机械制造专业英语文章VIP

机械制造专业英语文章 Types of Materials 材料的类型 Materials may be grouped in several ways. Scientists often classify materials by their state: solid, liquid, or gas. They also separate them into organic (once living) and inorganic (never living) materials. 材料可以按多种方法分类。科学家常根据状态将材料分为：固体、液体或气体。他们也把材料分为有机材料(曾经有生命的)和无机材料(从未有生命的)。 For industrial purposes, materials are divided into engineering materials or nonengineering materials. Engineering materials are those used in manufacture and bee parts of products. 就工业效用而言，材料被分为工程材料和非工程材料。那些用于加工制造并成为产品组成部分的就是工程材料。 Nonengineering materials are the chemicals, fuels, lubricants, and other materials used in the manufacturing process, which do not bee part of the product. 非工程材料则是化学品、燃料、润滑剂以及其它用于加工制造过程但不成为产品组成部分的材料。 Engineering materials may be further subdivided into: Metal Ceramics Composite Polymers, etc. 工程材料还能进一步细分为：金属材料陶瓷材料复合材料 聚合材料，等等。 Metals and Metal Alloys 金属和金属合金 Metals are elements that generally have good electrical and thermal conductivity. Many metals have high strength, high stiffness, and have good ductility. 金属就是通常具有良好导电性和导热性的元素。许多金属具有高强度、高硬度以及良好的延展性。 Some metals, such as iron, cobalt and nickel, are magic. At low temperatures, some metals and intermetallic pounds bee superconductors. 某些金属能被磁化，例如铁、钴和镍。在极低的温度下，某些金属和金属化合物能转变成超导体。 What is the difference between an alloy and a pure metal? Pure metals are elements which e from a particular area of the periodic table. Examples of pure metals include copper in electrical wires and aluminum in cooking foil and beverage cans. 合金与纯金属的区别是什么？纯金属是在元素周期表中占据特定位置的元素。 例如电线中的铜和制造烹饪箔及饮料罐的铝。 Alloys contain more than one metallic element. Their properties can be changed by changing the elements present in the alloy. Examples of metal alloys include stainless steel which is an alloy of iron, nickel, and chromium; and gold jewelry which usually contains an alloy of gold and nickel. 合金包含不止一种金属元素。合金的性质能通过改变其中存在的元素而改变。金属合金的例子有：不锈钢是一种铁、镍、铬的合金，以及金饰品通常含有金镍合金。 Why are metals and alloys used? Many metals and alloys have high densities and are used in applications which require a high mass-to-volume ratio. 为什么要使用金属和合金？许多金属和合金具有高密度，因此被用在需要较高质量体积比的场合。 Some metal alloys, such as those based on aluminum, have low densities and are used in aerospace applications for fuel economy. Many alloys also have high fracture toughness, which means they can withstand impact and are durable. 某些金属合金，例如铝基合金，其密度低，可用于航空航天以节约燃料。许多合金还具有高断裂韧性，这意味着它们能经得起冲击并且是耐用的 What are some important properties of metals? Density is defined as a materials mass divided by its volume. Most metals have relatively high densities, especially pared to polymers. 金属有哪些重要特性？ 密度定义为材料的质量与其体积之比。大多数金属密度相对较高，尤其是和聚合物相比较而言。 Materials with high densities often contain atoms with high atomic numbers, such as gold or lead. However, some metals such as aluminum or magnesium have low densities, and are used in applications that require other metallic properties but also require low weight. 高密度材料通常由较大原子序数原子构成，例如金和铅。然而，诸如铝和镁之类的一些金属则具有低密度，并被用于既需要金属特性又要求重量轻的场合。 Fracture toughness can be described as a materials ability to avoid fracture, especially when a flaw is introduced. Metals can generally contain nicks and dents without weakening very much, and are impact resistant. A football player counts on this when he trusts that his facemask wont shatter. 断裂韧性可以描述为材料防止断裂特别是出现缺陷时不断裂的能力。金属一般能在有缺口和凹痕的情况下不显著削弱，并且能抵抗冲击。橄榄球运动员据此相信他的面罩不会裂成碎片。 Plastic deformation is the ability of bend or deform before breaking. As engineers, we usually design materials so that they dont deform under normal conditions. You dont want your car to lean to the east after a strong west wind. 塑性变形就是在断裂前弯曲或变形的能力。作为工程师，时通常要使材料在正常条件下不变形。没有人愿意一阵强烈的西风过后自己的汽车向东倾斜。 However, sometimes we can take advantage of plastic deformation. The crumple zones in a car absorb energy by undergoing plastic deformation before they break. 然而，有时我们也能利用塑性变形。汽车上压皱的区域在它们断裂前通过经历塑性变形来吸收能量。 The atomic bonding of metals also affects their properties. In metals, the outer valence electrons are shared among all atoms, and are free to travel everywhere. Since electrons conduct heat and electricity, metals make good cooking pans and electrical wires. 金属的原子连结对它们的特性也有影响。在金属内部，原子的外层阶电子由所有原子共享并能到处自由移动。由于电子能导热和导电，所以用金属可以制造好的烹饪锅和电线。 It is impossible to see through metals, since these valence electrons absorb any photons of light which reach the metal. No photons pass through. 因为这些阶电子吸收到达金属的光子，所以透过金属不可能看得见。没有光子 Mechanical engineering Engineering Science in life are widely used, especially in mechanical engineering in the application of life is almost throughout life in all its aspects, to automobiles, aircraft, small electric fans, umbrella, all of these and related machinery. The project includes many subjects, but the mechanical engineering is one of the most important subjects, not only because of our life and it is closely related to, but with the progress of the times, people have to rely on mechanical engineering products, in automation today, machine instead of many this is the part of the human labor, improve the efficiency and save time. As a result of mechanical engineering in every aspect of life, therefore, as an engineer, be faced with a great many challenges, in addition to a solid with knowledge, but also keep pace with the times, familiar with the machinery and related software, can be very good use of software, and as a an engineer, we should try our best to design and produce and closely related to the life of the machine, and can in life play a real role, also have only such, we address and remission now social needs, therefore, the mechanical engineering in the future social development, will play the important role, especially Chinas case, the industry also is not very developed, machinery can be greater development space. Before the industrial revolution, machinery is mostly wood structure, wood made by hand by. The development of social economy, the demand for mechanical products. The bulk of the production increasing and precision processing technology progress, promote the mass production method ( interchangeability of parts production, professional division of labor and cooperation, water processing lines and assembly lines ) formation. Study of mechanical products in the manufacturing process, especially when used in the pollution of the environment and natural resources excessive consumption problems and their treatment measures. This is a modern mechanical engineering is an especially important task to grow with each passing day, and its importance.Application of mechanical products. This includes selection, ordering, aeptance, installation, adjustment, operation, maintenance, repair and transformation of the industrial use of machinery and plete sets of machinery and equipment, to ensure that the mechanical products in the long-term use of reliability and economy. As a student, we are now the most important to learn professional knowledge, only in this way, can we later life and learning, to do its part. 机械工程 工程科学在生活中应用广泛，特别是机械工程在生活中的应用几乎就是遍布了生活中的各个方面，大到汽车、飞机，小到电风扇、雨伞，这些都和机械有关。工程包括很多科目，但是机械工程是最重要的科目之一，不仅是因为它和我们的生活关系密切，而是随着时代的进步，人们已经依赖上机械工程制造出来的产品，而在自动化的今天，机器代替了许多本该是人类该做的部分劳动，提高了效率和节约了时间。 由于机械工程遍布了生活的每一个方面，因此，做为一个工程师，要面临很大且很多的挑战，除了要具备扎实的装也知识外，还要与时俱进，熟悉和机械有关的软件，并要能很好的运用软件，而作为的一个工程师，我们要尽量设计和制造出和生活密切相关的机器，并能够在生活中起到真正的作用，也只有这样，我们解决和缓解现在社会上的需要，因此，机械工程在今后的社会的发展中，还是会起这重要的作用，特别是我国的这样的情况，工业还不是很发达的情况下，机械可发展的空间更大。 工业革命以前，机械大都是木结构的，由木工用手工制成。 _的发展，对机械产品的需求猛增。生产批量的增大和精密加工技术的进展，促进了大量生产方法（零件互换性生产、专业分工和协作、流水加工线和流水装配线等）的形成。研究机械产品在制造过程中，尤其是在使用中所产生的环境污染和自然资源过度耗费方面的问题及其处理措施。这是现代机械工程的一项特别重要的任务，而且其重要性与日俱增。机械产品的应用。这方面包括选择、订购、验收、安装、调整、操作、维护、修理和改造各产业所使用的机械和成套机械装备，以保证机械产品在长期使用中的可靠性和经济性。 做为学生，我们现在最重要的学好专业知识，只有这样，我们才能以后是生活和学习中，才能尽自己的一份力量。 第一课 该翻译于网络， It is known that metals are very important in our life. Metals have the greatest importance for industry. All machines and other engineering7endVi5niEriN constructions have metal5metl parts; some of them consistonly of metal parts. 众所周知，金属在我们的生活中是非常重要的，金属对于工业而言是有巨大的重要性，所有机器和 其他工程构造都有金属零部件，其中一些还只能由金属组成。 There are two large groups of metals: 1) Simple metal- more or less pure chemical elements5elimEnt 2) Alloys5AlCi- materials consisting of a simple metal bined with some other elements. 有两大类金属：（1）纯金属或多或少的金属元素（2）合金组成纯金属的原料结合其他元 素。 About two thirds of all elements found in the earth are metals, but not all metals may be used in industry. Those metals which are used in industry are called engineering metals. The most important engineering metal is iron5aiEn, which in the form of alloys with carbon5kB:bEn and other elements, finds greater use than any other metal. Metals consisting of iron bined with some other elements are known as ferrous5ferEs metals; all the other metals are called nonferrous5nCn5ferEs metals. The most importantnonferrous metal are copper5kCpE, aluminumE5lju:minEm, leadli:d, zincziNk, tintin, but all these metals are used much less than ferrous metals, because the ferrous metals are much cheaper. 第 12、13、15、20、 在地球上发现的所有元素中，大约三分之二是金属元素，但是并不是所有的金属都能够用于工业上。 那些金属我们用于工业上的金属被称为工程金属，最重要的工程金属那就是铁，铁跟碳和其他元素 结合形成合金的那些金属比其他金属发现有更大用途。铁与别的其他某些元素相结合而组成的金属称为 黑色金属，此外所有其他金属都称为有色金属，最重要的有色金属是-铜，铝、铅、锌、锡。但是使 22课的翻译暂时没有。 用这些有色金属比使用黑色金属要少的多，因为黑色金属便宜得多。 Engineering metals are used in industry in the form of alloys because the properties5prCpEti of alloys are much better than the properties of purepjuE metals. Only aluminum may be largely used in the form of simple metal. Metals have such a great importance because of their useful properties or their strength, hardness, 翻译标准。请放心使 and their plasticityplAs5tisiti. 因为合金的特性比纯金属的好，所以工程金属以合金的形式用于工业，只有铝以纯金属的形式被广 泛应用。金属因为具有强度、硬度和可塑性而发挥着特别重要的作用。 用。 Different metals are produced in different ways, but almost all the metal are found in the forms of metal oreC:(r) (iron ore, copper ore, etcet cetra.) 以不同的方法生产不同的合金但是几乎所有的金属都是以金属矿的形式（铁矿、铜矿）被发现的。 The ore is a mineral5minErEl consistence of a metal bined with some impuritiesim5pjuEriti. In order to produce a metal from some metal ore, we must separate these impurities from the metal that is done by metallurgyme5tAlEdVi. 矿石是一种由金属与某些杂质相混合而组成的矿物质，为了用金属矿石来生产出一种金属，我们必 须把杂质从金属矿中分离出去，那就要靠冶炼来实现。 Text: 1 2. Plastics and Other Materials Text: Plastics5plAstik, plB:stik have specific properties which may make them preferable5prefErEbl to traditional materialsmE5tIErIEl for certain uses. In parisonkEm5pArisn with metals, for example, plastics have both advantages and disadvantages. Metals tend to be corrodedkE5rEud by inorganic7inC:5Anik acids5AsId, such as sulphuricsQl5fjuErik acid and hydrochloric7haidrEu5klC:rik acid. Plastics tend to be resistant to these acids, but can have dissolved or deformed by solvent5sClvEnt, such as carbon tetrachloride7tetrE5klC:raid, which have the same carbon base as the plastics. Color must be applied to the surface of metals, whereas it can be mixed in with plastics. Metals are more rigid5ridVid than most plastics while plastics are very light, with a specificspi5sifik gravity normally between 0.9 and 1.8. Most plastics do not readily5redili conduct5kCndQkt heat or electricityIlek5trIsItI. Plastics soften slowly and can easily be shapedFeip when they are soft. 塑料具有特殊的性能。对于某种用途而言，这些性能使得塑料比传统材料更为可取。例如，跟金属 相比较，塑料既有优点也有缺点。金属易受到无机酸的腐蚀，如硫酸和盐酸，塑料能抵抗这些酸的腐蚀， 但可被溶剂所洛解或引起变形，例如溶剂四氯化碳与塑料具有同样的碳基。颜色必定只能涂到金属的表 面。而它可以跟塑料混合为一体。金属比大多数塑料刚性要好，而塑料则非常之轻，通常塑料密度在 0. 9-1. 8之间。大多数塑料不易传热导电。塑料能缓慢软化，而当其还是在软的状态时，能容易成形。 It is their plasticityplAs5tisiti at certain temperatures5temprItFE(r) which gives plastics their main advantages over many other materials. It permits the large-scale production of moldedmEuld articles, such as containers, at an economic unit cost, where other materials require laboriouslE5bC:riEs and often costly processes involving cutting, shaping, machining, assemblyE5sembli and decoration. 在某一温度下塑料是处于塑性状态的，这就使塑料具备超过许多其他材料的主要优点。它容许大量 生产单位成本低廉的模制式器件，例如，各种容器。于此，若用其他材料则需要大量劳力和往往需要很 费钱的加工工艺，比如，切割、成形、加工、装配和装饰。 Plastics not only replace other materials. Their properties can be exploitediks5plCit for entirelyIn5taIElI new applications. For example, plastics heart valvesvAlv and other human spare parts have make possible many recent developments in surgery5sE:dVEri. 塑料不仅可以代替其他材料，而且它的特性能被开拓应用于全新领域，比如：随着最近外科手术的 发展可能做成塑料的心脏瓣膜和其他人类的器官。 There is no single plastics material which is suitable for all applications. It is important that the most suitable plastics should be chosen, and if necessary adaptedE5dApt, for each particular requirement. It is also important that the properties of the plastics chosen should be exploited to the best advantage. 没有一种纯塑料材料适用于各个领域，如果有必要改进，对于每个有特殊要求的来说选择最合适的 塑料是最重要的，被选择的塑料材料的特性被开拓得到更好的应用也是很重要的。 A plastics article may need to differ in design and appearance from a similar article made from another material such as metal or wood. This is due not only to the properties of plastics but also to the techniquestek5ni:k employed in fabricating5fAbrikeit plastics. These techniques include injectionin5dVekFEn molding5mEuldiN, blow molding, pression molding, extrusioneks5tru:VEn and vacuum5vAkjuEm forming. 塑料器件可能需要用其他材料比如：与金属或木材制作的类似的器件从设计和外观上加以区别，这 不仅是由于塑料性能不同的原因，也是由于制造塑料产品所用的技术不同所致，这些技术包括：注塑、 模制、吹塑模制、压模、挤压和真空成型等。 2 3. Casting and Die-Casting Alloys Text: Casting5kB:stiN is one of the oldest metal working techniques known to man. Our country made metal castings as early as 2000 B.C., and the process used then is not much different in principle5prinsEpl from the one used today. 铸造是入类所掌握的最古老的金属加工技术之一。我国早在公元前 2000年就已把金属制成铸件， 而所使用的工艺从原理上和今天的工艺没有多大的区别。 Foundry5faundriprocessesconsistof makingmolds,preparingandmeltingmeltthemetal, pouringpC:, pCE the metal into the molds, and cleaning the castings. The product of the foundry is a casting, which may vary from a fraction5frAkFEn of a kilogram to several hundred tons. It may also vary in positionkCmpE5ziFEn as practically all metals and alloys can be cast. 铸造工艺由制模、备料和金属熔炼，金属液浇注入模和铸件清砂等。铸造的产品是铸件，铸件可能 从零点几公斤到几百吨范围变化。实际上所有金属在成分上也是变化的，而合金也可以铸造。 The metals most frequently cast are iron, steel, aluminum and so on. Of these, iron, because of its low melting point, low price and ease of control, is outstanding for its suitability9sjU:tEbIlEtI for casting and is used far more than all the others. 最常铸造的金属是铸铁、钢、铝等等。这些金属中，铸铁，由于其低熔点，低价格和易控制，因而 其铸造适应性是最突出的，而且使用也远比所有其他金属多。 Castingisawidelyusedmethodofproducingmetalproducts,particularlythosewhichare intricate5intrikit. Since molten materials will readily take the shape of the container into which they are poured, it is nearly as easy to cast fairly plex shapes as to produce simple forms. 由于熔融的物料能容易取得被浇注进去的容器（模型）的形状，因此，几乎像生产简单形状铸件那 样颇为容易地铸造出复杂形状的铸件。 The place where the metals are cast is called a foundry. The most important of cast metals is cast iron which is made from pig iron by remelting it in a special melting furnace5fE:nis called a cupola5kju:pElE. 铸造金属的地方叫做铸造车间。最重要的铸造金属是铸铁，铸铁是用生铁在一个特殊的熔炉叫冲 天炉的炉子中重新熔炼而制造出来的。 From the cupola, the cast iron flows into ladles5leidl of different size, and from these ladles it is poured into the molds. 从冲天炉中出来的铁水流入到不同规格的铁水包中，并从这些铁水包中被浇注到模型中。 The molds may be of two kinds: sand molds and metal molds. A metal mold consists of two hollow parts which should be joined for pouring the metal into it. The inside of this mold is covered with carbon or graphite5rAfait so that the metal could not stickstik to the wall of the form. When the metal has solidifiedsE5lidifai, these hollow parts are disjoined and the casting is taken out. There are also special molds in which large blocks of steel can be cast.These molds are usually made of cast iron and are called ingot5iNEt molds, which the blocks of steel produced by pouring the metal into these molds are called ingots and the process is called ingot casting. 模型有两种类型:砂模和金属模。金属模是由两个中空的部件组成，它们应被联结在一起以便将金 属液浇入模箱中。这模腔的内侧是要涂以碳粉或石墨，因此金属不玫于粘贴到型腔壁上口当金属液凝固 后，这中空的型箱部件被打开并取出铸件。也有一种特殊模型，在该模型中可以铸造大型钢块。这些模 型通常用铸铁米制造，并被称为锭模。而浇注金属液到这些模子中生产出的钢块被称为钢锭。该工艺过 程叫锭铸。 A relatively5relEtIvlI wide range of nonferrous alloys can be die-cast. The principal base metals used, in order to mercial importance, are zinc, aluminum, copper, magnesiummA5ni:zjEm, lead, and tin. The alloys may be further classified as low-temperature alloys and high-temperature alloys; those having a casting 3 temperature below 538C, such as zinc, tin, and lead, are in the low-temperature class. The low-temperature alloys have the advantages of lower cost of production and lower die-maintenance5meintinEns costs. As the casting temperature increases, alloy and other special steels in the best treated condition are require