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,GroundlessBeliefs,ground:(usu.pl.)thefoundation/underlyingconditionforanargument,abelief,oranaction;acauseorgoodreasonforsth.Whatwerehisgroundsforwantingadivorce?Neitherstatementcanbefaultedonthegroundsthatitisinaccurate.(Lesson3)Onthegroundsofsth.:根据。、以。为理由Heresignedonthegroundsofill-health.groundless:notbasedonreasonorevidencegroundlessoptimismOurfearsprovedgroundless.,Proposition:view,idea,assertionTheirtheoryisfoundedontwooftheirpropositions.,Infuturewearegoingtofollowthepracticeuntilitbecomesahabitofclassifyingpropositionsaccordingtotheirgrounds.,Classifyingpropositionsaccordingtotheirgroundsisimportantbecausepeopleveryoftenbasetheirjudgmentofpropositionsaccordingtotheirpopularity,usefulness,sourceofauthorityaswellastotheirpersonaltaste.Theydonotalwaysacceptbeliefsbecausetheyaretrue.Oftentheyacceptthembecausetheirbeliefsservetheirimmediatepurpose,orbecausetheysoundnice,orbecauseitiseasierorsafertoacceptthem.,takethispracticeasaguide,abaseforanargument,Comeacross:tomeet,todiscoversth.orsb.bychance偶然遇到、发现。,beastonishedat:beverysurprisedatmetwith:encountered;experiencedclassas:classifyassimilarusagetobeastonishedat;tobesurprisedat;tobealarmedat;tobeamazedat;tobeastoundedattoclassas;toregardas;todescribeas;toacceptas;toviewas;toconceiveas;torecognizeas,Theyrestuponmeretradition,oronsb.sbareassertionunsupportedbyevenashadowofproof,Theyareonlybasedontradition,oronsomebodysassertion,butarenotsupportedevenbytheleastamountofproof.这些说法仅仅是基于传统或者是一些人毫无证据的断言。,strongstatementswithoutthesupportofproof,theslightesttraceof,tobebasedon基于,bareassertion:strongstatementswithoutthesupportofproofbare:a.naked;notcoveredwithorprotectedbyanything;empty;justefficient,meree.g.barearm/feetwalls没有任何装饰的墙necessities最基本的必需品facts纯粹的事实thebarebranchesofwintertreesThefridgewascompletelybare.冰箱里一点吃的也没有。,Phrases:withyourbarehands:withoutweaponsortoolsbareyoursoul:totellyourdeepestandmostprivatefeelingsbareyourteeth:toshowyourteethinafierceandthreateningwaybarefaced:showingthatyoudonotcareaboutoffendingsb.oraboutbehavingbadly厚颜无耻的、露骨的e.g.abarefacedlie,ashadowof:theslightesttraceof少许、残余、痕迹e.g.Ashadowofasmiletouchedhismouth.Thereisnotashadowofjustificationforyourbehavior.Sheknewbeyondashadowofdoubtthathewaslying.,Itmaybeabeliefwhicheversince:情况很可能是这样的:我们最初仅仅因为别人的建议而接受了一个观点,而在那以后就一直持有(坚持)这种观点。Way:far远远地、大大地、非常地Wayupnorth老远的北方Wayahead(behind)远远在前、远远在后,Manyofourstrongestconvictionswereestablishedthen.,Conviction:couldalsomeanthejudgmentofajuryorjudgethatapersonisguiltyofacrimeascharged定罪e.g.Hehassixpreviousconvictionsfortheft.Theyarestrongbecausetheyhavebeeninourmindforsuchalongtime.Theyarestrongbecausetheywereimprintedonourmindwhenwewerelittlechildren,beforewewereabletojudgeforourselves.Theyarestrongbecausetheywerepassedontousduringourmostformativeyearsandoftenbypeoplewetrustedandloved.,firmbelieforopinion坚定的信仰、,ButifthestaunchestRomanCatholicandthestaunchestPresbyterianhadbeenexchangedwheninfants,andiftheyhadbeenbroughtupwithhomeandallotherinfluencesreserved,wecanhavelittledoubtwhattheresultwouldhavebeen.,Butiftheywereexchangedwhentheywereinfantsandbroughtupindifferenthomesandunderdifferentinfluences,thenthestaunchestRomanCatholicwouldbethestaunchestPresbyterian,andviceversa.Thisshowsthatourbeliefsarelargelyinfluencedbyoursurroundings.,byexchangingallkindsofinfluencetheyvegotfromhomeorothersources,Reverse:tochangetotheopposite使反向、使倒转、倒转调换Herfatherwouldbethinkingexactlythesamewayweretheirpositionsreversed.如果他父亲与她把位置倒置过来,他父亲也会与她的想法完全一样。,Itisconsistentwithallourknowledgeofpsychologytoconcludethateachwouldhavegrownupholdingexactlytheoppositebeliefstothoseheholdsnow,Wecanconclude,basedonallourknowledgeofpsychology,thateachwouldhavegrownuphavingexactlytheoppositebeliefstowhattheyhavenow.根据我们所掌握的心理学知识,我们可以得出结论,两人长大后会持有与现在完全相反的信仰。,tobeconsistent:beinagreementwith与。相一致Thenewsreportisconsistentwiththefacts.,Andeachwouldthenhavefeltofthetruthoftheoppositeopinion:而且,每个人就像他现在一样,对自己的信仰的正确性很有把握-其实那是与他相反的信仰。,betrueof:canapplytoe.g.Theproverbitisnevertoooldtolearnistrueofeveryone.Possiblythesameistrueofsocialwork?社会福利工作可能也是这样的吧?Otherthan:usuallymeanexcept,buthereitmeansapartfrom.Thisusageisnotconsideredstandardbymanypeople.,Ifwehadgrownupinacommunitywherepolygamyorhead-hunting,orinfanticide,orgladiatorialfighting,ordueling,wasregardedasthenormalandnaturalthingthenweshouldhavegrownuptoregarditas“obviously”naturalandperfectlymoralandproper.,Polygamy,head-hunting,infanticide,gladiatorialfightingandduelingarepracticedonlyinsomecommunitiesorpracticedincertainhistoricaltimes.Theyareconsideredimmoral,improperandabnormalelsewhereorinmoderntimes.,Knowledge:awarenessThematterwasneverbroughttotheknowledgeoftheminister.Theydiditwithoutmyknowledge.Tosbsknowledge:据某人所知Hehasbeenthereseveraltimestomyknowledge.Sentiment:anopinionorfeelingyouhaveaboutsth.意见、观点、情绪Whatareyoursentimentsonthismatter?Publicsentiment:公众情绪,Ofcoursewedonotcease,whenweceasetobechildren,toadoptnewbeliefsonmeresuggestions.Ofcoursewhenwearenolongerchildren,wedonotstopadoptingnewbeliefsonmeresuggestion.当然,当我们长大以后,会继续凭着别人的建议来接受新的观点。on:凭。,靠。,根据。Theymadetheirownjudgmentonhisreport.他们根据他的报告做出自己的判断。,Wecontinuedoingit:Westilladoptnewbeliefsonmeresuggestion.,totakeonlythemoststrikingexamples,theenormousinfluenceofnewspapersandtheeffectivenessofskilfuladvertising.,Striking:Astrikingchange显著的变化Astrikinginstance突出的例子Thegirlisstrikinginfaceandfigure.Forexample,wearestilleasyandoftenwillingvictimsofnewspapersandadvertising.,Muchofwhatpassesassuchisnot,strictly,thinkingatall.,whatpeopletakeasthinking,Assuch:如所指的人或事那样Aleaderassuchdeservesobedience.Heistheauthorofthearticle,buthedoesnotwanttobeknownassuch.2.就其本身而言Meregoodlooks,assuch,willnottakeyoufar.Anameassuchmeansnothing.Pass:被接受严格说来,许多类似被人们接受的东西完全不是思想。,Tofitinwith:tosaythesamethingorfollowthesameprinciple;toagreewith适合、符合、与。相配Tofitinwithsbsview与某人的观点相符Suchas:像。这样的(as做关系代词,引导定语从句)Ineverheardsuchstoriesashetells.(as在从句中作宾语)Hereturnedtouslaterinthedaywithtobacco,matches,andsuchprovisionsaswereneeded.(as在从句中做主语),Thedogmamaynotbethatthatofanyparticularindividual:itmaybeadogmaticstatementwhichhasbeenpassedfromonepersontoanother,fromgenerationtogeneration.这种信条可能不是某个特定个人的观点,可能是一个人传给另一个人,一代一代传下来的教条性的的观点。,Itmaybepartofthetraditionalbeliefofthepeopleortherace.,Apersonsracial,cultural,national,political,class,gender,generationidentity,whileenablinghim/hertoseetheworldinauniqueapproach,alsotendstolimithis/hervision.,Butweshouldfullyfacethefactthatbeliefswhicharemerelyinheritedfromthepastmusthaveoriginatedatatimewhenmenknewmuchlessthantheyknowtoday.Sothefactthatabeliefis“old”isnoargumentinitsfavor.不过我们应该面对这样一个事实:那些仅仅是从过去传承下来的观点在其起源的时侯,人类对世界的认识远少于今天。因此,一个观点“由来已久”(因而我们因该接受它)并不是站得住脚的论点。Theimplication:oneofourcommonmistakesistoacceptbeliefssimplyonthemeritoftheirlonghistory.,Inherita.toreceive(propertyoratitle)fromanancestorbylegalsuccessionorwillb.toreceiveortakeoverfromapredecessorc.toreceive(acharacteristic)fromonesparentsorgrandparentsbygenetictransmissionTheeldestsonwillinheritthetitle.Thenewadministrationinheritedtheeconomicproblemsfromthepreviousone.inheritthetraditionSheinheritedhermothersgoodlooksandherfathersbadtemper.,Originate:ManyChristmastraditionsoriginatedinGermany.insbsfavor:insbssupport;tosbsadvantage,tosbsbenefit受其支持;对某人有利Allthecommentswereinyourfavor.,findoneselfdoingsth.:torealizethatoneisunconsciouslydoingsth.发现自己在无意识地做某事DickfoundhimselfwalkinginthedirectionofMikesplace.Entertain:toconsideranidea,etc.orallowyourselftothinkthatsth.Mighthappenorbetrue考虑、接受思想、观点等Shehasneverentertainedtheideaoflivinginthecountryside.,enquire(or:inquire)into:tofindoutmoreinformationabout;toinvestigate调查Thepoliceinquiredintoherbackground.Undesirable:不合意的、令人不快的Thedrughasundesirablesideeffects.该药又不良的副作用。Hecalledatthemostundesirablemoment.他在最不该来的时候来了。wicked:morallybad;evil;inSpokenEnglishitcanmeanmischievous,Tempt:topersuadeorattract(someone)todosth.;make(someone)wanttodosth.Ifeeltemptedtosay:我想要说。Theirunfriendlinesstemptedmetoleavetheparty.他们不友好的态度使我很想离开这次聚会。,breakdown:toceasetobeuseful;tofailtofunction;tostopbeingacceptable失败、失效Hishealthhasbrokendown.Negotiationsbrokedownafteronlytwodays.(破裂)inthelightof:inconsiderationof;asaresultof鉴于、由于、考虑到Hemadehisdecisioninthelightofwhathehadheard.,Examplesofsuchcases(inpar8):Weusedtoregardthefollowingasobvioustruth:thatthesunmovesroundtheearth;theearthisflat;theairisweightless;thereisalwaysaking;menarealwaysstrongerthanwomen;etc,Conceive:toimagineaparticularsituationortothinkaboutsth.inaparticularway构想出、想象、设想、以为ToconceiveanideaIcantconceivewhyyoudidso.Shakeoff:togetridoffIwishIcouldshakeoffthisdisease.,Manymodernpersonsfinditverydifficulttocreditthefactthatmencaneverhavesupposedotherwise.Yettheydid.creditthefact:believethefactotherwise:differentlyParaphrase:Manymodernpeoplearehardtobelievethatforsometimemenhadeverthoughttheywerethinkingwiththeirhearts.Yetitistruethattheancientpeoplereallythoughtinthatway.,Credit:(fml.)tobelievethatsth.istrue相信Icancreditallthatyouaretellingme.Wefoundhisstoryhardtocredit.Otherwise:differently不同地、以不同方式Thegovernmentclaimsthattheeconomyisimproving,butthissurveysuggestsotherwise.,Reference:引文;提到、论及HisbookonhistorycontainsmanyreferencestoGeorgeWashington.他的那部历史论著有很多处论及。Beyondpossibility:impossibleBeyonddoubt:completelycertainDemonstratethecontrary:toprovethatthecontraryistruebymeansofademonstration在伽利略通过事实证明其完全相反之前,没有那个观点看起来比这个更不可能或更毋容置疑。,UntilGalileoactuallydemonstratedthecontrary,nothingcouldhaveseemedmorebeyondpossibilityordoubt.ItwouldneverbequestionedordoubtediftherewasnoGalileowhoprovedthatthecontrarywastruebymeansofademonstration.,onthegroundof根据。、以。为理由onthegroundthatground:thefoundationforanargument,abelief,oranaction;abasis理由、根据Janewaslateonthegroundoftheheavytraffic.Tomleftonthegroundthathewasill.,Consistin:tobebasedonordependon主要是、在于Happinessdoesnotconsistinhowmanypossessionsyouhave;itconsistsinappreciatingwhatyouhave.Wisdomconsistsinlearningfromourownmistakes.,leavenoroomfordoubt:tomakeitimpossibleforpeopletodoubtclingto:tobeunwillingtogetridofsth.,orstopdoingsth.e.g.Throughoutthetrialshehadclungtothebeliefthathewasinnocent.Hehadonelasthopetoclingonto.paysbtodosth:tobringbenefitoradvantagetosbtodosthe.g.Itpaystotellpeoplethetruth.Itpaystoforgiveothers.Itdoesntpaytoworktoohardattheexpenseofyourhealth.,Concerned:involvedinsth.oraffectedbyit有关的Heurgedalltheemployeesconcernedtotakeanactivepartinthedrive.他敦促所有有关的职工积极参与这项活动。isaboutthelastpersontodosth:istheleastpossiblepersontodosth,Indeed,hewouldprobablybehighlyindignantiftoldofwhatanyonefamiliarwithmodernpsychologycanrecognizesoplainly.,Hewouldsurelyfeelfuriousifsomeonetoldhimaplainfactthathehadheldsomebeliefsthroughself-interest,whichanyonewhoisfamiliarwithmodernpsychologycanrecognizeveryeasily.,Attribute(to):torelatetoaparticularcauseorsource;attributesth.to把。归因于Davidattributedhiscompanyssuccesstotheunityofallthestaffandtheirperseveringhardwork.Potent:effectiveandpowerful有效地、强有力的、有说服力的Potentarguments有说服力的论据,Livelihood:Earn/gain/get/makeoneslivelihoodby,Butthemeaningofthistermmightbeunderstoodinabroadersense.Itmayincludehisconcernforposition,popularity,fame,respect,love,etc.这个词的意义还可以引申到包括一个人的社会地位、在同事中的声望以及来自他所重视的人的尊重和友善。(interestnotonlyinthematerialsense,Butwemayextendthetermtocoveralsohisinterestinsocialposition;popularitywithhisfellows;therespectandgoodwillofthosewhoserespectandgoodwillhevalues.,extendthemeaningoftheword延伸该词的意义,以涵盖,Manypeopleareforcedtoholdabeliefbecausehehasbecomeanimportantpersoninhisgroup.Ifhegaveupthatbelief,hewouldturninsignificantatonce.,Thereismanyamanwhoisunconsciouslycompelledtoclingtoabeliefbecauseheisa“somebody”insomecircleandifheweretoabandonthatbelief,hewouldfindhimselfnobodyatall.,Therearemanypeople,animportantpersoninacertaingroupofpeoplewhoknoweachother,Puttingitbroadly,weshouldalwayssuspectanyofouropinionswhenwerecognizethatourhappinessdepends,directlyorindirectly,uponourcontinuingtoholdthemwhenwemightloseanything,materialorotherwisebychangingouropinion.,Ifbychangingouropinionswemightlosesomethingandthereforebeunhappy,wemustbesuspiciousabouttheseopinionsandtrytofindoutwhetherwearenotbeingblindedbyourself-interest.,Somewhatsimilaristheacceptanceofanopinionthroughthedesireprobablynotrecognizedbythepersonconcernedtojustifyhisownnature,hisownposition,orhisownbehaviour.,Acceptinganopinionthroughthedesireisalsothesamecase.Thedesireofdefendingourweaknesses,mistakes,vulnerablepositionsorwrongdoingsbecomesanotherfactortoacceptagroundlessopinioneasily.Hereitisnolongertheinteresttogainbuttheinteresttoavoidlosingcertainthings.,justifya.toprovetobejust,rightorvalidb.tobeagoodreasonforsth.证明。是着正当的、有道理的为。辩护Thecourseofeventsfullyjustifiesourviews.Thefinequalityoftheclothjustifiesitshighprice.Icannotreallyjustifytakinganotherdayoffwork.,Thelazyandstupidpersoncanreadilyadoptasetofopinionswithoutquestioningwhy,sincetheyclearlyknowthattheseopinionsareunobtainabletothem,onlypeoplewhohaveenergyandabilitycanberewardedwiththeseopinions.,Thelazyandbunglingpersoncanadoptasetofopinionswhichprovetohissatisfactionthat“thegrapesaresour”the“grape”beingtherewardsthatmoreenergeticandcompetentmencanwin.,anidiomdescribingthosepeoplewhopretendtodislikewhatonereallydesires,becauseitisunobtainable,Manygroundlessopinionsareheldthroughsentimentalassociations.Thethoughtisassociatedwithmemoriespleasantorunpleasantasthecasemaybeofparticularpersonswhoheldsimilaropinions.,Veryoftenwelikeordislikeanopinionbecauseitisheldbysomebodywelikeordislike.许多毫无根据的观点仅仅是因为情感方面的联系而被人们坚持(许多毫无根据的观点起因于与情感的联系)。思想与记忆或美好或痛苦相连,这些记忆涉及某些特定的人,他们持有类似的观点。,Beprejudicedagainst:tohaveanunreasonabledislikeof对。有偏见Conversely:Chineseconsumerspreferchickenwings.Conversely,Britishconsumerspreferchickenbreast.,recollection:memory;athingthatyourememberfromthepaste.g.haveavivid/vaguerecollectionofsth.Ihavenorecollectionofmeetingherbefore.TothebestofmyrecollectionIwasnotpresentatthatmeeting.recollect:v.toremembersth.,esp.bymakinganefforttorememberite.g.Idontrecollectwhatshesaidthen.,Bitter:1.充满怨恨、仇恨、不满情绪的Bitterfoe仇敌2.(争论、斗争等)激烈的;仇恨等强烈的Abitterdispute激烈的争执Bitterhatred刻骨的仇恨3.流露心头痛苦、悔恨等的BittersmileBittertears悔恨的眼泪,Ifwedislikeorenvyaperson,wewilltendtodisregardorattackhisopinions,fromwhichwemayacquireastrongsatisfaction.,Whatkeensatisfactionwefindinbelittlingtheopinions,orattackingtheopinions,ofsomebodyofwhomwearejealous,orofsomebodyagainstwhomwebearagrudge!,strongsatisfaction,keen:eager;enthusiasticabout;e.g.Heisverykeentohelp.Sheisoneofthekeenestsupportersofthatteam.keenisalsooftenusedbeforenoun,itcouldmeanquicktounderstand,strongordeep,orverysensitiveorsharpakeenmind/intellectkeeninterest/satisfactionkeensenseofsmellMyfriendhasakeeneyeforabargain.,Dispose:toputinaplace;arrange布置、安排、处理;使愿意,disposesbtodosth:tomakesbmorelikelytofellorthinkaparticularwayaboutsth使某人愿意做某事或有做某事的倾向。Yourwordsofcheerdisposemetoacceptthetask.你的一番鼓励使我愿意接受这一任务。disposeofsb./sth.:togetredof;todestroy;todealwithCanyoudisposeofalltheseoldnewspapers?,Totakeoneexample:howlargelyouropinionsonthemeritsofcertainauthors,orpoets,orcomposers,aredictatedmerelybyfashion!.Wetendverystronglytofeelandtobelieveasothersarefeelingandbelieving.,Ouropinionsofauthors,poetsandcomposersaretoalargeextentdeterminedbyfashion.Andasfashionscomeandgo,ouropinionsalsochange.,Merit:goodqualitiesthatmakesth/sbdeservepraiseandadmiration优点、价值Meritsanddemerits优缺点Merits:是非曲直,事情的真相Decideacaseonitsmerits根据是非曲直来断案Dictate:tocontrolorinfluence;todetermineTheirpastprinciplesdictatetheirfuturepolicy.Set:agroupofpeoplewithsimilarinterests;crowd,Onceanopinionisaccepted,whateverbethecauseofitsacceptance,ithasastrongtendencytopersist.,nomatterwhatthecauseofitsacceptancemaybe,Thisisanadverbialclauseofcondition-concession.Insuchaclause,thesubjunctivemoodissometimesusedwhentheverbis“be”.,Persist:tocontinuetoexist持续CharacteristicsthatpersistthroughgenerationsCruelweatherthathaspersistedsincelastwinterPersistindoingsth.:persistinonesefforts“ButIaminnocent.”hepersisted.(坚持说),Itisquitelegitimatetospeakof“habits”ofthought.:我们完全可以将此称之为“思维习惯”Legitimate:correct,reasonableAlegitimatewayofthinking合乎逻辑的思维Legitimateinference合理的推断Legitimateright合法的权利,The“brainpath”becomessowellworn;thepatternofbrain-centersbecomessowellconnectedupbycontinualuse,thatthenervecurrentfindsarouteofpracticallynoresistance,andsoitalwaystakesalmostexactlythesamecourse.“思路”变得十分陈旧,神经中枢的模式由于不断被使用而相互连接起来,以至神经流找到了一条实际上没有阻力的路线,因而总是走相同的路线。,thoughthabit;thewayyoualwaysthink,nervecenters,wellworn:oldbecauseithasbeenusedforalongtimeconnectup:jointwoormorethingstogethere.g.connectupthesecomputers,storiesaboutyourpersonalexperiencesthatyoukeeptellingpeoplewheneveryoucanthinkofnothingelsetotell,Weallknowthepersonwhohasastringofstockanecdotes.,anumberof(similarthings);aseriesof,Astringof:AstringofpearlsAstringofhousesAstringofattacksAstringofproposalsStock:commonlyorregularlyused陈旧的、老套的、通常的astockexampleAstockreply,thegoodolddays:happydaysinthepastProhibition:thelawinforceintheU.S.between1920and1933,prohibitingthemanufacture,saleandconsumptionofliquorimprovident:toocarelesstosavemoneyortoplanforthefuture不节俭的、不考虑未来的、目光短浅的Theyhavelivedanimprovidentlives.(奢侈的生活)goingtothedogs:togetworse;tobecomeruinedThisfirmhasgonetothedogssincethenewmanagementtookover.,Startoff:Hestartedtheshowoffwithalivelysong.Whatshallwestartoffwith?我们从哪儿开始做起呢?untilthe“record”hasrunout!:untiltheyhavenothingmoretotell!,Stamp:使被牢记,使被铭刻Thehorriblescreamwillbestampedonhermemoryforallherlife.Menhavenativeideasandoriginalcharacteristicsstampedin(or:on)theirmindsintheirfirstbeing.人们在其成长的初期就在脑海里烙下了本民族的思想和习性Asitwere:asyoumightsay;sotospeak可以说;在某种程度上Heis,asitwere,awalkingdictionary.Imasortofunpaidadviser,asitwere,tothecommittee.,fitinwith:适合、符合、与。一致FitinwithmyviewFitinwiththechangedinternationalsituationOldFogey(alsooldfogy):apersonwhoisexcessivelyold-fashionedinattitude,ideasandmanners,etc.守旧者、老保守,Sometimesourthought-patternssetwhilewearestillquiteyoung.Inafewrarecasestheyremainopenoralterableevenintooldage.,Sometimesourideasandthoughtha
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