Character 文学原理教程

.,CharacterRepresentedwithsubtleparticularity;Asdifficulttodescribewithanyadequacyasapersoninreallife.,.,Eg:Hamlet-Atypicalroundcharacter,.,2.FlatCharacter扁平人物-Onewhoembodiesorrepresentsasinglecharacteristicortrait,oratmostaverylimitednumberofsuchqualities.,.,据Forster的说法，小说中的人物可分成扁平（Flat）人物与圆活人物（Round）。扁平人物有时又被称为类型（types）或漫画人物（caricatures)，通常是依循着一个单纯的理念或性质而被创造出来，所以又被归类为静态人物（static），故地展现一项性能特征，比较被动，对任何环境变迁，只是持着一种态度，这样的人物在求易认易记，比方说琼瑶小说（一般言情）中的男女主角似乎总是美丽、潇洒，多情易感，任凭时移境迁，此爱不渝。而鲁迅阿Q正传中的阿Q由于遭遇任何困厄、皆以精神胜利法泰然处之，似乎也是平面人物常用以做讽刺性描述的代表。,.,FlatCharacterization,Acharacterwhohasoneortwosides,representingoneortwotraitsoftenastereotype.Flatcharactershelpmovetheplotalongmorequicklybecausetheaudienceimmediatelyunderstandswhatthecharacterisabout.Example:Likeageekyscienceprofessor,.,TypeCharacter类型化人物StockCharacter小丑角色One-dimensionalCharacter单一角色Caricature漫画人物-whendistortedtocreatehumor,.,Presentedwithoutmuchindividualizingdetail;Remaining“stable”orunchangedinoutlookanddispositionsfromthebeginningtotheendofawork.,.,Eg:DetectiveStoryAdventureNovelFarceComedy-Inaboveworks,theprotagonistusuallyisaflatcharacter.,.,1.DynamicCharacter-Exhibitingsomekindofchangeasthestoryprogresses.2.StaticCharacter-Remainingthesamefromthebeginningofaworktotheend.,.,DynamicCharacterization,Acharacterwhoexperiencesanessentialchangeinpersonalityorattitude.Protagonistsarealmostalwaysdynamic.Example:Stitch,fromLiloandStitch,.,StaticCharacterization,Acharacterwhodoesnotchangeordevelopbeyondthewayinwhichsheorheisfirstpresented.Example:AtticusFinchfromToKillaMockingbird.,.,Characterization人物塑造,-Theprocessbywhichanauthorcreates,develops,andpresentsacharacter.,.,Characterization,HowawriterrevealsacharacterspersonalityDirectCharacterization:Authortellsuswhatthecharacterislike(e.g.deceitful,honest,evil,kind)IndirectCharacterization:PhysicaldescriptionWords2.Throughappearance;3.Bytheauthor;-Bytelling.,.,人物构造法（methodsofcharacterization）基本尚可分为说明（telling）或表演（showing）二种方式,.,Telling的方式如：命名：这是描写小说人物性格最简单的方式，比如黑旋风李逵（黑大汉、又粗暴）浪里白条（白大汉、张顺）、宋江唤做及时与（扶弱济贫、仗义疏才），透过这些绰号可以点醒人物个性特质，而命名中的谐音，如贾宝玉之贾假谐音，岸玉假作真时，真亦假，宝玉与顽石，冥顽与通灵的虚实交错。而红楼一开头就由甄士隐、贾雨村搪塞作者创作经历，甄士隐是故将真事隐去、贾雨村是用假语村言敷衍出来。是一开始就用人物命名喻示出全书主题。,.,表特征：可分先天体型雨日常习惯，比方说：一支小彩蝶儿，这是大家给她取的外号。是的，这是只小彩蝶儿，有那份翩翩的姿态，更有那份雅致和妩媚。（几度夕阳红）这是一般写女主角时常赋予的美丽姿态；通常很少描写的肥胖臃肿。而形姿中神情的捕捉，更为重要，比如红楼梦中写黛玉是：两弯似蹙非蹙罥烟眉，一双似喜非喜含情目，泪光点点，娇喘微微。娴静时如娇花照水，行动似弱柳扶水。愁眉长叹，泪眼不干，成为黛玉其人的标志。,.,作者评论：这不但是让读者注意，且受到作者的特别引导，在表H外，附加以造型的内在意涵，比如写黛玉初见宝玉，除了描写其穿金戴玉，绫罗绸缎，面如赋彩，转盼多情之外，作者还以西江月二阙词加以批示：无故寻愁觅恨，有时似傻如狂。纵然生得好皮囊，腹内原来草莽。潦倒不通庶务，愚顽恰读文章。行为偏僻性乖张，那管世人毁谤。富贵不知乐业，贫穷难耐凄凉。可怜辜负好时光，于国于家无望。天下无能第一，古今不肖无双。寄言纨裤与膏梁，莫效此儿形状。一方面，作者似有意寄寓教化之效，可是更多的目的在补充外表形象描写的不足，甚至为宝玉一生作一个精灵的提点-我们无法以世俗工业去看他，反而要为他敞开一条痴傻狂傲的人生路径。,.,Characterization4.Throughdialogue;5.Throughaction;-Byshowing.,.,showing的方式，如：对话与行动（动作）当我们说对话的时候必然牵涉谁说的、向谁说、说什么，怎么说等四个层面。而说话的同时也然有些动作，包括表情与肢体。所以我们可以发现它类似戏剧表演，不只是说话要像真人在说话的样子，而且必须与两者之间的身份、个性配合，甚至与采取的行动相关。,.,比如红楼梦中凤姊初见到刘姥姥一段，二人在身份上的富贫、贵贱与性情上的真厚虚伪、骄纵朴拙加以对照。凤姊以低头的无聊举止，配合怎么还不请进来，到怎么不早说复有忙欲起身却犹未起身的动作语言，将凤姊一身骄气表露无遗。而说大户人家不过是个空架子、管事的艰苦难处等，又是权贵家族狡猾势利之处，相形之下，刘姥姥的寒俭、低下，扭捏、粗俗，比如先红了脸再说（勉强的说），见贾蓉逛来，站不是坐不是，有了钱拿不禁喜的眉开眼笑，粗鄙直率的说瘦死的骆驼比马还大呢，却可见人物透过表演方式的突出。,.,AnalyzingCharacter,Whoistheprotagonistoftheworkandwho(orwhat)istheantagonist?Describethemajortraitsandqualitiesofeach.Whatisthefunctionoftheworksminorcharacters?,.,3.Identifythecharactersintermsofwhethertheyareflatorround,dynamicorstatic.4.Whatmethodsdoestheauthoremploytoestablishandrevealthecharacters?Arethemethodsprimarilyofshowingortelling?,.,5.Aretheactionsofthecharactersproperlymotivatedandconsistent?6.Arethecharactersoftheworkfinallycredibleandinteresting?,.,AstronomersWife,.,KatherineAmes,Mrs.Amesisthefocusofthestory.Sheismarriedtoanastronomerwhosedistant,overlyintellectualnaturehascausedhertoresenthim.,.,Sheistheastronomersonlyreallinkwiththeday-todayworld,butshemeanslittletohimbesidethat.Longingforsomeonewhoisnotwhollyimmersedinthelifeofthemind,sheisintriguedbyandattractedtotheplumber,whostandsforeverythingphysical.,.,Mr.Ames/TheAstronomer,TheastronomerismarriedtoMrs.Ames.Thenarratorofthestorysaysoftheastronomerthat“hewasamanofotherthings,adreamer.”,.,HespendshislifeexaminingtheheavensandattemptingatalltimestoremainashighabovetheearthaspossibleMrs.Amessaysthathelikesbeing“ontherooforonthemountains.,.,Hesbeenuponthetopsofthemmanytimes.”Heneverphysicallyappearsinthestory,andreadersonlyhearfromhimoncewhenheyellsthatthereisaproblemforMrs.Amestosolve.ForMrs.Ames,heis“themindofallmankind.”,.,ThePlumber,Theplumberistheastronomersdiametricopposite.Wheretheastronomerpreferstobeuphigh,theplumbergoesdownintothepipesbelowtheground.,.,Heisdescribedbyhisphysicalattributes,andatonepointthenarratorsuggeststhatheis“brutal,”clearlyplayingontheanimalmeaningoftheword“brute.”,.,Mrs.Amesisattractedtohimforhisphysicality,butatthesametimehepaysattentiontoher,looksherintheeyewhenhespeakstoher,andtreatsherpolitelyandpleasantly.,.,Attheendofthest