阅读理解解题攻略——词义猜测题、主旨大意题.ppt

阅读理解解题攻略词义猜测题、主旨大意题,桐乡高级中学沈萃萃2015.2.15,阅读理解解题攻略词义猜测题专题复习,Canyoufigureoutthepointofthejoke?,Letshaveasummary!,Whatsthekeytounderstandingthesejokes?TomasterdifferentmeaningsofawordTomakeuseofcontextclues(语境线索),Word-guessingabilitycanhelp,removevocabularyobstacleimprovereadingspeedcomprehendthecontentaccuratelygainpointsinexams,Definition定义法,通过定义解释、定语（从句）或同位语（从句）来确定词义。,Yet,shopkeepersmayhavetospendextrahourstodealwithproblems,suchasshoplifters,whoalwaystakeawaythingsfromtheshopwithoutpayingforthem,商店扒手,Andforchocolatesnobs,whothinkthattheyhaveabetterknowledgeofchocolatethanothers,theConnoisseurSeriesusescocoabeansfromTogo,Cuba,Venezuela,andGhana,amongothers.Thewords“chocolatesnobs”probablyrefertopeoplewho_.A.areparticularaboutchocolateB.knowlittleaboutcocoabeansC.lookdownuponothersD.liketotrynewflavors,Definition定义法,Hugegoalsmaytakeyearsofhardworktomeet,andthestruggleitselfmaybeworthwhile,butthehappinesstheycreatedissipatesafterjustafewmonths.A.disappearB.returnC.occurD.last,Contrast对比法,利用反义词以及表对比关系的词（组）猜测词义。,Inmanycountriestherearetwofinancialextremes,frompenurytogreatwealth.,Similarity相似法,利用同义词（组）、近义词（组）猜测词义。,Cleaningupwaterwaysisanenormoustask.Thejobissolarge,infact,thatthegovernmentmaynotbeabletosavesomeoftheriversandlakeswhichhavebeenpolluted.,hugeandtough,Similarity相似法,Andno,notbecausethekidsliketopulltheirears.Theculpritisclimatechange,andsomeresearchersfoundthatrisingtemperaturesarehavingharmfuleffectsonatleastfivespeciesofrabbitintheUS.Theword“culprit”isclosestinmeaningto_.A.criminalB.judgeC.victimD.produce,Causechildrenforgottheireverydayfightsandlittlejealousies.“Perhapsitslikethisinthekingdomofheaven,”Ithoughtconfusedly.By“wewereallbesideourselves”writermeansthattheyall_.A.feltconfusedB.wentwildwithjoyC.lookedonD.forgottheirfights,TheadvancedEPalsoheatstheroomevenly,walltowallandfloortoceiling.Itcomfortablycoversanareaupto350squarefeet.Otherheatersheatroomsunevenlywithmostoftheheatconcentratedtothecenteroftheroom.WiththeEP,thetemperaturewillnotvaryinanypartoftheroom.Theword“evenly”probablymeans_.A.continuouslyB.separatelyC.quicklyD.equally,2013年北京卷PassageA,考试场上显身手,Wealsoknowthebugasaflawinacomputerprogramorotherdesign.ThatmeaningdatesbacktothetimeofThomasEdison.In1878heexplainedbugsas“littleproblemsanddifficulties”thatrequiredmonthsofstudyandlabortoovercomeindevelopingasuccessfulproduct.Whatdoestheword“flaw”probablymean?A.Explanation.B.Finding.C.Origin.D.Fault.,2013年辽宁卷PassageD,考试场上显身手,“Wedontwanttomakeit(thenewOxfordDictionary)florid.Wewantittobemodernandconversational.Manyofthewordsinthepresentdictionaryarenolongerinuse,”saidKleeman.“Precise,nativeandpracticalthatisourcoreadvantage,”shesaid.A.Sheiswelladvancedinage,butstillflorid.B.Thesettingsundrewthewholeskysoflorid.C.Thisarticleisfloridinstylewithlittlecontent.D.TheteacultureofYunnannationalitiesisflorid.,2011年嘉兴一模卷PassageC,考试场上显身手,轻松一刻,Whatsthelongestwordintheworld?,Whatstheshortestbridgeintheworld?,Whatsthesmallestroomintheworld?,WhatbeginswithT,endswithT,andfullofT?,Whattwowordshavethousandsoflettersinthem?,smiles,nosebridge,mushroom,teapot,postoffice,轻松一刻,Whatcityhasnopeople?,Whatkindofdogdoesntbiteorbark?,Whatfruitisneverfoundsingly?,Whateightletterwordhasonlyoneletterinit?,Whatshiptakescouragetoconquer(征服)?,electricity,hotdog,pear,envelope,hardship,阅读理解解题攻略主旨大意题专题复习,常见提问形式,1.Themainideaofthepassageis_.2.Thispassageischieflyconcernedwith_.3.Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestsummarizestheauthorsmainpoint?5.Theparagraphmainlytellsus_.6.Whatsthemainideaoftheparagraph?7.Theparagraphcenters/focuseson_.8.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?9.Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage?,全篇主旨大意,某段主旨大意,文章标题,1、干扰项的命题特征：A.从文中事实片面推出的错误结论；B.文中的某一个具体细节；C.非文章事实的主观臆断。,Tellastoryandtellitwell,andyoumayopenwidetheeyesofachild,openuplinesofcommunicationinabusiness,orevenopenpeoplesmindtoanothercultureorrace.Peopleregardstorytellingnotonlyasausefultoolinchildeducation,butalsoasameaningfulactivitythathelpsadultsunderstandthemselvesaswellasthosewhoseculturemaybeverydifferentfromtheirown.Weareallstorytellers.Weallhaveastorytotell.Wetelleverybodysstory.Whatsthemainideaofthetext?A.Storytellingcaninfluencethewaypeoplethink.B.Storytellingisvitaltothegrowthofbusiness.C.Storytellingisthebestwaytoeducatechildreninschool.D.Storytellinghelpspeopleunderstandthemselvesandothers.,从文中事实片面推出的错误结论,文中的一个具体细节,非文章事实的主观臆断,2、通过寻找主题句概括整篇文章的主旨大意：在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找全文的主题句来归纳出文章的主旨大意。而主题句在文章中的位置通常有四种情况：开头、中间、结尾、首尾呼应。,Giventhatthisisthecase,whyarentstudentstaughttomanageconflictthewaytheyaretaughttosolvemathproblems,drivecars,orstayphysicallyfit?Firstofall,studentsneedtorealizethatconflictisunavoidable.Oncestudentsrecognizethatconflictisunavoidable,theycanpracticethegoldenruleofconflictresolution(解决):staycalm.Afterbothsideshavecalmeddown,theycanuseanotherkeystrategy(策略)forconflictresolution:listening.Finally,studentsneedtoconsiderwhattheyarehearing.Learningtoresolveconflictscanhelpstudentsdealwithfriends,teachers,parents,bosses,andcoworkers.Inthatway,conflictresolutionisabasiclifeskillthatshouldbetaughtinschoolsacrossthecountry.,howtodealwithschoolconflicts,3、通过寻找主题句概括某个段落的主旨大意：每个段落往往也由一个主题句与几个陈述句构成。主题句在整个段落中起着通领全段的作用，其它句子都是用来阐述、解释、支持或发展主题句所表达的主题思想，其位置一般位于段首来点明本段大意，也见于段尾来总结本段大意。,mediumsignswithsymbolsaudioOriginally,justthehumanvoiceandmaybesomekindofsimpleinstrument,suchasabell,wereusedtogetpeoplesattention.Acrier,probablyaman,withavoiceloudenoughtobeheardovertheothernoisesofacity.InancientEgypt,shopkeepersmighthiresuchapersontospreadthenewsabouttheirproducts.Thelasttwoparagraphsaremainlyabout_.A.thehistoryofadvertisingB.thebenefitsofadvertisingC.theearlyformsofadvertisingD.thebasicdesignofadvertising,Topicsentence,Example,4、无主题句时的主旨大意概括：有些文章或段落没有明确的主题句，考生必须先弄清该文章或段落主要讲了哪几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳，推导出一个没有言明的主旨思想。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。,Eachwritinginherownunmistakablevoice,PerriandSheilataketurnsexploringthejoysandpains,theloveandbitterness,theminortroublesandlastingrespectthathavealwaysbondedthemtogether.SheiladescribestheadventureofgivingbirthtoPerriinatinytowninTrinidadwhereherhusbandwasdoingresearchfieldwork.Perriadmitsthatshecantsortoutallthemessinthehouseholds,eventhoughsheknowsitdriveshermothercrazy.Togethertheycomparethoughtsonbringingupchildrenandworking,admitlong-hiddensorrows,andenjoypreciousmemories.A.Thecontentofthebook.B.Thepurposeofthebook.C.Theinfluenceofthebook.D.Thewritingstyleofthebook.,5、给文章添加标题：首先要把握好文章大意，不能把文章某一段的大意看作是整篇文章的大意，更不能把文章细节看成是文章大意，以防标题的片面性。标题要言简意赅，但必须涵盖能体现文章大意的关键词。,Whetherthatisgoodorbad,wecantreallysay,butforthetwoofus,goinggreenisnotafadbutalifestyle.OnApril22,2011,wedecidedtogogreeneverysingledayforanentireyear.Withtheideaofgoinggreeneverysingledayforayear,OurGreenYearstarted.OverthecourseofOurGreenYear,wecompletelychangedourlifestyle.Wearegratefulforthechancetohavebeenabletogogreenandeducateothers.Webelievethatwedohavethepowertochangethingsandhelpourplanet.,GoingGreen,6、注意不同体裁文章标题的特征：针对浙江卷中的PassageA、B、C，考生可根据不同文章体裁与文章意图，结合叙述的过程、说明的用途、议论的主题来确定标题。但浙江卷中的PassageD由于是一个文学作品，因此其标题往往不是文章大意的浓缩，而应是贯穿整个故事的线索。,Ifthegiftofsightisevidence,howgreatermustbethegiftoftouch.Ihaveastory.placetwofingerslightlyonourthroatsandholdthemthereforsecondstocheckforsub-vocalization(默读),whichslowsdownthereadingspeed.Shealsotouchedmewithherbeliefinmyabilitytoachieve.Insidewasagift,thebeautyofwhichmultipliesevenasittouchesme:anecklacetowhichIcanaddcharmsforeachstageofmylife.,introducethestory,teachersusualpractice,teachersinfluence,ameaningfulgift,ATeachersTouch,2013年北京卷PassageCThephenomenonoftrackingcelebritieshasbeenaroundforages.Inthe4thcenturyB.C.,paintersfollowedAlexandertheGreatintobattle,hopingtopicturehisvictoriesforhisadmirers.WhenCharlesDickensvisitedAmericainthe19thcentury,hissold-outreadingsattractedthousandsoffans,leadinghimtocomplain(抱怨)abouthislackofprivacy.Tabloidsofthe1920sand1930sranarticlesaboutfilm-starsinmuchthesamewaythatmoderntabloidsandwebsitesdo.WhatisthemainideaofParagraph3?A.Greatheroesofthepastweregenerallyadmired.B.Theproblemfacedbycelebritieshasalonghistory.C.Well-knownactorsareusuallytargetsoftabloids.D.Worksofpopularwritersoftenhavealotofreaders.,考试场上显身手,考试场上显身手,2013年福建卷PassageEAMENTORING(导师制)programisgivinglifechangingopportunitiestoBanburyyouth.YoungInspirationswasfoundedtwoyearsagotoprovidementoringsessionsforstudentsandunemployedyoungadultsaged11to21.AlexGoldberg,theprogramsfounder,said:“WesetupYoungInspirationsbecausewewantedtogiveyoungpeopleexperienceswhichwillpotentiallybelifechangingandbroadentheiroutlook.Wetrytocreateworkexperienceopportunitiesthatwillreallymakeadifferencetoouryouth.A.AlexGoldberg,FounderofYoungInspirationsB.YoungPeopleFindaWorldofOpportunityC.Kieran,BanburySchoolPupiltoParisD.DebatesHelpYouthwithTheirGrades,考试场上显身手,2013年安徽卷PassageBUsingtoomuchwaterorthrowingrubbishintoourriversareclearwaysthathumanscanputourwatersupplyindanger,butwealsoaffectourwatersupplyinlessobviousways.Youmaywonderhowpaving(铺砌)aroadcanleadtolessuseablefreshwater.Drierclimatesareofcoursemorelikelytohavedroughts(干旱)thanareaswithmorerainfall,butinanycase,goodmanagementcanhelptomakesurethereisenoughwatertomeetourbasicneeds.Thinkingaboutthewayweusewatereverydaycanmakeabigdifference,too.Youcantakestepstosavewaterinyourhome.A.whypavingroadsreducesourwaterB.howmuchwedependonwatertoliveC.whydroughtsoccurmoreindryclimatesD.howhumanactivityaffectsourwatersupply,能力提升终极演练,请写出下划线单词的同义词。Ihateddinnerparties.ButIdecidedtogivethemanothershotbecauseIminLondon.DinnerpartiesinLondonareverydifferentfromthosebackinNewYork.AndmyfriendMalloryinvitedme.2.Thefootballgamewasget