医学类英语词根.ppt

MedicalEnglishforpostgraduates,主讲人：彭继兰,Wordbuilding基本意义单位第一种符号第二种符号(word)(root)人mananthrop花flowerantho时timechron色colourchrom,石stonelith水waterhydro生命lifebio头headcephal牙toothdent,lith-lithoscope结石检查器lithectomy结石切除术lithoid如石的-lithurolith尿结石nephrolith肾结石cholelith胆结石,aerolith陨石megalith巨石monolith独石柱trilith三石(塔)zoolith动物化石entemlith昆虫化石,Thepartsofhumanbody人体部位1.头headcapit-caput-Lcephal-G2.颈neckcarotico-Gcervic-L3.胸chestpectus-Lpectorisa.steth-Gthorac-G,4.腹abdomenabdomin-Llapar-G5.腰waistn.lumb-LlumbusLn.6.盆,肾盂pelvispelvi-L7.肩shoulderom-L8.臂armbrachi-Lbrachiumn.9.肘elbowcubitusL,10.前臂forearmantebrachi-11.腕wristcarpus-L12.手handmanu-Lmanusn.cheir-kairG,13.指(趾)finger(toe)dactyl-Gdactylogram/fingerprint指纹phalanxn.Gdigitusn.L14.臀buttock(breech/nump)clunisLn.glutealGa.gloutosn.pyg-G,15.股thighfemur-Ln.16.膝kneegenu-L17.小腿legcrusL18.踝ankletalusLn.19.足footped-Lpod-G,organsandtissues组织和器官1.cell细胞cyt-cyteG2.gland腺体aden-G3.muscule肌肉muscul-Lmy-G4.skin皮肤derm(at)-G5.bone骨oste-G6.joint关节arthr-G7.heart心cardi-G心肌myocardi-,8.brain脑encephal-Gcerebrum大脑cerebr-Lcerebellum小脑cerebell-L9.bile胆（汁）bili-Lchole-,chol(o)-G10.liver肝hepat-G11.stomach胃gastr-G12.intestine肠enter-G,13.lung肺pneumon-G肺炎pneumonia,pneumonitis14.pneum(at)-呼吸，空气，肺气胸pneumothorax15.bronchus支气管bronch-L16.spleen脾splen-G17.kidney肾nephr-Gren-L18.testis睾丸orchi(d)-G,19.womb子宫metr-Guter-L20.breast乳房mast-Gmamm-L21.spine脊柱rachi-G22.eye眼ophthalm-Gocul-L左眼oculussinister(0.S.)右眼oculusdexter(0.D.),23.ear耳auri-L外耳，心耳ot-Gotitismedia中耳炎24.nose鼻nas-Lotorhinolaryngology耳鼻喉科学rhin-Grhinophyma(肥大性）酒糟鼻25.throat咽pharyng-Gpharynxn.pharyngitis咽炎throat喉laryng-Glarynxn.,喉炎laryngitis26.toothdent-Ldentistry牙科学dentist牙科医生denture义齿，牙托odont-Godontolith牙结石27.bloodvesselangi-Gvascul-Lvascularadj.vasospasm血管痉挛vasoconstriction血管收缩,28.vein静脉ven-Lphleb-G29.artery动脉arteri-L30.nerve神经neur-Gneurasthenia神经衰弱31.blood血haem-,hemat-,hem-32.bladder膀胱Gcyst-cystitis膀胱炎cystofibroma囊性纤维瘤,33.bileduct胆管cholangi-34.fat脂肪lip-G35.fibre纤维fibr-L36.trachea气管trache-G37.meninx脑膜,脊髓膜mening-G38.spinalcord脊髓myel-G,39.encephalomyel-脑脊髓40.colon结肠colo-G41.thrombus血栓thromb-G（embolus，plug)42.platelet血小板thrombocyt-G,Diseasesandmorbidcondition疾病和病态1.炎(inflammation)-itisG2.疼痛(ache)-algiaGneuralgia神经疼痛myalgia肌肉疼痛arthralgia关节疼痛3.膨出，疝(hernia)-celeGgastrocele胃疝4.扩张,膨胀(dilation)-ectasisGbronchiectasis支气管扩张,5.充血,血症(congestion)-emiaGanemia贫血症leukemia白血病bacteremia菌血症6.巨大,肿大(swelling)-megalyGhepatomegaly肝肿大splenomegaly脾肿大7.瘤(tumor)-omaGfibroma纤维瘤lipoma脂肪瘤encephaloma脑瘤,8.病,(异常)增多(abnormalincrease)-osisacidosis酸中毒leukocytosis白细胞增多9.减少(decrease)-peniaGlymphocytopenia淋巴细胞减少leukocytopenia白细胞减少10.麻痹,瘫痪(paralysis)plegiaGhemiplegia半身不遂quadriplegia四肢瘫痪,11.下垂(prolapse)-optosisgastroptosis胃下垂choleocystoptosis胆囊下垂12.出血(hemorrhage)-rrhagiarhinorrhagia鼻出血gastrorrhagia胃出血,SurgicalOperation（外科手术）1.穿刺(puncture)-centisisGabdominocentisis腹腔穿刺thoracocentisis胸腔穿刺2.切除术(excision,removal,resection)-ectomyGthyroidectomy甲状腺切除术3.切开术(incise,incision),otomyGtracheotomy气管切开术angiotomy血管切开术,4.造口术,吻合术(anastomosev.anastomosisn.)-ostomygastrostomy胃吻合术enterostomy肠造口术colostomy结肠造口术tracheostomy气管造口术5.缝合术(suture)orrhaphycardiorrhaphy,neurorrhaphy,angiorrhaphy,Position方位,1.在之上,在之外epi-G(on,out)epicondyle髁上骨epicardium心外膜epicardiectomy心外膜切除术epidermis表皮,在上,超过(above)super-Lsupra-Lsuperacute超急性的supernormal超常的superextension伸展过度的supra-epiocondylar位于髁上骨之上的supranormal超常的suprarenal肾上的，肾上腺的,2、在下，次于，不足sub-L(under)subacute亚急性的subtotal次全的subclinical亚临床的subcostal肋下的subnutrition营养不足下，在下(beneath)infra-L,infracostal肋下的infracortical皮质下的infraorbital眼眶下的infra-axillary腋下的3、向内，在内（within）end(o)-Gendocrine内分泌endotoxin内毒素,金,endoscope内窥镜endogenous内源性的内，在内(within)intra-Lintracardiac心脏内的intramuscular肌肉内的intraoperative手术中的intravenous静脉内的intrahepatic肝内的,在内，入内，进入(within)intro-Lintrogastric导入胃内的intromit插入introvert性格内向的introflexion内屈4、外，外侧(outside)ect(o)-Gectocardic心脏异位的,ectogenous外源性的ectotoxin外毒素向外、在外(outside)exo-Gexotoxin外毒素exocrine外分泌exocardia心脏异位外，额外、向内(outward)extra-L,加在形容词之前表示超出、越出之外extracellular细胞外的extrasystole期外收缩的extralegal法律权力以外的extraordinary非凡的5、在前(before)ante-Lanteflexin(子宫)前屈antemarital婚前,A.M.=antemeridian午前、上午antemortem死前(before)pre-Lprecardium心前部（心口）premature早产的，precapillary前毛细血管presystole收缩前期,前，初，前体(before,forward)pro-Gproenzyme酶原procedure程序prochromosome初染色体6、post-L(after)postmeridian午后的postdiastolic舒张后的posthepatitic肝炎后的,postcerebral大脑后的postwar战后的postcerebellar小脑后的postmortem死后(尸检)postgraduate研究生retro-L(backward)向后，倒退retroperitoneal腹膜后的retroaction反作用的,retrobronchial支气管后的7、旁，外，副，远处para-Gparathyroid甲状旁腺的paraplegia截瘫的，下肢麻痹的parasympathetic副交感的8、在周围peri-Gpericardium心包,periosteum骨膜perimeter周长,Comparison对比1.macro-大(异常体积)G巨球蛋白macroglobulin巨细胞macrocyte巨结肠macrocolon肉眼检查macroscopemega-G巨直肠megarectummegalo-G巨脾megalosplenia,micro-小G微生物microbe显微镜microscope显微外科microsurgery微型手术刀microtome微波microwave,2.multi-多L多病灶的multifocal多核的multinuclear多型的multiform多菌感染multi-infection细胞簇multicellpluri-多L多核的plurinuclear,全血球减少pluricytopenia多种耐药性的pluriresistantpoly-多G多腺瘤polyadenoma多血管炎polyangiitis红细胞增多症polycytemia多动脉炎polyarteritis,oligo-少,不足G红细胞过少oligocytemia白细胞过少oligoleukocytosis营养不足oligotrophia胆汁过少oligocholia,3.tachy-快G心动过速tachycardia呼吸急促tachypnea记速器tachymeter快速免疫法tachyphylaxis心收缩过速(期外收缩)tachysystole,brady-慢G心动过缓bradycardia呼吸徐缓bradypnea心舒张期延长bradydiastole,4.hyper-过高,超过G高血压hypertension高脂肪血症hyperlipemia代谢过盛hypermetablism体温过高hyperthermiahypo-低下,过少G低血糖症hypoglycemia贫血hypohemia=anemia低血压hypotension甲状腺技能减退hypothyroidism,Examination检查（方法和仪器）1.-ography造影术,X光照相术,描记法胆管造影术cholangiography心动描记法cardiography放射照相术radiography断层摄影术temography胆囊造影术cholecystography,2.-oscopy镜检法,检查法膀胱镜检法cystoscopy胃镜检查法gastroscopy喉镜检查法laryngoscopy气管镜检法tracheoscopy结肠镜检法coloscopy肝脏检查法hepatoscopy,3.(o)metry-计数法，测量法血小板计数法thrombometry白细胞计数法leukocytometry红细胞计数法erythrocytometry结石测定法lithometry血红素测定法hemoglobinometry,4.-graphG描记器，记录器，照片肠运动记录器enterograph脉搏计angiograph呼吸运动描记器pneumograph肝搏动描记器hepatograph5.-gram描记波，描记图，照片肌运动描记波myogram心动图cardiogram,5.scope-镜，检查器胃镜gastroscope气管镜tracheoscope膀胱镜cystoscope口腔镜stomatoscope石镜检查器lithoscope呼吸检查器pneumoscope肌缩检查器myoscope,6.-(o)meter计数器，测量器细胞计数器cytometer结石测定器lithometer血小板计数器thrombometer血成分测定器hematometer肠腔测量器enterometer血管口径张力器angiometer肌力计myometer呼吸气量测定器pneumometer,Exercise1.关节疼痛8.脑膜炎2.膀胱疝9.血管扩张3.脂血症10.静脉出血4.肝瘤11.脾肿大5.血小板减少12.脑瘫6.神经官能症13.腰穿7.子宫下垂14.肝切除术,Exercise1.关节疼痛arthralgia2.膀胱疝cystocele3.脂血症lipemia4.肝瘤hepatoma5.血小板减少thrombocytopenia6.神经官能症neurosis7.子宫下垂hysteroptosis/metroptosis/uteroptosis,8.脑膜炎meningitis9.血管扩张angiectasis10.静脉出血phleborrhagia11.脾肿大splenomegaly12.脑瘫encephaloplegia13.腰穿lumbocentisis14.肝切除术hepatectomy,15.静脉放血术16.胃肠吻合术17.血管缝合术18.气管切开术19.支气管镜检法20.充气胃镜检查法21.肺x光照相术22.肾造影术23.巨淋巴细胞24.显微外科25.多动脉炎26.细胞增多症27.白细胞减少28.心动过速29.呼吸缓慢30.高血糖症31.甲状腺机能亢进32.低血压,15.静脉放血术phlebotomy16.胃肠吻合术gastroenterostomy17.血管缝合术angiorrhaphy18.气管切开术tracheotomy19.支气管镜检法bronchoscopy20.充气胃镜检查法pneumogastroscopy21.肺x光照相术pneumonography,22.肾造影术nephrography23.巨淋巴细胞macrolymphocyte24.显微外科microsurgery25.多动脉炎polyarteritis26.细胞增多症cytosis/polycythemia27.白细胞减少oligocytosisoligocythemia28.心动过速tachycardia,29.呼吸缓慢bradypnea30.高血糖症hyperglycemia31.甲状腺机能亢进hyperthyroidism32.低血压hypotension,UnitOne,1.Comparedwithothernutrients,thereislessdemandforvitaminsandmineralsalt.2.LackofVitaminCmayresultinscurvy,adiseasewhichischaracterizedbypainfulmuscle,weakness,hemorrhage,fragilebones,looseteethanddentalcaries.,3.VitaminsareclassifiedaccordingtothelettersofEnglishalphabet.TheyarereferredtoasVitaminsA,B,C,D,E,KandcomplexVitaminB.4.Nutriology(Thescienceofnutrition)isthestudyofhowfoodaffectshumanbody.Or:Nutriologyisasciencewhichdealswiththestudyofhowfoodaffectsthehumanbody.,5.ItisthoughtthatVitaminCcanimproveshort-termmemoryandevencan“cure”schizophrenia.,UnitFour1.Existence(Subsistence)dependsonacontinuoussupplyoffoodandoxygen.Theformerentersthehumanbodythroughthedigestivesystemwhilethelatterthroughtherespiratorysystem.2.Sometimesthevesselsoftheliverorkidneysmaycontract,inwhichcasetheorgancouldshrink.,3.Onetypicalsymptomofnephritisisedemawhichmeansabnormalaccumulationoffluidsinbodytissuesorbodycavities.4.Thelong-termdamagetonephronshasfinallymadethekidneyscompletelylosetheirfunctions.5.Whenrenalfunctionisdestroyed,theexcretoryspeedofuriccalciumslowsdown.,UnitSix1.AlthoughDNAdactyloscopy(fingerprint)wasnotusedasamethodofdifferentialexamination,itwasusedtofind/seekhereditarymarksforhereditarydisorders.2.IfonlyasmallnumberofachildsDNAstripstallywithhismothersorhisfathers,thechildsparentsareothers,notthosewhosefingerprintshavebeenexamined.,3.par.4onP.394.Socalledviraltransductionistoinsertthedesiredgeneintoavirusthatwouldinfecttheafflictedtissueandusethevirustogetthegenetoitstargetcellswithdefectivegenes.5.Thelastsentenceonpage41.,UnitEight1.Theheart,bloodandvesselsmakeupthreeimportantpartsofthevascularsystem.2.Theoxygenatedbloodreturnstotheheartthroughthepulmonaryveins.3.CapillariesarethesmallbloodvesselswhichJointhearteriolestovenules.,4.Mildhypertensionislimitedbysomespecialiststothenumbers/readingsofdiastolicpressuresbetween90-110mmHg.5.Beforemiddleageapersonwithsystolicpressureabove150ordiastolicpressureabove90allthetimeshouldbeconsideredasahypertensive.,UnitEleven1.Leukemiaischaracterizedbyabnormalproliferationofleukocytesoftenwithanemiaandenlargementoflymphnodes,spleenandliver.2.Atpresentthecausesofleukemiaisstillunknown.Thediagnosiscanbemadeaccordingtotheexaminationoftheperipheralbloodandspinalcord.,3.Thechangesofqualityandquantityinthecorrespondingtypesofleukocytesmaybefoundinthepatientsperipheralblood.4.Inthepatientswithchroniclymphocyticleukemia,theirlymphocytesweresuspectedofbeingimmuno-incompetent.Sothepatientsaresusceptibletoinfectionwithbacteriaandmaydevelopvirulentreactiontoviralinfection.,5.Leukemiamayoccuratanyagebutchildrenandyoungpeoplearemoresusceptibletoacutelymphocyticleukemiathantheelderly.UnitTwelve1.Hightemperature(withmuchmoisture)with(plus)h