定语从句定义PPT精选文档

1,定语从句定义,丁福平,2,从句定义定语从句就是用来修饰名词或代词的句子，起到定语的作用，所以叫做定语从句。被修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况，它需要放在被修饰的词（即先行词）之后。定语从句一般由关系代词来引导。关系代词必须放在定语从句之首。先行词指被定语从句修饰的名词、代词。一般先行词出现在定语从句的前面。关系词常有2个作用：连接作用，引导定语从句。代替先行词，在定语从句中担当一个成分。Themanwhoistalkingtoyouismynewteacher.先行词关系词定语从句,3,关系代词关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1、who,whom,that限定性定语从句中的关系代词作主语作宾语作定语指人who/thatwhom/that(可省略)whose指物which/thatwhich/that(可省略)whose指人和物thatthatwhose非限定性定语从句中的关系代词作主语作宾语作定语指人whowhomwhose/ofwhom指物whichwhichwhose/ofwhich,4,特殊情况只能用that的情况先行词为everything，all，little，much等不定代词时；先行词被all，every，no，any，some，little，much修饰时；先行词被theonly，thevery，thesame，thelast修饰时；先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时；先行词是be的表语或therebe的主语时；先行词有人又有物时；当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。不能用that的情况介词前置时；非限定性定语从句中这些词代替指人，whom在定语从句中指人，who和“that”既可作主语又可作宾语（作宾语可以省略），可以指人也可以指物（who不可指物）。在从句中所起作用如下：（1）Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?（who/that在从句中作主语）（2）Heistheman_Isawyesterday.（3）Theman_youspoketojustnowisourEnglishteacher.注：who在定语从句中指人，作主语和宾语，作宾语时可省略；做及物动词或介词的宾语，可省略。,5,2,which，that用来指物（有六种情况只可用that而不用which）(用作主语、宾语，作宾语时可以省略），例如：Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.（which/that在从句中作宾语）注：which在定语从句中指物，可作主语或及物动词或介词的宾语，作宾语时可省略；that在定语从句中既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语和表语，作宾语时可省略，指人时，相当于who或whom，指物时，相当于which，作介词宾语时，介词不可提到that前，当介词提前时，需要用which或whom来代替。3、whose(只用作定语)“whose”表示谁（可以为人也可以为物）（东西）例：Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.（“whoseparents”表示那个孩子的双亲）Helivesinaroom_windowfacessouth.,whose,6,关系代词：在句中作主语、宾语或定语。1.that既可代表事物也可代表人，“which”代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略“that”在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，“which”在从句省略。eg：Thisisthebook（which）youwant.2.不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语代词“which”放在它原来的位置。3.代表物时多这时的that常被省略；1）被形容词最高级修饰时；既有人又有物时；2）整个句中前面已有“which”，“why”行,7,关系副词：在句中作状语关系副词=介词+关系代词why=forwhichwhere=in/at/onwhich（介词同先行词搭配）when=during/on/in/1.“where”是关系副词，当然也不用“that”引导。IstillremembertheplacewhereImetherforthefirsttime.2.当从句的逻辑主语是some,any,no,somebody,anybody,nobody,something,anything,everything或nothing时，常用“thereis”开头。Thereissomebodyherewhowantstotalktoyou.这里有人要和你说话。分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。,8,关系副词1、why关系副词why主要用于修饰表原因的名词（主要是thereason），同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语。如：Wedontknowthereasonwhyhedidntshowup.Shedidnttellmethereason_sherefusedtheoffer.与关系副词when和where不同，why可以换成that或省略。如：Thatsoneofthereasons(why,that)Iaskedyoutocome.另外，与关系副词when和where可以引导非限制性定语从句不一样，why只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句。如：他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。误：Themainreason,whyhelosthisjob,wasthathedrank.正：Themainreasonwhyhelosthisjobwasthathedrank.(同位语从句),why,9,2、when关系副词when主要用于修饰表时间的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。如：Therecomesatimewhenyouhavetomakeachoice.Gonearethedays_theycoulddowhattheyliked.Wellputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,_theweathermaybebetter.注意不要一见到先行词为时间名词，就以为一定要用关系副词when来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分如果在定语从句中用作时间状语，就用when；如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用when，而要用that,which等。如：Dontforgetthetime(that,which)Ivetoldyou.关系代词that/which在定语从句中用作动词told的宾语，正因为是用作宾语，所以也可以省略。,when,when,10,3、where关系副词where主要用于修饰表地点的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作地点状语。如：Thisisthevillagewherehewasborn.练习Thatsthehotel_wewerestayinglastsummer.BarbarywasworkinginAubury,_shewentdailyinabus.与前面when的情况一样，注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词，就以为一定要用关系副词where来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分如果在定语从句中用作地点状语，就用where；如果在定语从句中不是用作地点状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用where，而要用that,which等。如：HeworksinafactorythatwhichmakesTVsets.关系代词that/which在定语从句中用作主语。另外注意，where有时还可用于抽象名词后引导定语从句。如：Wehavereachedapointwhereachangeisneeded.Therearecases_theword“mighty”isusedasanadverb.,where,where,where,11,限定性定语从句意义：限定性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用，使该词的含义更具体，更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意就不完整，例如Imetsomeonewhosaidheknowyou.1.在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于inwhich,atwhich,forwhich或onwhich（1）Attitudestowardsdaydreamingarechanginginmuchthesamewaythat(inwhich)attitudestowardsnightdreaminghavechanged.（2）Ilikethemusicfortheveryreasonthat(forwhich)hedislikeit.（3）Wearrivedthedaythat(onwhich)theyleft.刚好我们到的那天他们走了。2.在限定性定语从句中，当关系代词在从句中担任动词宾语时，关系代词可省略。1）Thebook(that/which)Iamreadingisveryinteresting.2）Isthereanything(that)youwanted?想要什么东西吗?,12,非限性定语从句意义：非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开，如Thehouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasalovelygarden.Thisnovel,_Ihavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.1.非限定性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：（1）HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。（2）Liquidwaterchangestovapor,_iscalledevaporation.2.在非限定定语从句中，有时as也可用作关系代词，若as在从句中作主语，其引导的句子可以放在句首，也可以放在句中。例如：（1）Theboyhasasmuchprogressaswehadexpected.（2）_everyoneknows,Chinaisabeautifulcountrywithalonghistory.3.在非限定性定语从句中，不能用从句做主语（1）TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.（2）Ihelpedanoldman_losthiswayyesterday.,which,which,As,who,13,1、先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰。Thisisthemostinterestingbookthatlhaveeverread.2、先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰。ThesecondforeigncountrythatlexpecttovisitisGreek.3、先行词是不定代词时，如all、few、little、much、anything、nothing、somethingThisistheverygooddictionarythatIwanttobuy.4.、先行词既有人又有物时Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?5、先行词被“only”、“theevery”、“no”、“oneof”、“theright、“thesame等修饰Heistheonlypersonthatlwanttotalkto.6、在以“which”、“who”、“whom”引起的问句中，为避免重复，常用thatWhoisthemanthatisstandingthere?WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?7、“therebe”句型中8、先行词在主句中作表语，或者关系代词本身作从句的表语时宜用“that”“that”在作宾语时可省略。,14,只用who不用that1）如果先行词是those,they,all,persons,people,he,anyone,one时用who不用that2）当先行词指人并含有较长的后置定语从句或在被分割的定语从句中时。3、只用which不用that1）当主句先行词后有介词时，用which。ThistheoneofwhichImspeaking。2）非限定性定语从句，用which。3)描述句中一般用which。Beijing，whichwasChinascapitalformorethan800years。4）those+复数名词之后，多用which.Shopkeeperwanttokeepanumberofthosegoodswhichsellbest。5）先行词本身是that时，用which，不用that,15,定语从句专项练习题1.Theplace_interestedmemostwastheChildrensPalace.A.WhichB.whereC.whatD.inwhich2.Doyouknowtheman_?A.whomIspokeB.towhospokeC.IspoketoD.thatIspoke3.Thisisthehotel_lastmonth.A.whichtheystayedB.atthattheystayedC.wheretheystayedatD.wheretheystayed4.Doyouknowtheyear_theChineseCommunistPartywasfounded?A.whichB.thatC.whenD.onwhich5.Thatistheday_Illneverforget.A.whichB.onwhichC.inwhichD.when6.Thefactory_wellvisitnextweekisnotfarfromhere.A.whereB.towhichC.whichD.inwhich7.Greatchangeshavetakenplacesincetheninthefactory_weareworking.A.whereB.thatC.whichD.there8.Thisisoneofthebestfilms_.A.thathavebeenshownthisyearB.thathaveshownC.thathasbeenshownthisyearD.thatyoutalked9.Canyoulendmethebook_theotherday?A.aboutwhichyoutalkedB.whichyoutalkedC.aboutthatyoutalkedD.thatyoutalked10.Thepen_heiswritingismine.A.withwhichB.inwhichC.onwhichD.bywhich,A,C,D,C,A,C,A,A,A,A,16,11.Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontof_satasmallboy.A.whomB.whoC.whichD.that12.Theengineer_myfatherworksisabout50yearsold.A.towhomB.onwhomC.withwhichD.withwhom13.Itthereanyoneinyourclass_familyisinthecountry?A.whoB.whosC.whichD.whose14.Iminterestedin_youhavesaid.A.allthatB.allwhatC.thatD.which15.Iwanttousethesamedictionary_wasusedyesterday.A.whichB.whoC.whatD.as16.Heisntsuchaman_heusedtobe.A.whoB.whomC.thatD.as17.HeisgoodatEnglish,_weallknow.A.thatB.asC.whomD.what18.LiMing,_totheconcertenjoyeditverymuch.A.IwentwithB.withwhomIwentC.withwhoIwentD.Iwentwithhim19.Idontlike_asyouread.A.thenovelsB.thesuchnovelsC.suchnovelsD.samenovels20.Hetalkedalotaboutthingsandpersons_theyrememberedintheschool.A.whichB.thatC.whomD.what,C,D,D,A,D,D,B,B,C,B,17,21.Theletterisfrommysister,_isworkinginBeijing.A.whichB.thatC.whomD.who22.Inourfactorythereare2,000workers,twothirdsof_arewomen.A.themB.whichC.whomD.who23.Youretheonlyperson_Iveevermet_coulddoit.A.who;/B./;whomC.whom;/D./;who:/24.Ilostabook,_Icantremembernow.A.whosetitleB.itstitleC.thetitleofitD.thetitleofthat25.LastsummerwevisitedtheWestLake,_Hangzhouisfamousintheworld.A.forwhichB.forthatC.inwhichD.what26.Ihaveboughtsuchawatch_wasadvertisedonTV.A.thatB.whichC.asD.it27.Icanneverforgettheday_weworkedtogetherandtheday_wespenttogether.A.when;whichB.which;whenC.what;thatD.onwhich;when28.Theway_helooksatproblemsiswrong.A.whichB.whoseC.whatD./29.Thisisthereason_hedidntcometothemeeting.A.inwhichB.withwhichC.thatD.forwhich30.Thismachine,_formanyyears,isstillworkingperfectly.A.afterwhichIhavelookedB.whichIhavelookedafterC.thatIhavelookedafterD.Ihavelookedafter,D,C,D,A,A,C,A,D,D,B,18,31.Thereason_hedidntcomewas_hewasill.A.why;thatB.that;whyC.forthat;thatD.forwhich;what32.Heisworkinghard,_willmakehimpassthefinalexam.A.thatB.whichC.forwhichD.who33.Thatisnottheway_Idoit.A./B.whichC.forwhichD.withwhich34.Ihavetwogrammars,_areofgreatuse.A.allofwhichB.eitherofwhichC.bothofthatD.bothofwhich35.Iwanttousethesametools_usedinyourfactoryafewdaysago.A.aswasB.whichwasC.aswereD.which36.Myneighboursusedtogivemeahandintimeoftrouble,_wasverykindofthem.A.whoB.whichC.thatD.it37.Thisisthemagazine_Icopiedtheparagraph.A.thatB.whichC.fromthatD.fromwhich38.Heisnotsuchaman_wouldleavehisworkhalfdone.A.thatB.whichC.whoD.as39.Youcandependonwhateverpromise_hemakes.A./B.whyC.whenD.whose40.Smoking,_isabadhabit,is,however,popular.A.thatB.whichC.itD.though,A,B,A,D,C,B,D,D,A,B,19,31.Thereason_hedidntcomewas_hewasill.A.why;thatB.that;whyC.forthat;thatD.forwhich;what32.Heisworkinghard,_willmakehimpassthefinalexam.A.thatB.whichC.forwhichD.who33.Thatisnottheway_Idoit.A./B.whichC.forwhichD.withwhich34.Ihavetwogrammars,_areofgreatuse.A.allofwhichB.eitherofwhichC.bothofthatD.bothofwhich35.Iwanttousethesametools_usedinyourfactoryafewdaysago.A.aswasB.whichwasC.aswereD.which36.Myneighboursusedtogivemeahandintimeoftrouble,_wasverykindofthem.A.whoB.whichC.thatD.it37.Thisisthemagazine_Icopiedtheparagraph.A.thatB.whichC.fromthatD.fromwhich38.Heisnotsuchaman_wouldleavehisworkhalfdone.A.thatB.whichC.whoD.as39.Youcandependonwhateverpromise_hemakes.A./B.