit.Brevityrequiresaskillfulhand.,.,4,1.Ifnotfresh,whowillbuyit?So“fresh”isunnecessary.2.Sinceyouarenotacharitarian,so“forsale”istooapparent.3.Ifpeoplecouldnotcomecloseonthetime,theycouldnotseethesignboard,so“here”and“today”areunnecessary,too.4.Peoplecaneasilytellwhatyouaresellingfromthestrongodoroffish,so“fish”canalsobeomitted.,FreshFishForSaleHereTody!,.,5,2.Makeitclearandcomplete,Brevityisnotanexcuseforlackofclarity.Andclarity,aboveall,isessentialtowhatyouhavetosayonpaper.Clarity,precision,conciseness-eachisofutmostimportancetoeffectivewriting.(Orthethree“Cs”,thatis,clearnenss,concretenessandconciseness”,.,6,Notconcise：Weexpressourregretatbeingunabletofulfillyourorderonthisoccasion.Concise：Wearesorrywecannotmeetyourpresentorder.Notcomplete:Thesebrakesstopacarwithinashortdistance.Complete:TheseTypeXYZOIpowerbrakesstopa2.5-toncartraveling70milesanhour,within250feet.,.,7,Pleaseletusknowwhatyouwishustodoaboutthismatterassoonaspossible.请告诉你们要求我们为此尽快做些什么。Pleaseletusknowassoonaspossiblewhatyouwishustodoaboutthismatter.请尽快告知，你们要我们为此事做些什么。Oftenpeoplewhoeatmushroomsdie.吃蘑菇之人经常死。（笑话！）Often,peoplewhoeatmushroomsdie.吃蘑菇致人死命是常有之事。,.,8,3.Keepyourlanguagelively,Asyouwrite,concentrateonkeepingyourlanguageactive,spareandprecise.Themoreyouspeak,themorefreelyyouspeak.Themoreyouwrite,themorefluentyourwritingwillbecome.Studyingmodelsanddrillsdesignedtodevelopyourpracticewillhelp.,.,9,SentenceCorrections:1).Raoulsmotivationtosucceedinthisprogramseemstobegreaterthanhissister.2)Thestudentspreparedfortheirexamsathome,theyspentextrahourswiththeirtutors,theydidthenecessaryresearchinthelibrary,andaskedquestionsintheirclassrooms.3)Neitherhiscommentsnorhowhemadethemmatterstome.4)Forme,thebestpartisnottoeatthemealbutcookingit.5)Wefoundhimbothcooperativeandthatheknewthejobwell.,.,10,6)Itscostisnotasimportanttomeashowitworks.7)Itwasbothalongceremonyandverytedious.8)Eitheryoumustgranthisrequestorincurhisillwill.9)Walkingonthebeachrelaxeshimmorethanaswiminthesea.10)Peopleusedtogrowupinlargerfamily,forexample,afamilyconsistedofparents,grandparents,andthreeorfourchildren.,.,11,1).Raoulsmotivationtosucceedinthisprogramseemstobegreaterthanhissisters.2)Thestudentspreparedfortheirexamsathome,spentextrahourswiththeirtutors,didthenecessaryresearchinthelibrary,andaskedquestionsintheirclassrooms.3)Neitherwhathesaidnorhowhemadethemmatterstome.4)Forme,thebestpartisnoteatingthemealbutcookingit.5)Wefoundthathewascooperativeandskillful.,.,12,6)Howmuchitcostisnotasimportanttomeashowitworks.7)Theceremonywasbothlongandtedious.8)Youmusteithergranthisrequestorincurhisillwill.9)Walkingonthebeachrelaxeshimmorethanswimminginthesea.10）Peopleusedtogrowupinlargerfamily;forexample,afamilyconsistedofparents,grandparents,andthreeorfourchildren.,.,13,ChapterOneManuscriptFormindirectquestionsendinaperiodnotaquestionmark.WhattitledoyouthinkWendyStonewouldprefer?Directquestion:Wendyaskedus,“WouldntyoufeelfunnycallingmeDr.Stone?Indirectquestion:WendyaskedusifwewouldfeelfunnycallingherDr.Stone.,.,29,Putthequestionmarkinsidethefinalquotationmarkwhenthequotationisaquestion.Thequestionmarkgoesoutsidethequotationmarkwhenthequotedmaterialisnotaquestion,buttherestofthesentenceisaquestion:Whenthequotationisaquestion:ThesecretaryaskedWendy,WouldyouprefertouseMs.orDr.inyourformalletters?”Whenthesentenceisaquestionbutthequotationisnot:DidWendytellhim,IthinkIwouldprefertouseDr.inmyformalletters?,.,30,3)Theexclamationpoint:(P.10)Useanexclamationmarktoendasentencethatexpressesstrongemotion,surprise,oremphasis:WecouldntbelievewhatWendyjustsaid!MoreexamplesonPage10.,.,31,2.PunctuationusedtocombinesentencesYoucancombinesentenceswithasemicolon,acolon,oracommawithacoordinator.1)Thesemicolon(P.7-8)a.Useasemicolontojointwoindependentclausesthatarecloselyrelatedinmeaning:e.g.Insistonyourself;neverimitate.-RalphW.Emersonb.Useasemicolontojointwoindependentclauseslinkedwithaconjunctiveadverbortransitionalphrase(usuallyfollowedbyacomma):e.g.Myfriendsaremarried;however,Idontfeelanydesiretogetmarried.,.,32,Conjunctiveadverbs:accordingly,also,anyway,besides,certainly,consequently,conversely,finally,furthermore,hence,incidentally,indeed,instead,likewise,meanwhile,moreover,nevertheless,next,nonetheless,otherwise,similarly,specifically,still,subsequently,then,therefore,thus.Transitionalphrases:afterall,asamatteroffact,asaresult,atanyrate,atthesametime,evenso,forexample,forinstance,inaddition,inconclusion,infact,inotherwords,inthefirstplace,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,.,33,c.useasemicolonbetweenitemsinaseriescontaininginternalpunctuation:e.g.(Sample4/p.8)d.Donotuseasemicolonbetweenasubordinateclauseandtherestofthesentence:e.g.Unlessyoubrushyourteethwithintenorfifteenminutesaftereating,brushingdoesalmostnogood.e.Donotuseasemicolonbetweenanappositiveandtheworditrefersto:e.g.Anotherdeliciousdishisthechefsspecial,aroastedduckrubbedwithspicesandstuffedwithwildrice.f.Donotuseasemicolontointroducealist:g.Donotuseacoordinatorifyouareusingasemicolon.e.g.Allmyfriendsarehappilymarried;andIamhappilysingle.,.,34,2)Thecolon(P.8-9)a.Useacolonbeforealistoranappositive:e.g.Passengersmayhaveoneoffourbeverages:coffee,tea,milk,orsoda.Donotuseacolonbeforealistwhentheitemsfollowapreposition,suchasof,oraformoftheverbbe:e.g.Johnssentenceconsistsof:asubject,averb,twocomplements,andfourmodifiers.Revised:Johnssentenceconsistsofasubject,averb,.Threewaysoftravellingare:flying,driving,andwalking.Revised:Threewaysoftravellingareflying,.,.,35,b.Useacolontointroduceaquotation:e.g.ConsiderthewordsofJohnF.Kennedy:asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou;askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.c.Useacolonbetweenindependentclausesifthesecondsummarizesorexplainsthefirst:e.g.Faithislikelove:itcannotbeforced.E.g.Wedecidednottogoonholiday:wehadtoolittlemoney.d.Useacolonafterthesalutationinaformalletter;toindicatehoursandminutes;toshowproportions,etc.,.,36,3)Thecomma(P.4-6)(1).Beforeorafteradverbialunits.Recently,thenumberofserviceenterprisesinwealthierfree-marketeconomieshasgrownrapidly.Subsequently,theaircraftunderwentnumerousdesignchangesbeforeitwasincorporatedintotheType4jetaircraft.Tovisithisbrother,hedrovethroughthenight.Afterdinner,hewalkedaroundthetown.Althoughitmightseemhighlyunlikely,thereareconsiderablesimilaritiesbetweenthemaleandfemalebody.Similarfeelingsinfluencedmiddle-classshareholdersanddirectors,too.,.,37,(2).Beforevariousconnectivestojointwoindependentclauses.(and,but,or,so,nor,for,yet)Thehousebadlyneededpainting,andtheroofneededrepairing.LordKnollyswasnotparticularlypleasedwiththeseproposals,norwereothermembersoftheCabinet.Aloosestretchwouldwrinkletooeasilywithsuccessivewashes,ormightevenwrinkleonadampday.TherewasnoCanadianConsulateinParisatthattime,sowehadtogototheAmericanConsulateforours.,.,38,(3).Toseparatesomenon-definingphrasefromtherestofthesentence.Malaria,onceawidespreaddisease,isundercontrol.MrClinton,thePresident,saidthathewouldgivehisfullsupporttotheproposal.TheConservatives,whohadgainedmorevotesthanLabourinthe1929generalelection,wereonlythesecondlargestparty.Thechairman,gettingtohisfeet,begantodescribehisplans.Anapafterlunch,ontheotherhand,willhelpyoutofeellesstiredontheevening.,.,39,(4).Toseparatewords,phrasesandclausesinaseries.ManyU.S.firmsattempttotapemergingmarketsbypursuingbusinessinChina,India,LatinAmerica,andRussiaandotherEasternEuropeancountries.Life-supportmachinesarenodifferentinprinciplefrommedicines,surgery,orothertreatment.Apolicemanhastobeabletoworkatnight,atweekendsandonholidays.,.,40,(5).Toseparateadjectivesthatseparatelymodifythesamenoun.Criticspraisethenovelsunaffected,unadornedstyle.Itwasconceivedofbyallthosewhoparticipatedinitasatemporary,emergencygovernment.Hewalkedwithlong,slow,steady,deliberatestrides.,.,41,Note:Acommacannotbeusedtojoingrammaticallyseparatesentences.Thefollowingsentencesarenotpossible:*Londonisaverycosmopolitancity,therearepeoplefrommanyculturelivingthere.*Learninganewlanguageislikelearningtoswim,ittakesalotofpractice.*StudentsinHigherEducationfacemanyproblems,forexample,theyhavetocopewithanewculture.,.,42,ExercisesinClass,Suplyanymissingquotaionmarks,colons,dashesandparenthesesoranyotherrelevantpunctionsinthefollowingsentences.1.MyemployeraskedwhetherIwouldfinishtheaccountsbeforetheendoftheweek.2MyemployeraskedWillyoufinishtheaccountsbeforetheendoftheweek.3.ThetitleofthemovielnherittheWindcomesfromabiblicalquotationHethattroublethhisownhouseshallinheritthewind.Proverbs11:294.Pleaseomittheseparagraphsfromthereportparagraph1page3paragraph3page11paragraph2page15.,.,43,1MyemployeraskedwhetherIwouldfinishtheaccountsbeforetheendoftheweek.（间接引语与谓语动词之间不用标点符号。）2.Myemployerasked,“Willyoufinishtheaccountsbeforetheendoftheweek?”（直接引语与谓语动词之间用逗号分隔，引语部分用引号。注意问号在引号内。）3ThetitleofthemovieInherittheWindcomesfromabiblicalquotation:“Hethattroublethhisownhouseshallinheritthewind.”(Proverbs11:29)（直接引语与前置名词构成的同位关系，名词后用冒号，引语用引号;“Hethattroublethhisownhouseshallinheritthewind:andthefoolshallbeservanttothewiseofheart.箴11:29扰害己家的、必承受清风愚昧人必作慧心人的仆人。)4.Pleaseomittheseparagraphsfromthereport:paragrapn1,page3;paragraph3,page1l;paragraph2,page15.（冒号用在解释或逐项列举之前；两个以上的内含逗号的并列结构之间用分号分隔，最后一个结构前可添加或不添加and或or连接。）,.,44,5.WhenyouvisitedtheMuseumofModernArtdidyouseePicassospaintingThreeMusicians.6.WearesorrythatyoudidnotreceiveyourorderforofficesuppliesMr.Shawdictatedhoweverweareduplicatingtheorderandsendingitbyspecialmessenger.7.MarianbegantypingthePreambletotheConstitutionWethepeopleoftheUnitedStates,inordertoformamoreperfectUnion,etc.8.ThedatessuggestedforthemeetingareMarch10March17andMarch21.9.TwoofourinstructorsJohnClearyandMildredDavisareonsabbatical（公休假）leavethisyear.10.MyemployersuggestedthatIfollowthissuggestionMarkallmessageswithboththedateandthetimethatthemessagewastaken.,.,45,5.WhenyouvisitedtheMuseumofModernArt,didyouseePicassospaintingThreeMusicians?（在英语主从复合句中，若从句提前，则须在从句后添加逗号分隔。）6.“Wearesorrythatyoudidnotreceiveyourorderforofficesupplies”;Mr.Shawdictated,“however,weareduplicatingtheorderandsendingitbyspecialmessenger.”（该句由于引语过长，故出于修辞的需要而把主语和谓语挪到句子的中部，人为地将整个引语部分一分为二，以避免头轻脚重。但在标点符号的处理上仍旧按照引语前后由连接副词however串接的情况加以处理，即连接副词前用分号，后接逗号。）7.MarianbegantypingthePreambletotheConstitution:“WethepeopleoftheUnitedStates,inordertoformamoreperfectUnion,”etc.（直接引语与前置名词构成的同位关系，名词后用冒号，引语用引号。）8.ThedatessuggestedforthemeetingareMarch10,March17,andMarcb21.（系列名词短语之间同逗号连接，最后一个短语前添加或不添加and连接。）9.TwoofourinstructorsJohnClearyandMildredDavisareonsabbaticalleavethisyear.（破折号用来强调同位语。）10.MyemployersuggestedthatIfollowthissuggestion:Markallmessageswithboththedateandtimethatthemessagewastaken.（冒号用在解释或逐项列举之前。）,.,46,11.ThenewsecretarycantspellshetypedWearenothigheringanynewworkersatthistime.12.Thecartoninwhichthetoasterwasshippedcontainedthesedirections1besurethatallpackingisremovedfromtheappliance2plugintheappliancetotestitand3returnthewarrantycardtothemanufacturer13.DidtheinstructorsayReadallofMobyDickbynextMonday?14.IthoughtheaskedCanallofthemembersoftheclassfinishreading,MobyDickbynextMonday.15.ThereweretwoflightsthatDancouldtakeoneleftat215andoneat415.,.,47,11.Thenewsecretarycantspell;shetyped,“Wearenothigheringanynewworkersatthistime.”（直接引语与谓语动词之间用逗号分隔，引语部分用引号。注意句号在引号内。）12.Thecartoninwhichthetoasterwasshippedcontainedthesedirections:(1)besurethatallpackingisremovedfromtheappliance,(2)plugintheappliancetotestit,and(3)returnthewarrantycardtothemanufacturer.（表示例举或信息补充的插入语前后用逗号或破折号分隔；系列名词短语之间同逗号连接，最后一个短语前添加或不添加and连接。）13.Didtheinstructorsay,“ReadallofMobyDickbynextMonday”?（直接引语与谓语动词之间用逗号分隔，引语部分用引号。注意问号在引号外。）14.Ithoughtheasked,“CanallofthemembersoftheclassfinishreadingMobyDickbynextMonday?（直接引语与谓语动词之间用逗号分隔，引语部分用引号。注意问号在引号内。）15.ThereweretwoflightsthatDancouldtakeoneleftat2:15andoneat4:15.（破折号用来明确修饰关系。）,.,48,ChapterTwoUsingProperWords,I.TypesofWords(P.17)WordsofstandardEnglish,usedbyeducatedpeople:1.Formal(/learned/literary/big)words:informalwriting,e.g.scholarlyortheoreticalworks;politicalandlegaldocuments;formallecturesandaddresses;threeormoresyllables;ofGreekorLatinorigin;seldomusedindailyconversation.2.Commonwords:wordspeopleuseeveryday,inandgoodforallkindsofwriting.3.Colloquialwords:mainlyusedininformalorfamiliarconversations;short;oneortwosyllables;ofSaxonorigin(i.e.,notborrowedfromGreek,Latin,orFrench).,.,49,II.ChoiceofWords1.denotativemeaning/denotation:whatitliterallymeans,asdefinedbythedictionary.2.connotativemeaning/connotation:thefeelingorideaitsuggests.Almostallwordscanhaveseveralmeanings,orlayersofmeanings,dependingontheircontext(whoisusingthemandwhyandwheretheyarebeingused).E.g.WetPainting!/Shehiredawetnurse./Herboyfriendisreallywet.Forsuchaletterofcredit,thisBankwillconfirm,acceptorhonoritinduecourse.,.,50,Wordsthatsharethesamegeneralmeaningbuthaveslightlydifferentmeaningsarecalledsynonyms.E.g.Misfortune-disasterConsider/deem/regard/account/reckon:Theseverbsrefertoholdingopinionsorviewsthatarebasedonevaluation.1.Considersuggestsobjectivereflectionandreasoning:Sheisconsideredanintelligentwoman.她被认为是一个聪明的女人。Heconsiderssuccessoflittleimportance.他认为成功并不重要。2.Deemismoresubjectivethroughitsemphasisonjudgmentasdistinguishedfromcontemplation:Thefacultydeemstheessaytobebyfarthebestonesubmitted.教师们认为这篇文章在已经交来的当中显然是最好的。,.,51,3.Regardoftenimpliesapersonalattitude:Iregardyourapologyastheendofthematter.既然你已道歉，我看这件事就算了结。4.Accountandreckoninthissenseareratherliteraryinflavorandimplycalculatedjudgment:“Iaccountnomantobeaphilosopherwhoattemptstodomore”(JohnHenryNewman).“对于不满足于仅仅当一名哲学家的人，我从不把他视为一名哲学家”（约翰亨利纽曼）。“Icannotreckonyouasanadmirer”(NathanielHawthorne).“我不能把你算作一名仰慕者”（纳撒尼尔霍桑）,.,52,Dictionarygivesawordsdenotation-theobjective,literaldefinitionsofthewordattheparticulartimethedictionarywaswritten.Connotationsconveythefeelingspeopleassociatewithaword.Forexample,Mostpeopleassociateadisasterwithimagesofalife-threateningproblemoraccident,whereasamisfortuneimpliesastrokeofbadluckorasmallproblem.,.,53,1.Thegroupofindignant（愤慨的）peopleoutsidethebuildingweresoassertive（过分自信的）andpersistentthatthepoliceofficersbecamealarmed.2.Themobofangrypeopleoutsidethebuildingweresoaggressiveandstubbornthatthecopspanicked.Wordswithstrongemotionalconnotations-likemob,angry,andstubborn-areloadedwords-wordsandphrasesarethosewhichhavestrongemotionalovertonesorconnotations,andwhichevokestronglypositiveornegativereactionsbeyondtheirliteralmeaning.Forexample,taxrelief,reductionbutimpliesthatthetaxisanunreasonableburden.,.,54,Loadedwordsandphrasesalwaysoccurinpairs,withnegativeandpositiveemotionalconnotations,respectively.“bureaucrat”versus“publicservant”；“anti-life（赞成堕胎的）versus”pro-choice“（主张人工流产为合法的）；“regime”versus“government”；andelitistversusexpert.,.,55,Wordsaredifferentinmanyaspects:a.instylisticlevel(formal,common,colloquial,etc.);ask/question/hedegreeofemphasis;large/huge.c.inemotionalcoloring;small,oneorshade;modest/humble;woman/lady.Countryemphasizestheterritory.Nationemphasizesthepeople.Stateemphasizespoliticalorganization.Landisoftenusedtoconnotecertainfeeling.e.incollocation;strongcoffee,NOTpowerfulcoffee;heavydrinker,Notmuchdrinker;watchTV,NotseeTV.F.positiveornegative;group-gang-mob;slim/slender/skinny;economical/greedy;inexpensive/cheap,.,56,III.GeneralandSpecificWordsPerson:teacher,student,engineer,farmer,mother,father.Furniture:desk,chair,bookshelf,chestofdrawers(/dra:/)，sideboard.Lookat:gaze,stare,watch,peep（偷看）,glance.Say:shout,chat,whisper,murmur.Sad:unhappy,depressed（沮丧的）,worried（烦恼的）,despaired（绝望的）.,.,57,OnChoosingWords(P.19),1.Usewordswithappropriateconnotationse.g.Themodelwasskinnyandfashionable.(slender)Theconnotationofthewordskinnywastoonegative.2.Usespecificandconcretewordse.g.moveandgo-generalWalk（行走）；track（追踪）；pursue（追赶，追求）；swagger（趾高气扬地走）；march（行军）-specific,.,58,Aconcretewordnamessomethingyoucansee,touch,taste,smell,orhear.e.g.fingernail,strawberry,smoke,whisper,orscream.Anabstractwordnamesafeeling(love),astateofbeing(misery),anidea(democracy),atheory(evolution),afieldofstudy(biology),oraclassofthingstoobroadtobevisualized(creature,plant,organism).Specific,concretenounsexpressmeaningmorevividlythangeneralorabstractones,althoughgeneralandabstractlanguageissometimesnecessarytoconveyorsumupyourmeaning.,.,59,Comparethefollowingtwoexamples:e.g.Thepartywasfun.Therewaslotsofexcitement.Everythingwasgreat.Ihadawonderfultime.Excitementistoogeneralhere,becausewecannotcatchwhatyouveseen,heardorplayed,etc.E.g.Thesenatorspokeaboutthechallengeofthefuture:problemsconcerningtheenvironmentandworldpeace-problemsoffamine,（饥荒）pollution,dwindling（缩小的）resourcesandarmscontrol.Challengeproblemsfamine,pollution.Generaltospecific,.,60,IV.FiguresofSpeech(Additional)1.Simile:Itisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommon.Tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as.as,so.asandlikeareused.2.Metaphor:Likeasimile,ametaphoralsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisoninimpliedratherstated/expressed.Jimwasascunningasafox.(simile)Theworldislikeastage.(simile)Jimwasafox.(metaphor)Theworldisastage.(metaphor),.,61,l)Anthropomorphicmetaphors(拟人暗喻)-connectedwithhumanbody.e.g.theeyeofneedletheeye(center)ofaflowertheteethofacombtheheadofahammerthelegsofatablethehandofaclockThebedofflower汉语中的“康乐中心”，“河口”，“芽眼”，“墙面”，“把手”等。,.,62,2)Animalmetaphors-connectedwithanimals.e.g.Heisanass(驴).(stupid,foolish)Heisamonkey