PPT外国新闻史课程第16讲 全球化

第16讲全球化与20世纪末期的世界信息传播业,外国新闻传播史,主要内容,信息化世界传播、文化与内容产业全球化,一、信息化与信息社会,第五次信息技术革命1946国际互联网的诞生信息社会,Theoriesofthe“InformationSociety”,IntroductiontoDigitalCommunicationsandCulturalTheoryLecture5TomHeslop,Mainschoolsofthought,Preston(“ReshapingCommunications”):“ThirdWave”orTransformativeInformationProduction:SectorandsocietyInformationConsumption:PostmodernPostFordistHolistic,“ThirdWave”theories,Highlyinfluentialtechnology-centeredpositstechnologicalchangeasapowerful,autonomousforceforsocialandeconomicchangeMainproponents:AlvinToffler,NicholasNegroponte,KevinKelly,BillGates,TheThirdWave“Era”,ClaimsthattheimplicationofICTassignificantastheagriculturalandindustrialrevolutionsToffler:“thirdcivilisationalrupture”,FirstWave:AgriculturalCivilisation,Timingc8000BC-1650/1750firstturningpointinhumansocialdevelopmentdiffusedslowlyacrossplanetnowvirtuallysubsided,SecondWave:IndustrialCivilisation,Timing1650/1750-1955/1965industrialrevolution“unleashedsecondwaveofplanetarychange”Morerapiddiffusioncontinuestodiffuse,ThirdWave,Started1955/1965beginswhen“industrialisationpeaked”“whitecollar”workersoutnumber“bluecollar”workersmarkedbyintroductionofcomputers,commercialjettravel,birth-controlpilland“highimpactinnovations”begun“surgeacrosstheearth”.,ThirdWave:MainTenet,Economicandindustrialsystemundergoingfundamentalshiftfromtheproductionanddistributionofmaterialgoodstoimmaterial,informationproductsandserviceschangeglobalinscale:“boundlessfrontiers”,ThirdWave:CoreArguments1,Emergenceoffundamentallynewformsofindustrialproductionsystemsandemployment:worldindustrialsystemrestructuring:“generalcrisis”movingfrommassproductionto“de-massified”economylargescaleshifttohome-basedworkincreasedleisuretime,Emergenceof“revolutionary”newsetofegalitariansocialandpoliticalrelationshipspostcapitalistGates:“friction-freecapitalism”Kelly:“erosionanddemiseoftypicalsocialidentitiesandconflictsICTsandnetworks=decentralisationofdecision-makingShiftawayfrom“leftvs.right”,ThirdWave:CoreArguments2,ThirdWave:CoreArguments3,DecentralisedandcustomisedsystemofconsumptionNegroponte(1995):“post-informationage”endofmassmediasystemsemergenceofindividualisedmediaborderless,globalised,decentralisedworldof“bits”,CriticismsofThirdWaveideas,Threestagemodeltoosimplisticreductionist:ignoreslongtermtrendstemporalambiguitybasedonnarrowviewofsocial/politicalfailstoacknowledgeobvioussocialandeconomictrendstechnologicallydeterminist,InformationProductionTheories,Prestonidentifiestwosub-classesInformationSectorInformationSocietybothdistincttheories.,InformationSector,!940s/50s:divisionoflaborchangedriseofwhitecollarworkerseenasprofoundchangetothedistributionofsocialposition,powerandstatusNumberofstudiesdonebysocioogists:C.WrightMills:“WhiteCollar”(1956)FritzMachlup:“ProductionandDistributionofKnowledgeinTheUnitedStates(1962),Machlup:knowledgeproduction,Assertedthatknowledge/informationcentraltoallhumansocietiesHowever,roleofinformationmargialisedwithinmoderneconomicsGrowthoftechnicalknowledgeandconsequentgrowthofproductivityvitallyimportantforanalysisofeconomicgrowth,Machlup:knowledgeproduction,RecognisesimportanceofothertypesofinformationRecognisesthatinformationproductionalsoincludesitsdissemination“Sociallynewknowledge”,ProblemswithInformationSectorTheories,Definitionanddesignationofsomesectorsas“information”asopposedtoothers:wheretodrawtheline?Failstoaddressdistinctiveeconomiccharacteristicsofdifferentinformationcommoditiesandmarkets,TheInformationSociety,DanielBell:“TheComingOfthePost-IndustrialSociety:AVentureinSocialForecasting”(1973)HighlyinfluentialKeyconcern:changingroleoftechnicaldecision-makinginsociety(specificallyWesternIndustrialSociety),Bellsschema,Modern“industrialsociety”dividedintothreeparts,eachruledbyadifferentaxialprinciple:economic/technical:thesocialstructureaxialprinciple:economisingdistributionofpower:thepolityaxialprinciple:participationexpressivesymblismandmeanings:thecultureaxialprinciple:fulfilment/enhancementofself,ModelofemergingInformationSociety,Changefromgoods-producingtoservicesocietyTechnicalknowledgecentraltoinnovationintechnologyandpolityformationcreationofanew“intellectualtechnology”strengthedroleofscienceandcognitivevalues,ModelofemergingInformationSociety,ScientificandeconomicexpertsmoredirectlyinvolvedinpoliticalprocessdeepeningofexistingtendenciestobureaucratisingofintellectualworkcreatestrainsfortraditiondefinitionsofintellectualpursuitsPromotes“meritocracy”creation/expansionoftechnicalintellegensia,CritiquesofBell,TechnocraticfocussesonselectiveaspectsoforganisationandforcesofproductionneglectthepossibilityofextendedindustrialisationandcommodificationofknowledgefunctionsandservicesHOWEVERtheoryhasledtosurgeofpolicyinitiativesinthe1ast10years,InformationSocietyPolicy,Theoryadaptedbyindustrialandpolicyelitesinitiativesmoreconcernedwithtechnologyandinfrastructurenotconcernedwithinformationandsocialissues,rathertechnicalbenefits/“competitiveness”markedbycombinationof“revolutionary”potentialofICTswithconservative“market”values,Postmodernism,DealswithissuesofconsumptiontheHOW(todescribe,represent)aswellastheWHAT(keycontentorfacts)Oftenmobilisedtosupport“ThirdWave”i.eKelly,Jean-FrancoisLyotard1,“ThePostmodernCondition:AReportOnKnowledge”(1984)addressesmanyofthesameconcernsasBellPostmodernismculturalcorrelateofPost-industrialsocietyScientificknowledgetreatedas“discourse”,Jean-FrancoisLyotard2,Definesmodernas“anysciencethatlegitimatesitselfwithreferencetoametadiscourse”“Grand-narrative”subordinatesandorganiseslocal/micronarrativesPostmodern:incredulitytowardsmeta-narratives,introducesnew“games”evaluatedbyeffectsratherthanconformitytooverarchingdiscourse,Jean-FrancoisLyotard3,Postmodernscience/knowledgecharaterisedbyincompleteinformation,littlenarratives,difference,focusonproducingtheunknownComputerisationmaybring“perfectinformation”,mayencourageunorthodoxthinking.,JurgenHabermas:Modernityasincompleteproject,Habermasworkstressesthesocialcharacterofcommunicationprocessesprocessesofculturalrepresentationandsocialintegrationareinextricablylinkedcommunicativlystructured“life-world”communicativeaction,Habermas:publicserviceethos,Bourgeoispublicspherecentralelementinshiftstowardmoredemocraticmodernityinvolvedhistoricallynewprincipleofpublicdebateerodedbymarketingrequirementsofcapitalismandformationofpublicopinionexplainsthepublicserviceethos,Post-Fordisms,More“holistic”thanothertheoriesArguesthatshot-runbusinesscyclesoverlaidbylongercycleRapidgrowthfollowedby“downswing”phasePeriodicclusteringofinterrelatednewtechnologicaldevelopments.,二、世界传播、文化与内容产业,融合与转型分散法则,Convergence:Print,BroadcastTheLeagueofNations;TheUnitedNations,OutlineoftheTalk:,GlobalClassFormationThetransnationalcapitalistclassinthe19thandthe20thcenturiesTransnationalizationofworkersandcitizensTheGlobalizationProjectandtheformationofcapitalisttransnationalstateReconfigurationofnationalstatesandinternationalinstitutionsforthepurposesofneoliberalismGlobalKeynesianism:theTobinTax,etc.theWorldEconomicForumGlobalizationfrombelow:theWorldSocialForumWavesofGlobalizationandGlobalizationBacklashGlobalizationfromBelowvs.Anti-globalizationAnti-SystemicTransnationalMovements:TheLaborMovement;TheWomensMovement;GlobalIndigenism;TheEnvironmentalMovementSemiperipheralDemocraticSocialistRegimesStickyWickets:HegemonicRivalry,GlobalInequality,EcocatastropheTowardGlobalDemocracy,RiseandFalloflargepowerfulpolitieswithintermittentupsweeps,IterativeCausesofCityandStateGrowth,StateandMarketFormation,SemiperipheralDevelopment,SemiperipheralRegionsareMostOftentheSitesofInnovationsinNewInstitutionsandTechnologiesthatleadtoUpwardMobilityand/orTransformtheLogicofSocialChangeTypesofSemiperipheralSocieties:SemiperipheralMarcherChiefdoms:PatrickKirchSemiperipheralMarcherStatesSemperipheralCapitalistCityStatesSemiperipheralWorldRegions:EuropeModernHegemons:Dutch,British,U.S.,RiseoftheCentralSystem,4000BCE,2000CE,Time,West,East,CentralPGN,CentralPMN,EastAsianPGN,MongolEmpire,EastAsianPMN,East/WestPulsationsandMerger,Resistance,WorldRevolutionsandtheHistoricalDevelopmentofWorldOrders,WavesofColonizationandDecolonizationsincethe16thcentury,DavidP.Henige,ColonialGovernors,Core-WideEmpirevs.ModernHegemony,USHegemonicDecline,Globalization(twokinds),TheGlobalizationProject(marketmagicaspoliticalideology)StructuralGlobalization(economicandpoliticaltranscontinentalintegration)WavesofStructuralGlobalization:NineteenthCenturyTwentiethCentury,TradeGlobalizationSince1830,GlobalClassFormation,TransnationalizationofClassesTheGlobalCapitalistClassTransnationalizationofworkersandpeasantsTransnationalSocialMovements,BigCapitalistsandPoliticalElites,ProfessionalsandManagers,WorkersandPeasants,TransnationalSegment,TransnationalSegment,TransnationalSegment,WorldClasses,GlobalClassFormation,WorldRegimesandWorldRevolutions,WorldRegimesarehegemonicnormative,legalandeconomicinstitutionsthataretheoutcomeoflocalandglobalstruggles(geoculture)TheWorldRevolutionsofthe19t