第11讲 20世纪中后期的电视业

第11讲20世纪中后期的电视业,外国新闻传播史,美国媒介理论家保罗列文森（PaulLevinson）说：大众传播科技进步的总趋向是，媒介纪录越来越保真，越来越接近生活实际。从电报到电话，无声电影到有声电影，黑白电视到彩色电视，使媒介越来越不像一个媒介，而更像生活真实。拟态环境,美国社会人类学家欧文戈夫曼（ErvingGoffman）提出过一个“共同在场”的概念。依据他的主张，共同在场就是以身体的空间性为基础，行为人在明确定位的情境下与他人进行的日常接触。空间感的失落,一、电视技术的突破,1817，硒1864，电磁1884，机械1900，Television19071910，电子管、真空管、摄像机,英美日法德的电视技术进展,1925，英国贝尔德1936，BBC电视台19281935，美、日、法、德,Earlytelevision:Settingthegroundrules,BasicshapeoftelevisionsetlongbeforeTVexistedasaviableindustryFollowedoligopolistic,commercialbroadcastingmodelofradioAstelevisiondeveloped,theFCCsregulationinthe“publicinterest”wasextendedfromradiotoTV.FCC(FederalCommunicationsCommission)，即美国联邦通信委员会。FCC于1934年建立的美国政府的一个独立机构。FCC通过控制无线电广播、电视、电信、卫星和电缆来协调国内和国际的通信。许多无线电应用产品、通讯产品和数字产品要进入美国市场，都要求FCC的认可FCC认证。FCC委员会调查和研究产品安全性的各个阶段以找出解决问题的最好方法，同时FCC也包括无线电装置、航空器的检测等等。Inthissystem,industryandgovernmentexpertsdecidewhatisbestforthepublicaccordingtotechnological,professional,andcommercialcriteria.,Earlytelevision:Settingthegroundrules,1920sand30s:largestradiobroadcastingcorporations(RCA,NBC,andCBS)useprofitsfromradiotogaincontroloftelevisionpatents1930sand40s:CorporationsworkwithFCCtodeveloptelevisionasacommercially-viable,networkedadvertisingandentertainmentserviceWWII:Licensingsuspended,allowingmajorcorporationsto“catchup”technologicallyandsetstandardsPost-WWII:Explosivegrowth,ConciseHistoryofBroadcastingEarlyTVimages,ConciseHistoryofBroadcastingPhiloT.FarnsworthVladimirK.Zworykin,爱德华伯兰,二、世界电视事业的初步发展,恢复1945，苏联1946，英国1950，法国1952，德国、意大利,开办,1951，日本1955，民主德国1956，澳大利亚、阿尔及利亚,膨胀,美国二战期间没有中断，6座1948，47座,ConciseHistoryofBroadcasting,Televisionbecomesamassmedium(1948-)NetworksshiftattentionfromradiototelevisionHollywoodreactsnegativelyMiltonBerle,SidCaesarbecomeearlystars,1946:5,000sets1948:1,000,000sets52stationsin29cities1950:10,000,000sets1952:15,000,000sets1/3ofpopulation70%ofadvertisingrevenue1960:36,000,000setsmostofpopulation;the“televisionnation”1990s:98%ofUShomeshaveTV,Thepost-WWIIgrowthofnetworktelevision,ConciseHistoryofBroadcasting,Televisionbecomesamassmedium(1948-)Licensingfreezelifted(1952)DumontNetworkfolds(1955),三、战后新出现的电视样式,Colortelevision(1960s)CableTelevision(1970s)Satellites(1980s),彩电制式,1954，NBC主持制订NTSC制式1956，法国SECAM1963，德国PAL,有线电视,40年代末50年代初1980，CNN,卫星电视,1945，克拉克1962，美国电星一号1963，辛康姆一号1964，国际通讯卫星组织成立,Thetelevisionsociety,AudiovisualubiquityandsaturationViewingasamajorlifeinvestmentSocialintegrationandseparationCentralityofformulaicnarrativeDominanceofcommercialismVicarious,specularpleasure,四、世界主要的电视大国,美国电视事业电视体制：商业化机构：fcc三大新闻网公共电视,美国电视节目的历史,BriefTimelineSignificanceoftheVTRFromVTRtoDigitalFileServerOperationsandthedigitalnetworkMultimediaConvergenceTheoriesAppliedConclusion,ABriefTelevisionTimeline,1900SarnoffemigratestotheU.S.fromRussiaatage9ProfessorReginaldA.Fessendentransmitsspeechwithoutwires1904VacuumtubediodedevelopedbyFleming1905NipkowdiscdemonstratedCathode-raypicturetube(CRT)demonstrated,1910-1920,1910Firstfederalcommunicationlaw,theWirelessShipAct,enacted1912SarnoffinterceptsfirstdistressmessagefromthedoomedshipTitanic1915FirstpracticalradiotelephonecommunicationssystemconstructedbyBellLabs1916A.C.NielsenCompanyisformed,1920-40,1920KDKAairstheworldsfirstscheduledradiobroadcastfromPittsburghWWJ,Detroit,beginsoperation1926NationalBroadcastingCompanyfounded“NBC”1927ColumbiaPhonographicBroadcastingSystemfounded“CBS”1928FederalRadioCommissionestablished1934FCCestablishedasapermanentregulatoryagency,1940-1950,1940ParamountputsfirstTVstationontheairinChicago1942Digitalcomputerconceived-SarnoffawardedtherankofBrigadierGeneral1947FirsttapedUSradionetworkprogramairs,featuringBingCrosby3MintroducesScotch100audiotape,1950-1960,1952FCCapprovesUHF-TVbroadcastingAmpexVTRteamreproducesbarelyrecognizablepicturefromtape1956FirstVTR(录像机)demonstratedbyAmpexatNationalAssociationofRadioandTelevisionBroadcasters(hereafterreferredtoasNAB),usingun-testedexperimental3M2-inchvideotape1958AmpexdemonstratescolorVTR,BeforetheVTR,QuadraplexTooLargesteeltapeswereimpossibletoedit,AmpexCorporationsVTR,TheQuad-FirstVTRInvented,TheVTRAdvances,AmpexVR6601960sbringmoreadvancesSmallerMachinesBetterMobility,FromVTRtoDigitalFileServer,MultimediaConvergence,Whereisitallgoing?,美国著名电视记者,爱德华默罗（现在请看新闻栏目，二战报道）克朗凯特拉瑟,英国电视事业,BBC,1936ITA（独立电视局）,1955，商业电视BskyB，天空广播公司，默多克,1990,法国电视事业,RTF（法国广播公司）19451963ORTF（法国广播电视管理局