自考英语写作_应试技巧.ppt

EnglishWritingExamingTechniques,JoeDu,GeneralReviewofEnglishWriting,Part1:TheBookReportI.MajorPartsoftheBookReportinformationaboutthewritersummaryofthebookcommentsonthebookObjectives:1.thebalancedcompositionofabookreport.2.Asubjectivesummaryofthecentralthemeofthebook3.Personalinterpretationandhistoricalsignificationofthebook.,PartII:TheWholeCompositionI.TheFormatofthePaperII.OutlineofthePaperIII.TheFourTypesofWritingExamingPoints:1.Thecorrectformatofapaper2.Topicoutlineandsentenceoutline3.Differentwaysofcomposition,PartIII:ProcessofWritingaResearchPaperI.DecideonatopicII.TheMethodofResearchIII.PreparetheThesisandtheOutlineIV.TheFirstDraftV.FollowtheMIAstyleExamingPoints:1.ASuitableTopic2.ResearchProcess3.ThesisandOutline4.FirstDraftandNotesIncorporation5.MLAStyleFollow-up,PartIV:ASampleResearchPaperI.TitlepageII.AbstractIII.OutlineIV.MainbodyV.NotesVI.TheworkscitedpageExamingPoint:Acompleteresearchpaper,ProcessofWritingAResearchPaper,I.ChooseASuitableTopic(恰当的论题)ex.1.TherearemanyAmericanIndians.(broad)-TheAmericanIndiansmadecontributionstoAmericanculture.2.TVviolence-ChildrenTVviolence3.TouristEnglishTranslation-ChineseTouristMaterialsTranslation-TreatmentofCulturalInformationinChineseTouristMaterialsTranslation4.TheRelationshipbetweenYoungWomenandTheirFathersinSeveralShakespeareanTragedies.,A.FindaTopic(确定论题)寻找论题的源泉有很多，可以是杂志、书籍或其他什么地方。当然更多的还是要看作者平时是否留意、作者的兴趣和作者的学识。方法是：他人、前人尚未涉及的领域；他人前人涉及较少的领域；需要重新评价的领域；从不同的角度和重点研究；从分歧中找题；从联想和交谈中找题。B.Narrowit寻找到论题后，还要设法限制论题的范围。,II.Howtoresearch?(怎样做研究)图书馆查找，并使用寻找策略(从宏观到微观，由大到小，由总到分)。可通过百科全书、传记资料、词典，并查找书籍、期刊及其他材料。找到材料后纪要去粗取精，保留与论题密切相关的内容。还要对陈旧和权威性方面作调查。寻找材料的过程中，需要养成好的习惯。可记录下：索引号；全部作者；编辑；译者；标题和副题；出版信息；文章的全部作者；标题副题；杂志、期刊或报纸；日期和页码；卷号，期。,III.TheThesisandOutline(论点与提纲)(Topic)选题指的是选择研究的课题，是具体的研究对象，(Thesis)论点是作者对所论问题提出的看法主张。学术论文要求不仅要文字表述和写作技巧正确，还要论点鲜明，论据充分，论证有逻辑性，层次清晰，有独立的间接且能自圆其说。,therequirementsofthesis:i.论点要正确。科学研究的目的，是有益于社会的发展和世界的进步，论文要真实地科学地反映和揭示出客观事物的规律及本质，不可为论点的标新立异而不分真伪，不顾客观事实而主观臆断，甚至带有个人偏见。ii.论点要深刻。论文深刻就是说见解要有独到之处，能给人以新的启发。iii.论点要有丰富坚实的材料基础。学术论文的每个论点都必须有多个材料来证明，只有从丰富的材料中引出的论点，其正确性、可信性才强；仅有孤证的论点，往往难以成立，因为孤证很可能是一种偶然现象。,Threefunctionsofthesis:1.为主题划界，不至于是作者目的不明，游离主题。2.为论文规定方向，使作者容易操作；3.是读者有所期盼，论文易懂。,Constructingapreliminaryoutline(初拟提纲)作用：帮助自己理清思路，树立全局观念，把那些零乱的材料按照一定的顺序排列、组合、取舍、调整、使之成为一个整体。注意结构：中心论点(thesisstatement)-分支论点(topicsentences).拟定提纲可发现论点或论据有问题时可回过头去重新研究，或进一步搜集材料。方法：可通过学习现有论文总结其提纲或看现成的提纲学习方法,IV.(ExpandNotesintoaDraftthenintoapaper)材料集成初稿并形成论文动笔之前，确定已完成以下内容：1.已经确定论点；2.浏览全部材料并挑选出与主题相关材料3.将材料按照一定顺序排列。4.已经拟定提纲注意：文章切记CopyandPaste,V.TheMLAstyle(文章沿用MLA文内引证模式)论文中的引文不管是直接引语或间接引语，都要给以说明。文中采用MLA(现代语言学会)的引证模式，即在园括号内写上引文作者的名字和引文的页码号，这样读者就可以在文后的参考文献(WorksCited)中查找到引文的详细出处了。Ex.上文提到作者的名字时，括号中就只写引文的页码，如：EmilyDickinson.(523)上文未提到作者的名字时，括号中就写上作者的名字和页码，如：(Goodserve143)如果你在参考文献中引用了同一个作者的几个文献，就需要在文中括号内简略地写上书名或杂志名，如:(Language20-41).,ASampleResearchPaper,论文中引证的其他几种情况：不知作者姓名、有两个以上作者的作品、多卷本作品，小说、戏剧或诗歌、转引和同时引用两个以上作者的情况。(P268)(Endnotesandfootnotes)尾注与脚注(p271)(Spacingandpunctuation)空格与标点(p271-272)WorksCited(参考文献)(P273-278),题型写作技巧,在复习完英语写作内容后，我们就每一题型分析一下解题思路，希望对大家有所帮助。写作考试试题类型有三种：补齐段落，撰写大纲和篇章写作。我们分别说一下解题思路。,1.补齐段落,这个题目占到考试总分的20%，考查目的是考查学生对英语篇章的整体把握和段落写作。解答此类题目，要遵循审题，阅读理解，写作的步骤。Example:(P320)Supplythefollowingpassagecarefullyandwriteaconclusionofabout100words.Makesurethatthetoneandvocabularyyouuseareinunitywiththepassageprovided.,这一题目审题要点有三点：1.补齐的段落是引言，正文还是结论段落；2.字数要求是100字3.要和原文保持连贯（Unity），具体讲要做到语气一致，用词一致，语法句子复杂程度一致。Key:前两点很容易把握，关键在第三点。语气一致就是要弄清楚作者对话题的态度，写作目的和中心思想。词汇一致指的是选词要和原文相符合，看原文用词是正式，学术词汇还是非正式的，日常用语。句法一致是指所补段落的句式复杂程度要和原文一致，是简单句为主还是复杂句为主。,阅读,搞清楚这些以后，就要带着这些问题来进行阅读，找出相关信息。要阅读并理解文章的观点（Thesis），作者态度；阅读并理解文章的大纲，阅读并理解文章的重要细节；阅读并理解文章段落间的衔接，尤其是所缺段落与前文的联系。,Example1(P320),文章的观点(Thesis):Likemostlittlegirls,Ithoughtitwouldbeverygrown.文章大纲(outline):Topic:MyShiningCurlsThesis:IwantedcurlsmorethananythingOutline:I.reasonsforhavingshiningcurlsII.cryforhaircutasIwishedIII.thingsturnedoutdifferentIV.removetangledmessandsadv.conclusion:agoodexperienceforfuturelife文章衔接(linkingwords):Needlesstosay,it.notuntil,写作,最后开始写作，引言段写作要遵循一般到具体的原则，引出话题，点明论点，论点可通过总结正文各段主题句或是结论中获得；正文段写作要注意从引言段论点出发，结合正文段其它段落主题句，确定本段主题句，还要注意和相邻正文前一段落的最后和后一段的第一句。结论段要重述论点，总结全文，注意和前一段落结尾的联系。,SampleReading,conclusion:(p321),WritingExercises(1),2006-2012年,审题,I.Supplythemissingparagraph(20points)Thefollowingpassageisincompletewithonebodyparagraphmissing.Studythepassagecarefullyandwritethemissingparagraphinabout100words.Makesurethatyourtoneanddictionareinunitywiththepassageprovided.,阅读,文章的观点(Thesis):_文章的大纲(Outline):?_文章的衔接(Linkingwords):_,写作,引言段？/正文段？/结尾段?1._2._3._,UsefulSentenceStructures,观点类:(模板一)Asweallknow,thegeneralpublichasbeendebatingwhether.isablessingoracurse.Scientistshavemadeadvancesin.,where.Somepeoplesupport.,saying.Otherpeopleoppose.,saying.Myownopinionisthat.First,.Iapprovethat.,but.Forexample,.Conversely,.Second,.Third,.Personallyspeaking,Iapproveof.onlyifitisplacedunderstrictcontrol.Foronething,.Foranother,.Onlywhenweexerciseextremecareoverthisdelicatemattercanwebesuretoputitontherighttrack,模板二,Recentlytherehavebeenmanyreportsof.ItturnsanewpageofadvancededucationinChina,andwillhavefar-reachingeffectsintheforthcomingyears.Thebiggestbenefit,inmyeyes,isthat.Inaddition,.Finally,.Apartfromthebenefitsmentionedabove,weshouldalsofaceseveralunavoidablechallenges.Inthefirstplace,.Inthesecondplace,.Whatsthemostimportant,.Onlywhen.canwe.,模板三,Recentlyithasbecomeacommonphenomenonforcollegestudentstodo.Inthisway,.Althoughitmaybringunfavorableconsequences,wecanbesuretoconcludethatthispracticeisfavorableonthewhole.Tobeginwith,.Moreover,.Inthethirdplace,.Weighingtheprosandconsofsuchanewtrend,wecannaturallyarriveattheconclusionthatitisbeneficialandrewarding.Thissystemnotonly.butalso.,模板四,Recently,moreandmoreeducatorsandcommoncitizenssuggestthat.Personlly,Ifullyagreewiththeirproposalforthefollowingreasons.Ontheonehand,.Ontheotherhand,.Finally,.Inaword,Iwarmlywelcome.inuniversity.Inmymind,.,利弊类（模板一）Nowadays,.isplayingamoreandmoreimportantroleinpeoplesdailylife.However,peoplesopinionsarestilldividedonthispoint.Thosewhoareinfavorof.claimthatithasalotofadvantages.Firstly,.Secondly,.Lastbutnotleast,.Thosewhoareopposedto.holdthatdisadvantagesaremany.Inthefirstplace,.Inthesecondplace,.Finally,.Allinall,wecansafelycometotheconclusionthattheprosoutweighthecons.Thepasttwentyyearswitnessedthefastdevelopmentof.alongwith.Abrighterfutureisawaitingusifwemakegooduseof.,问题型（模板一）,Therehaslongbeenanationaldebateon.Somepeopleadvocatethatfirecrackersshouldbebannedbecause.Othersholdtheoppositeopinion.Theybelievethat.Frommypointofview,Iwelcomeso-called.,whichhasbeenpracticedinsomepartsofcountry.Ontheonehand,.Ontheotherhand,.Inshort,onlyinthiswaycanwe.,模板二：Whenwetalkaboutwhether.,wewillbemostsurprisedtofindthatthepresentsituationissocompicated.Ontheonehand,.Ontheotherhand,.Threereasons,inmyeyes,canaccountforthisphenomenon.Inthefirstplace,.Inthesecondplace,.Finally.,模板三,Itisquitenaturalforyoungpeopletoponderoverthequestionofwhetherto.Manyyoungpeoplewillchoosenotto.,generallyforthreereasons.Ontheonehand,.Ontheotherhand,.Mostimportantofall,.Nevertheless,otherpeopleadoptatotallydifferentview.Foronething,.Foranother.Fromwhatwehavediscussedabove,wecandrawtheconclusionthatitdependsonpersonalchoice.Inmyowncase,.,模板四,Nowadays,.Ithasbecomeaseriousproblemthatithasarousedtheconcernfromthewholesociety.Toputanendtosuchaseriousproblem,inmymind,callsfortheeffortsfromallsides.Firstofall,.Moreover,.Lastbutnottheleast,.Howcananybodyexpecttoleadameaningfullifeuntilheisfarfrom.?Onlywhenallofusjoinintheeffortsofeliminating.atalllevelscanweexpecttohave.amorebeautifulfuture.,名言警句类,模板一Thewell-knownproverb.haslongbeenacceptedbyallofus.Ittellusthat.Letstake.asanexample.Anothergoodcaseinpointis.?Judgingfromtheexamplesgivenabove,wemaysafelycometotheconclusionthat.Sowhynot.,模板二thereisafamoussaying,.,whichmeans.Ifyouwanttobesuccessful,youshould.Acaseinpointis.Whenitcomesto.,itisalsothecase.Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,weshouldunderstandthemeaningof.moreclearly.Ontheonehand,.Ontheotherhand,.Thebestwayisto.,.Supplythemissingparagraph.(20points)Thefollowingpassageisincompletewithonebodyparagraphmissing.Studythepassagecarefullyandwritethemissingparagraphinabout100words.Makesurethatyourtoneanddictionareinunitywiththepassageprovided.,TheMagicofMusicMusicisoneofthemostcommonformsofentertainment.Icanhardlythinkofanyonewhodoesntlikemusic.Itappearsthatwhereveryougo,musicisplayingorsomeoneislisteningtohisorherMP3orCDplayer.Frommiddleschoolstudentstobusinessexecutives,almosteveryoneseemstobeakeenmusiclover.Whydopeopleenjoymusicsomuch?Ibelievemusicworkslikemagic:itpleasesoursenses,lightensourmoods,andhelpstodevelopfriendship.,Tobeginwith,musicappealstousgreatlybecauseheatingisoneofourmostreceptiveandpleasure-feelingsenses.Ourearsarecapableofheatingandinterpretinganextremelybroadrangeofpitchandtones.Yet,otherthanmusic,theday-to-daysoundsweusuallyhearareascatteredandunrelatedseriesofoverlappingmiddletones,forexample,voicesandconstructionnoise.Thelackofharmonyandvariationinthesesoundwavescancauseaheadache.Conversely,musicistheonlykindofsoundthatiscomprisedofaharmonizedandlogicalsequenceofhighandlowtones.Itissimplyandnaturallypleasingtooursenses._,Finally,musicisofgreatvaluebecauseitisameansofestablishingacommoninterestamongbothfriendsandstrangers.Friendsfrequentlytakepleasureinsharingnewmusic.Thequalityofaparticularpieceofmusicissomethingthatevenstrangerscanagreeonwithoutmuchdebate.Strangersfromdifferentcountriescaneasilybecomefriendsthroughthesimpleprocessofsingingordancingtogethertomusic.Music,theonlyuniversallanguage,bindspeopletogether.Therefore,musichasmagicpowerwhichstimulatesoursensesandenhancesourmoodsandemotions.Italsoservesasameansforestablishingclosertiesbetweenfriendsandstrangersalike.Indeed,alifewithoutmusicwouldbeboringanddifficult.,2.大纲写作,大纲写作占整个考试的20%.要求考生在阅读并理解文章的基础上，写出文章的大纲。Example:Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandtrytocomposeatopicoutlineforthepassageprovided.,它着重考查考生大纲写作能力，当然阅读能力是基础。做这一题型时要，注意阅读的质量，切忌边读边写。要先通读原文，再进行写作。写作过程中要注意这几个问题：,审题,确定要写的是句子型还是话题型大纲:topicoutlineorsentenceoutline,话题和论点,先明确话题和论点并写下来。话题就是题目，论点往往出现在引言段最后一句。,各段主题句,注意正文段第一、二句，锁定各段主题句。这时要注意，有些时候需要合并自然段形成较大的段落。看作者总体谋篇使用了何种方法。细节要适当，不可过简或是过细。结论段,3.篇章写作,在考试中所占的比重很大，占到60%.综合考查学生的写作水平。Composition60%考题往往是由某一现象引出，然后询问考生观点，然后要考生写出一篇约为300字的说明文或是议论文。Mini-playshaveenjoyedgreatpopularityoverthepastdecade.Writeashortexpositoryessay(about300words)examingthepopularityofoneofthemini-playactorsoractress.Inyourwirting,underlineyourthesisandnumberyourparagraphs.,在写作实践中，不少学生经常搞不清楚原因分析说明文和议论文的差别，因为两者都是要说明理由。我们只作简单的区别。说明文中的原因分析往往只是对某一社会现象的原因进行分析，所涉的话题往往具有普遍性，原因也具有客观性。说明文中作者不直接表述自己的好恶和倾向。说明文有一类是要作者说明自己做某件事的理由，这样的原因分析可以叫做理由分析。,它所涉及到的话题就比较主观，作者的主观性很强烈。理由分析在写作考试中经常出现。而议论文是指作者对某一问题发表自己的见解，论证自己见解的合理性，它所表达的是作者主观的看法，它往往要首先要简短的描述他人观点，树立靶子，然后批驳别人在这一问题上的看法，指出其合理成分，更多的是批判，最后论证自己的观点。由此可以看出，理由描写是介于说明文和议论文中的一种过渡,议论文的突出特点就是要树立靶子，进行批驳。我们称之为CounteringtheOpposition.议论文的写作和说明文的写作模式基本相同，但是要加入countertheopposition段落。也就是说，议论文我们写成六段，引言段，反拨段，论证三段和结论。或者写成五段，讲反驳段并进引言段作为自己的观点，然后论证一二三，结论。,formyourargumentativethesis:should,must,oughtP215focusontheconcernsandknowledgeofanappropriateaudiencetailorevidencetotheargumentativethesisdevelopmentevidencewithadequateandappr