英语语法基础知识.ppt

,Grammar,语法层次,语法结构的五个层次,词素(Morpheme)词(Word)词组(Phrase)分句(Clause)句子(Sentence),morphemes,词素（morpheme),free,bound,lexical(child)Functional(and),derivational(re-)Inflectional(s),词(word),分句类型(Typesofclauses)Independent(main;minS+V,complete)独立分句(主干,主谓齐全，完整）Ilovelinguistics.Youbelieveme.Dependent(subordinate;SUBCONJ,incomplete)从属子句（从属，需加连词，不完整）whensheenteredtheroomwhodeliveredthelecture,句子类型(Typesofsentences)简单句Simple(oneindependentclause)Shereadthebook.并列句Compound(2independentclausesconnectedwithco-ordinatingconjunctions:并列连词)Shereadthebookbutshedidntlikeit。复合句Complex(acombinationofdependent(subordinate)andindependentclauses：从属连词、连接代词、连接副词)Shereadthebookwhileshewasincollege.并列复合句Compound-Complex(2independentclauses+1()dependentclauses)Hejumpedforjoyandscreamedveryloudlywhenhisteamwonthegame.,简单句：句子只包含一个主谓结构，且句子的各个成分都是由单词或者短语表示。,Aschoolisanimportantplacetostudents.Manypeoplehaveacloserelationshipwiththeirpets.ThestudentsIteachhavemadebettergradesinthepastfewweeks.,并列句：两个或两个以上互相独立的主谓结构、由并列连词连接。,Olivercametotheparty,butRosedidnot.Everyroominthehousehasitsownfunctionanditisdifficulttoimaginethelifewithoutoneofthem.,Tip:根据两个简单句之间的关系结合、选择、转折，因果，选择不同的并列连词结合：and,bothand,aswellas,notonlybutalso选择：or,eitheror,neithernor.orelse.Otherwise转折：but,yet,however,nevertheless,while,whereas因果：for,so,therefore,复合句：两个或两个以上的主谓结构，其中一个(或多个)主谓结构充当句子的某一(些)成分，如：主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语。从属连词、连接代词、连接副词,Thisisaninterestingbook.Thisisthebookwhichtheytalkedabout.Everythingdependsontheweather.Whetherwellgoonapicnictomorrowdependsontheweather.Hecamehereatseven.Hecameherewhenwewereabouttoleave.,主语从句,从属连词：whether，that，Thatthedriverwasdrunkisobvious.Whetheryoucomeornotdoesntconcernme.连接代词:which,who,whoever,whose,what,whateverWhichteamwillwinthechampionshipisstillnotclear.Whowillbethemonitormakesnodifference.连接副词:how,when,where,why,Howhediditpuzzledusall.Whyhewasabsentfromclassisamystery.Tip:主语从句后置,表语从句,从属连词：whether，that，asifHelooksasifhedidntcare.Thequestioniswhethertheywouldliketohelpus.连接代词:which,who,what,Theproblemiswhichroadweshouldtake.WhatIwanttoknowiswhocanfinishitinoneweek.连接副词:how,when,where,why,Thequestioniswhentheywillarrive.Thatiswhytheystayedtherefortwoweeks.,宾语从句,从属连词：whether，that，ifIthinkthatyouwanttobeateacherispractical.Idontknowwhether/ifhissonisstilllivingwiththem.连接代词:which,who,what,Ireallywanttoknowwhathedidyesterday.Tellmewhichyoulikemost.连接副词:how,when,where,why,Hetolduswherehefoundthatmissingboy.Iaskedhimwhyhedidntshowupatthepartylastnight.Tip:宾语从句后置,定语从句引导定语从句的关系词，除引导定语从句外，还在定语从句中承担一个句子成分。,关系代词：who,whom,whose,which,thatThegirlwhogotthefirstplaceintheEnglishCompetitionismyroommate.Thepolicemanistalkingtoagirlwhoseiphonehasbeenrobbed.ThesearethebooksthatIboughtthroughon-linepurchasing关系副词：when,where,whyDoyoustillrememberthedayswhenweworkedtogether？ShelivedinBeijingforfiveyears,whereshestudiedChinese.Thesearethereasonswhytheydontliketheirboss.,状语从句,时间状语连词或词组：when/while/as,whenever,beforeafter,since,till/until,assoonas/themoment/theminute,hardlywhen/scarcelywhen/nosoonerthan/instantly/directly,once,every/eachtimeIthinkthatyouwanttobeateacherispractical.Idontknowwhether/ifhissonisstilllivingwiththem.Wellleavetheminuteeverythingisready.Ihadhardlysatdownwhenthetelephonerang.Nosoonerhadhearrivedhomethanitbegantorain.地点状语连词：where,wherever,anywhereThepoliceorderedthesuspecttostaywherehewas.Helikestomakefriendswhereverhegoes.Comeinandsitanywhereyoulike.,状语从句,条件状语连词或词组：if,unless,aslongas/solongas/sofaras,incase,suppose/supposing/providedthat/providing,onconditionthatIfyoucanpracticeenough,youaresuretopassthedrivingtestthistime.Idliketogoswimmingunlessthewateristoocold.Supposingthathedoesnthelp,whatshallwedo？原因状语连词：because/since/as/nowthat,consideringthat,seeingSinceyourenotinterestedinthisTVplay,letschangethechannel.Nowthatyouaregrownup,youshouldnotrelyonyourparents.,状语从句,结果状语连词或词组：sothat/suchthat,sothat/Thisissuchaheavyboxthatnobodycanmoveit.Hiscarbrokedownhalfwaytothecompanysothathehadtotakeataxi.目的状语连词：that/sothat/inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incaseThetwoboyswerewhisperingsothattheyshouldnointerruptotherstudents.Wemustcheckthecarregularlysothatitcanrunwell.Illshowyoutheplaceonthemaplestyoushouldgetlost.Youdbettertakeanumbrellawithyouincaseinrains.,状语从句,方式状语连词或词组：as,asif,asthough,Thelittlegirllikestodosomethingashermothertellsher.HespeaksChineseasifhewereaChinese.Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.比较状语连词：than,asHestudiesmuchharderthanhisbrother.ThisParkisfarmorebeautifulthanIexpected.让步状语连词：though/although/as/while,evenif/eventhough,however/nomatterhowAlthoughheisyoung,hehasbeeninmaycountries.Hewontgotoseethatkindoffilmeventhoughhehastime.Tryashemight,hecouldntmovethisstone.,同位语从句,从属连词：thatThereistruthintheoldsayingthatnecessityisthemotherofinvention.ThereisarumorthatMr.Zhanghasbeendismissed.连接副词:how,when,where,why,IhavenoideahowIcangetthecargoinginsuchcoldweather.Ihavenoideawhyshedroppedoutofschool.,Summary:句子类型,简单句(SimpleSentence)并列句(CompoundSentence)复合句(ComplexSentence),三种句子类型(结构),三种句子类型(用途),陈述句疑问句(一般/特殊/选择/翻译疑问)祈使句感叹句,句子结构,主谓结构：S(主语）+Vi(谓语不及物动词）主谓宾结构：S(主语）+Vi(谓语及物动词)+O(宾语）主系表结构:S(主语)+LV(系动词)+P(表语)双宾语结构：S(主语)+Vt(谓语及物动词+InO(间接宾语)+DO(直接宾语）复合宾语结构：S(主语)+Vt(谓语及物动词)+O(宾语)+C(宾语补足语),五种基本结构,(一)主谓结构：S(主语）+Vi(谓语不及物动词）,Everyonelaughed.ThepricepeakedinAugust.Viewsontheissueinquestionvaryfrompersontoperson.Notionsabouteuthanasiadifferwidely.Thenumberoffemaleprofessorsdroppedsignificantlyin1970.Thenumberoffemaleprofessorsdroppedsignificantlyin1970.,(二)主谓宾结构：S(主语）+Vi(谓语及物动词)+O(宾语,Liverpoolwonthegame.Travellingbroadensonesvision.WeoftenhearaboutanovernightsuccessInstead,theyliveinhigh-riseapartmentscomplexes.Weareallexposedtosuchadvertisementseveryday.Thetrainisbuildingupspeed.Thetrainisbuildingupspeed.,(三)主系表结构:S(主语)+LV(系动词)+P(表语),Thatcarismine.Sheisingoodhealth.Shelooksbeautiful.Theprimarypurposeofazooistoeducate.Firstofall,pigfarmingisstillanimportantindustryinChina.Inmostcountries,themostimportantanimalisanationalsymbol.Inmostcountries,themostimportantanimalisanationalsymbol.,Tip:常用系动词be,feel,look,sound,taste,smell,seem,appear,become,grow,get,turn,fall,go,come,run,remain,continue,stay,keep,rest,prove,turnout,Back,(四)双宾语结构：S(主语)+Vt(谓语及物动词+InO(间接宾语)+DO(直接宾语,Beckhamlentmehiscar.Someoneleftyouthisnote.Travellingtoforeigncountriesgivesusanopportunitytoexperienceanothercultureandbroadenourhorizon.Hismotherin-lawboughthimaluxuriouscarasthemarriagepresent.Hismotherin-lawboughthimaluxuriou