法律英语翻译

TranslationofLegalMaterials,TeachingContents:TranslationoflegalmaterialsTeachingAims:ToknowmoreaboutlegalmaterialsandthecorrespondingtranslationskillsTeachingFocus:FeaturesoflegalmaterialsRequirementsontranslatinglegalmaterialsTranslationmethodsTeachingMethods:Student-centered(groupwork,thenclasswork).,TeachingPlan,Featuresoflegalmaterials,广义而言，法律文体通常包括宪法、法律、行政法规、条令、条例、条约、合同书、协议书、契约、遗嘱、文凭、各类证书、规程等。这些内容都以法律文书的形式固定下来，即以文字的形式固定下来。这类专用于法律文书的语言，具有一定的特点，所以称为法律语言。法律语言具有权威性，它排斥多义与歧义。一些日常生活中使用的普通用语在法律文体中有了更为明确的概念含义。,Infant：,在法律上是指21岁或18岁以下的人,Demise：,在日常英语中有许多意思，如死亡、终止、失败、职位的丧失等,在法律上，它专指财产的转让，或称让渡，或遗赠，如指死亡亦是专指引起财产或权力转让的死亡,每一个法律术语只能表达一个特定的法律概念。法律术语的词义必须单一而固定。任何人在任何情况下必须对其有同一的解释。不仅法律专门术语要求词义单一，由民族共同语转化而来的法律词汇也必须表达单一的法律概念。有些民族共同语属于多义词，但是其中一个义项在法律语境中有特定的法律含义，这种法律词汇也被称为人工法律术语。例如“assignment”在法律语境下表示“权利或财产的转让”，而不表示在日常用语中的“任务”的含义，“deed”不是日常所说的“行为”而是指法律中的“契约”。,Featuresoflegalmaterials,日常用语词汇,MakeWant,needSubject,topic,matterHomeLiveImagine,pictureBeginWishWork,RenderRequireQuestionResidenceResideVisualizeCommenceDesireFunction,日常用语词汇,Featuresoflegalmaterials,VocabularySyntaxStructure,遣词造句准确明了，不含混晦涩；还有一些词是专门的法律术语；用词庄重，多用大词,严谨、规范、紧凑、连贯性强、不松散,文章有其自身的程式，不求标新立异，各国法律文件的格式统一，行文笔调一致，篇章结构有统一要求，尤其是同类文本的开头结尾部分几乎是一致的,日常用语词汇法律文体词汇placelocalitytellacquaintreferadvertworkfunction(v.)byitselfinisolationconsiderationfactorshowevincegivedenotethinkconsiderbegincommence,Featuresoflegalmaterials,为了加强法律文体的庄重性与严肃性，在英语中还将平时极少见的古词语使用其中，一般这些词语多为副词，而且多以复合型副词为主。例如：以here开头的词有：hereupon于是hereunder下文hereto至此hereof在本文中herewith与此一道herein于此hereafter今后hereat由此以there开头的词有：thereupon在其上thereunder在其下thereto此外thereof由此therewith随即therein在那里,Featuresoflegalmaterials,为了加强法律文体的庄重性与严肃性，在英语中还将平时极少见的古词语使用其中，一般这些词语多为副词，而且多以复合型副词为主。例如：此外还有一些以where开头的关系副词型的复合词，如：whereupon据此whereby藉以wherefore为此wherewith用以wherein在那种情况下whereof关于那人（事，物）这些词用来确指法律文本中的某一方或合同双方，使行文准确，从而提高法律文书的正式性。,Rulesintranslatinglegalmaterials,语言明确，条理清晰，行文严谨，符合规范格式。,法律文书的语言是强调指称功能的，即强调其外延性意义。由于英汉两种语言的结构方式和表达方式上的差别，在翻译时既要注意保持原意又不使译文过分艰涩难懂，让译文明确，又合乎法律文本的规范，严谨而不死板。,在句法方面，法律文体长句多，几十个字、上百个字的长句司空见惯。为了使话语严谨，使用各种附加语、修饰语、说明语，以至句法成分前后编插、枝杈横生，句子结构膨胀，语法关系复杂化，又是读起来不畅。行文中少用代词，宁可重复名词。由于法律文件主要是下命令及做出规定，因此法律文件的谓语动词结构比较简单，最常见的是“应该”，“可以”,“必须”,一般采用英文中与之对应的，也是英文法律英语常用的谓语动词结构“should/shall/may+do/havedone/bedone”,对代词严格限制法律英语中，指人或物的词往往重复，而不使用代词，以避免代词指代不明而引起不同的理解与解释。TheAuthorshouldbearthecostofanynecessaryfeesfortextualandillustrativepermissionsbutthePublishersagreetopaysuchfeesontheAuthorsbehalfuptoanagreedmaximumamountandmaydeductthesamefrommysumsthatmaybecomeduetotheAuthorunderthisAgreement.,shall的使用在法律文体中，shall具有特殊含义，表示“应当承担的责任和义务”,带有指令性和强制性，充分体现了法律文件的权威性和约束性。可以用于各种时态。Should在法律问题中，不表示法律义务，只表示一般义务或道义上的义务，一般译为应该或应当，,Examples,2.如在解释上遇在分歧，应以英文本为准。,Incaseofanydivergenceofinterpretation,theEnglishtextshallprevail.,2.如在解释上遇到分歧，应以英文本为准。,Alltheactivitiesofajointventureshallcomplywiththeprovisionsofthelaws,decreesandpertinentregulationsofthePeoplesRepublicofChina.,3.合营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国法律、法令和有关条例规定。,Examples,1.Unlessitislegallyorphysicallyimpossible,thecontractorshallexecuteandcompletetheworksandremedythedefectsthereininstrictaccordancewiththecontracttothesatisfactionoftheengineer.,除法律或外界条件不允许的情况之外，承包商应严格按合同施工和竣工，并改正工作中的任何缺陷，达到工程师满意的程度。,译一：ExportproductsmanufacturedbyforeigninvestedenterprisesintheNewArea,exceptthoseunderotherexistingregulationsbytheState,shallbeexemptedfromCustomsduty.,4.本新区内外商投资企业生产的出口产品，除国家另有规定的产品之外，免征关税。,译二：Exportsmanufacturedbyforeign-investedenterprisesintheNewAreaareduty-free,unlessotherwiseregulatedbytheState.,Examples,有失简练译意失真滥用“shall”,Existingproblems,有失简练,Existingproblems,1.出让合同中规定必须拆除的技术设备，受让人应按时拆除。,译一：Thetransfereeshalldemolishandremovesuchtechnologicalequipmentintimeasrequiredtobedemolishedandremovedbythegrantcontract.,译二：Thegranteeshalldemolishandremoveintimesuchtechnologicalequipmentassorequiredbythegrantcontract.,译意失真,Existingproblems,1.在下述情况下，ABC公司将保护买方不受损失。,译一：Subjecttotheconditionshereinaftersetforth,ABCcompanywillindemnifyandprotectthePurchaseragainstanylossesordamage.,译二：Subjecttothefollowingconditions,ABCcompanywillandprotectthePurchaseragainstanylossesordamage.,滥用“shall”,Existingproblems,“shall”canbeusedtoindicatethatsomethingistobedoneiforwhensomethingelse“shall”happeninthefuture.Indraftinglegaldocumentstheuseof“shall”inthiswayshouldbeavoided.,滥用“shall”,Existingproblems,如乙方有违反本合同的行为，,译一：IfPartyBshallcommitanymaterialbreachofthisContract,译二：IfPartyBcommitsanybreachofthiscontract,Existingproblems,自9月20日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。PartyAshallbeunauthorizedtoacceptanyorderortoacceptanyordersortocollectanyaccountafterSeptember20.,改译:PartyAshallbeunauthorizedtoacceptanyorderortoacceptanyordersortocollectanyaccountonandafterSeptember20.注：原文中所指时间应该包括9月20日这一天。但是原译忽略了这一点，改译后的译文补上一个介词on，使译文的意思与原文达到完全的一致，避免有人在这一英汉法律用语上钻时间的空子。,Exercises,1.如在解释上遇有分歧，应以英文文本为准。2.合营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国法律、法令和有关规定。3.通过协商无法解决的争议应由争议方提交缔约各方，按本公约第五十五条的规定召开会议，该会审议并提出解决争议的建议。,Incaseofanydivergenceofinterpretation,theEnglishtextshallprevail.Alltheactivitiesofajointventureshallcomplywiththeprovisionofthelaws,decreesandpertinentregulationsofthePRC.,AnydisputewhichisnotsettledbynegotiationshallbereferredbytheContractingPartiesindisputetotheContractingParties,meetinginconformitywithArticle55ofthisConvention,whichshallthereuponconsiderthedisputeandmakerecommendationsforitssettlements.,4.付款人对于背书支票的付款，应负有识别背书连续之责，但对于背书签名，不负识别真伪之责。,Thedraweewhopaysanendorsablecheckisboundtoverifytheregularityoftheseriesofendorsement,butnotthesignatureoftheendorsers.,在任一缔约国提出的保护发明的申请都可以按照本条约规定提出国际申请。,ApplicationsfortheprotectionofinventionsinanyoftheContractingStatesmaybefiledasinternationalapplicationsunderthisTreaty.,（1）任何缔约国（2）都可以适用本国法，（3）要求（4）集体商标或证明商标的（5）所有人（6）向其国家主管机关提出(7)一些证明或其他证明，(8)特别要包括(9)持有这种商标的协会或其他团体的章程(10)和有关监督这种商标的使用的规则。,(1)AnyContractingState(2)mayapplyitsnationallaw(3)requiring(4)thatwherethemarkisacollectivemarkoracertificatemark(5)theownerthereof（6）mustadduce(举出证据/理由等)beforeitsnationalOffice(7)certainsupportingdocumentsandotherevidence,(8)includinginparticular(9)thebylaws(社团规章制度)oftheassociationorotherentityowningsuchmark(10)andtherulesconcerningthecontrolexercisesovertheuseofsuchmark.,如果合同被宣告无效，而在宣告无效后一段合理时间内，买方已以合理的方式购买替代物，或者卖方已以合理方式把货物转卖，则要求损害赔偿的一方可以取得合同价格和替代货物交易价格之间的差额以及按照第七十四条规定可以取得的任何其他损害赔偿。,Ifthecontractisvoidedandif,inareasonablemannerandwithinareasonabletimeaftervoidance,thebuyerhasboughtgoodsinreplacementorthesellerhasresoldthegoods,thepartyclaimingdamagesmayrecoverthedifferencebetweenthecontractpriceandthepriceinthesubstitutetransactionaswellasanyfurtherdamagesrecoverableunderarticle74.,合同编号签订日期:_签订地点:_买方：地址：电话:_传真:电子邮箱:卖方：地址：电话:_传真:电子邮箱:,ContractNo:_Date:_Signedat:_TheBuyer:Address:Tel:_Fax:E-mail:TheSeller:Address:Tel:_Fax:E-mail:,买卖双方同意按照下列条款签订本合同：1.货物名称、规格和质量：2.数量：允许的溢短装3.单价：4.总值：5.交货条件FOB/CFR/CIF6.原产地国与制造商:7.包装及标准：货物应具有防潮、防锈蚀、防震并适合于远洋运输的包装，由于货物包装不良而造成的货物残损、灭失应由卖方负责。卖方应在每个包装箱上用不褪色的颜色标明尺码、包装箱号码、毛重、净重及“此端向上”、“防潮”、“小心轻放”等标记。,TheSellerandtheBuyeragreetoconcludethisContractsubjecttothetermsandconditionsstatedbelow:1.Name,SpecificationsandQualityofCommodity：2.Quantity：%moreorlessallowed3.UnitPrice：4.TotalAmount：5.TermsofDeliveryFOB/CFR/CIF6.CountryofOriginandManufacturers:7.Packing：Thepackingofthegoodsshallbepreventivefromdampness,rust,moisture,erosionandshock,andshallbesuitableforoceantransportation/multipletransportation.TheSellershallbeliableforanydamageandlossofthegoodsattributabletotheinadequateorimproperpacking.Themeasurement,grossweight,netweightandthecautionssuchasDonotstackupsidedown,Keepawayfrommoisture,Handlewithcareshallbestenciledonthesurfaceofeachpackagewithfadelesspigment.,8.唛头：9.装运期限：10.装运口岸：11.目的口岸：12.保险：由按发票金额110%投保险和附加险。13.付款条件：(1)信用证方式：买方应在装运期前/合同生效后日，开出以卖方为受益人的不可撤销的议付信用证，信用证在装船完毕后日内到期。(2)付款交单：货物发运后，卖方出具以买方为付款人的付款跟单汇票，按即期付款交单（D/P）方式，通过卖方银行及银行向买方转交单证，换取货物。(3)承兑交单：货物发运后，卖方出具以买方为付款人的付款跟单汇票，付款期限为后日，按即期承兑交单(D/A日)方式，通过卖方银行及银行，经买方承兑后，向买方转交单证，买方在汇票期限到期时支付货款。(4)货到付款：买方在收到货物后天内将全部货款支付卖方（不适用于FOB、CRF、CIF术语）。,8.ShippingMarks：9.TimeofShipment：10.PortofLoading：11.PortofDestination：12.Insurance：Insuranceshallbecoveredbythe_for110%oftheinvoicevalueagainst_Risksand_AdditionalRisks.13.TermsofPayment：(1)LetterofCredit:TheBuyershall,_dayspriortothetimeofshipment/afterthisContractcomesintoeffect,openanirrevocableLetterofCreditinfavoroftheSeller.TheLetterofCreditshallexpire_daysafterthecompletionofloadingoftheshipmentasstipulated.,(2)Documentsagainstpayment:Aftershipment,theSellershalldrawasightbillofexchangeontheBuyeranddeliverthedocumentsthroughSellersbankand_BanktotheBuyeragainstpayment,i.eD/P.TheBuyershalleffectthepaymentimmediatelyuponthefirstpresentationofthebill(s)ofexchange.(3)DocumentsagainstAcceptance:Aftershipment,theSellershalldrawasightbillofexchange,payable_daysaftertheBuyersdeliversthedocumentthroughSellersbankand_BanktotheBuyeragainstacceptance(D/A_days).TheBuyershallmakethepaymentondateofthebillofexchange.(4)Cashondelivery(COD):TheBuyershallpaytotheSellertotalamountwithin_daysafterthereceiptofthegoods(ThisclauseisnotappliedtotheTermsofFOB,CFR,CIF).,14.单据：卖方应将下列单据提交银行议付/托收：(1)标明通知收货人/受货代理人的全套清洁的、已装船的、空白抬头、空白背书并注明运费已付/到付的海运/联运/陆运提单。(2)标有合同编号、信用证号（信用证支付条件下）及装运唛头的商业发票一式份；(3)由出具的装箱或重量单一式份；(4)由出具的质量证明书一式份；(5)由出具的数量证明书一式份；(6)保险单正本一式份(CIF交货条件)；(7)签发的产地证一式份；,14.DocumentsRequired：TheSellershallpresentthefollowingdocumentsrequiredtothebankfornegotiation/collection:(1)FullsetofcleanonboardOcean/CombinedTransportation/LandBillsofLadingandblankendorsedmarkedfreightprepaid/tocollect;(2)Signedcommercialinvoicein_copiesindicatingContractNo.,L/CNo.(TermsofL/C)andshippingmarks;(3)Packinglist/weightmemoin_copiesissuedby；(4)CertificateofQualityin_copiesissuedby；(5)CertificateofQuantityin_copiesissuedby；(6)Insurancepolicy/certificatein_copies(TermsofCIF)；(7)CertificateofOriginin_copiesissuedby；(8)TheSellershall,within_hoursaftershipmenteffected,sendbycouriereachcopyoftheabove-mentioneddocumentsNo.,装运通知:卖方应在交运后_小时内以特快专递方式邮寄给买方上述第项单据副本一式一套。15.装运条款：(1)FOB交货方式卖方应在合同规定的装运日期前30天，以方式通知买方合同号、品名、数量、金额、包装件、毛重、尺码及装运港可装日期，以便买方安排租船/订舱。装运船只按期到达装运港后，如卖方不能按时装船，发生的空船费或滞期费由卖方负担。在货物越过船弦并脱离吊钩以前一切费用和风险由卖方负担。(2)CIF或CFR交货方式卖方须按时在装运期限内将货物由装运港装船至目的港。在CFR术语下，卖方应在装船前2天以方式通知买方合同号、品名、发票价值及开船日期，以便买方安排保险。,15.TermsofShipment：(1)FOBTheSellershall,30daysbeforetheshipmentdatespecifiedintheContract,advisetheBuyerby_oftheContractNo.,commodity,quantity,amount,packages,grossweight,measurement,andthedateofshipmentinorderthattheBuyercancharteravessel/bookshippingspace.IntheeventoftheSellersfailuretoeffectloadingwhenthevesselarrivesdulyattheloadingport,allexpensesincludingdeadfreightand/ordemurragechargesthusincurredshallbefortheSellersaccount.,(2)CIF、CFRTheSellershallshipthegoodsdulywithintheshippingdurationfromtheportofloadingtotheportofdestination.UnderCFRterms,theSellershalladvisetheBuyerby_oftheContractNo.,commodity,invoicevalueandthedateofdispatchtwodaysbeforetheshipmentfortheBuyertoarrangeinsuranceintime.,16.装运通知：一俟装载完毕，卖方应在小时内以方式通知买方合同编号、品名、已发运数量、发票总金额、毛重、船名/车/机号及启程日期等。17.质量保证：货物品质规格必须符合本合同及质量保证书之规定，品质保证期为货到目的港个月内。在保证期限内，因制造厂商在设计制造过程中的缺陷造成的货物损害应由卖方负责赔偿。,16.ShippingAdvice：TheSellershall,immediatelyuponthecompletionoftheloadingofthegoods,advisetheBuyeroftheContractNo.,namesofcommodity,loadingquantity,invoicevalues,grossweight,nameofvesselandshipmentdateby_within_hours.17.QualityGuarantee：TheSellershallguaranteethatthecommoditymustbeinconformitywiththequatity,specificationsandquantityspecifiedinthisContractandLetterofQualityGuarantee.Theguaranteeperiodshallbe_monthsafterthearrivalofthegoodsattheportofdestination,andduringtheperiodtheSellershallberesponsibleforthedamageduetothedefectsindesigningandmanufacturingofthemanufacturer.,18.检验（以下两项任选一项）：（1）卖方须在装运前日委托检验机构对本合同之货物进行检验并出具检验证书，货到目的港后，由买方委托检验机构进行检验。(2)发货前，制造厂应对货物的质量、规格、性能和数量/重量作精密全面的检验，出具检验证明书，并说明检验的技术数据和结论。货到目的港后，买方将申请中国商品检验局(以下简称商检局)对货物的规格和数量/重量进行检验，如发现货物残损或规格、数量与合同规定不符，除保险公司或轮船公司的责任外，买方得在货物到达目的港后日内凭商检局出具的检验证书向卖方索赔或拒收该货。在保证期内，如货物由于设计或制造上的缺陷而发生损坏或品质和性能与合同规定不符时，买方将委托中国商检局进行检验。,18.Inspection：（1）TheSellershallhavethegoodsinspectedby_daysbeforetheshipmentandhavetheInspectionCertificateissuedby_.TheBuyermayhavethegoodsreinspectedby_afterthegoods诰rrivalatthedestination.(2)Themanufacturersshall,beforedelivery,makeapreciseandcomprehensiveinspectionofthegoodswithregardtoitsquality,specifications,performanceandquantity/weight,andissueinspectioncertificatescertifyingthetechnicaldataandconclusionoftheinspection.Afterarrivalofthegoodsattheportofdestination,theBuyershallapplytoChinaCommodityInspectionBureau(hereinafterreferredtoasCCIB)forafurtherinspectionastothespecificationsandquantity/weightofthegoods.,Ifdamagesofthegoodsarefound,orthespecificationsand/orquantityarenotinconformitywiththestipulationsinthisContract,exceptwhentheresponsibilitieslieswithInsuranceCompanyorShippingCompany,theBuyershall,within_daysafterarrivalofthegoodsattheportofdestination,claimagainsttheSeller,orrejectthegoodsaccordingtotheinspectioncertificateissuedbyCCIB.Incaseofdamageofthegoodsincurredduetothedesignormanufacturedefectsand/orincasethequalityandperformancearenotinconformitywiththeContract,theBuyershall,duringtheguaranteeperiod,requestCCIBtomakeasurvey.,19.索赔：买方凭其委托的检验机构出具的检验证明书向卖方提出索赔（包括换货），由此引起的全部费用应由卖方负担。若卖方收到上述索赔后_天未予答复，则认为卖方已接受买方索赔。20.迟交货与罚款:除合同第21条不可抗力原因外，如卖方不能按合同规定的时间交货，买方应同意在卖方支付罚款的条件下延期交货。罚款可由议付银行在议付货款时扣除，罚款率按每天收%，不足天时以天计算。但罚款不得超过迟交货物总价的_%。如卖方延期交货超过合同规定天时，买方有权撤销合同，此时，卖方仍应不迟延地按上述规定向买方支付罚款。买方有权对因此遭受的其它损失向卖方提出索赔。,19.Claim：ThebuyershallmakeaclaimagainsttheSeller(includingreplacementofthegoods)bythefurtherinspectioncertificateandalltheexpensesincurredtherefromshallbebornebytheSeller.TheclaimsmentionedaboveshallberegardedasbeingacceptediftheSellerfailtoreplywithin_daysaftertheSellerreceivedtheBuyersclaim.,20.LatedeliveryandPenalty:ShouldtheSellerfailtomakedeliveryontimeasstipulatedintheContract,withtheexceptionofForceMajeurecausesspecifiedinClause21ofthisContract,theBuyershallagreetopostponethedeliveryontheconditionthattheSelleragreetopayapenaltywhichshallbedeductedbythepayingbankfromthepaymentundernegotiation.Therateofpenaltyischargedat_%forevery_days,odddayslessthan_daysshouldbecountedas_days.Butthepenalty,however,shallnotexceed_%ofthetotalvalueofthegoodsinvolvedinthedelayeddelivery.IncasetheSellerfailtomakedelivery_dayslaterthanthetimeofshipmentstipulatedintheContract,theBuyershallhavetherighttocanceltheContractandtheSeller,inspiteofthecancellation,shallneverthelesspaytheaforesaidpenaltytotheBuyerwithoutdelay.ThebuyershallhavetherighttolodgeaclaimagainsttheSellerforthelossessustainedifany.,21.不可抗力：凡在制造或装船运输过程中，因不可抗力致使卖方不能或推迟交货时，卖方不负责任。在发生上述情况时，卖方应立即通知买方，并在天内，给买方特快专递一份由当地民间商会签发的事故证明书。在此情况下，卖方仍有责任采取一切必要措施加快交货。如事故延续天以上，买方有权撤销合同。22.争议的解决:凡因本合同引起的或与本合同有关的任何争议应协商解决。若协商不成，应提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会深圳分会，按照申请仲裁时该会现行有效的仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局的，对双方均有约束力。,21.ForceMajeur：TheSellershallnotberesponsibleforthedelayofshipmentornon-deliveryofthegoodsduetoForceMajeure,whichmightoccurduringtheprocessofmanufacturingorinthecourseofloadingortransit.TheSellershalladvisetheBuyerimmediatelyoftheoccurrencementionedaboveandwithin_daysthereaftertheSellershall