章振邦《新编英语语法》Lecture 1 句子结构.ppt

Lecture1SentenceStructure,www.NordriD,1.1ClauseElements,Theclauseorthesimplesentenceisstructurallyasequenceofphrasesandlogicallyaconstructionof“subject+predicate”.,1SubjectandpredicateThesubjectisthetopicorthemeofthesentence,whichtellsofwhatthesentenceisabout.Thepredicatesayssomethingaboutthesubjectandbearsthenewinformationwhichthespeakerorwriterwantstotransmittothelistenerorreader.Thesubjectisgenerallyrealizedbyanounphraseoranequivalentofnounphrase,whiletheconstructionofthepredicate,whichismorecomplicated,generallyconsistsofaverbphrasewithorwithoutcomplementation.,SeeP13,CompoundSubject,Theboysandthegirlsareplanningadance.Fruitfliesandladybugsareinsects.JoshuaandDanielgotlostinthewoods.,CompoundPredicate,Leahjumpedonherbikeandrodearoundtheblock.Myfriendlivesinagreenhouseandridesaredbicycle.Iopenedthemagazineandbegantoreaditquietly.,CompoundSubjectandCompoundPredicate,Herbrotherandhersisterwereveryshyandwerereallyhardpersonstogettoknow.CassandraandJennybuiltamodelairplaneandpainteditbrightyellow.,DoublePredicate,Helefthomeamerechildandreturnedquiteadifferentman.(SurfaceStructure)(DeepStructure:Hewasamerechildwhenhelefthome,andhebecamequiteadifferentmanwhenhereturned.)Everyonestoodlisteningintently.Thedoctorsatreadinganewspaperintheshade.Abirdfelldeadtotheground.Hediedbeloved,revered,andmournedbymillionsoftheworkingpeople.,2TwoWaysofSentenceAnalysis,Onewayistodividethepredicateintopredicateverb,object,complementandadverbial.Theseelementstogetherwiththesubjectmakethefiveclauseelements.Theotherwayofsentenceanalysisistodividethepredicateintotwoparts:theoperatorandthepredication.Theoperatorisusuallytheauxiliaryorthefirstauxiliaryinacomplexverbphrase,whilethepredicationcomprisesthemainverbwithitscomplementation(object,complementoradverbial).,TwoWaysofSentenceAnalysis,SentenceClauseNPVPNPSubjectPredicateVerbObjectAllthemenhavedonetheirbest.,TwoWaysofSentenceAnalysis,SentenceClauseSubjectPredicateOperatorPredicationAllthemenhavedonetheirbest.,1.2BasicClauseTypes,Intermsofthedifferentcombinationsofclauseelements,EnglishclausescanbeclassifiedintoSEVENBASICTYPES:SVC:Subject+Verb+ComplementSV:Subject+VerbSVO:Subject+Verb+ObjectSVoO:Subject+Verb+object+ObjectSVOC:Subject+Verb+Object+ComplementSVA:Subject+Verb+AdverbialSVOA:Subject+Verb+Object+Adverbial,1Basicclausetypes,Thesesevencombinationsofclauseelementsarewhollyorlargelydeterminedbythemainverbintheclause.ThemainverbinanSVCpatternisalinkingorcopulaverbwhichmustbefollowedbyasubjectcomplement.Thecarismine.Sheisingoodhealth.Mybrotherhasbecomeanengineer.Theseflowerssmellfragrant.Allthetouristsseemedpleased.,ThemainverbinanSVpatternisanintransitiveverbwhichisnottobefollowedbyanyobligatoryelementexceptforalimitednumberofintransitiveverbswhichrequireanobligatoryadverbial,thusconstitutingthepatternSVA.Everybodylaughed.Theguestshavearrived.Pricesaregoingdown.IliveinBeijing.Thetrainleavesatsix.HewillbeflyingtoShanghai.,ThemainverbinanSVOpatternisamonotransitivewhichmustbefollowedbyanobject,andwithsomemonotransitivestheobjectmustagainbefollowedbyanobligatoryadverbial,thusconstitutingthepatternSVOA.Iwantareturnticket.Liverpoolwonthegame.Nobodycouldanswerthequestion.Thetrainisbuildingupspeed.Theplaneislosingaltitude.Iputthematerialevidenceinfrontofhim.Hetreatedhervilely.,ThemainverbinanSVOCpatternisacomplextransitiveverbwhichmustbefollowedbyanobject+objectcomplement.Wemadehimourspokesman.Theyelectedhimpresident.Hepronouncedhimselfinfavoroftheplan.Theypaintedthewallscreamywhite.Thedirectorsappointedhimsalesmanager.,ThemainverbinanSVoOpatternisaditransitiveverbwhichistobefollowedbytwoobjects:indirectanddirectobject.Isenthimatelegram.Marylentmehercar.Davidshowedmetheway.Someoneleftyouthisnote.Imademyselfacupoftea.,2Transformationandexpansion,Thebasicclausetypesareallaffirmativestatementswithverbsintheactivevoice.Anaffirmativeclausecanbetransformedintoanegative;astatementintoaquestion;andanactiveclauseintoapassiveclause.Thesearecalledtransformations.Shegavehimsomemoney.Didshegivehimanymoney?Shedidntgivehimanymoney.Hewasgivensomemoney.Somemoneywasgiventohim.,Thebasicclausetypescanalsobeexpandedintolargergrammaticalunitsthroughaddingmodifiersatvariouslevels,andcanagainbeexpandedthroughcoordinationandsubordinationintocompound,complexandcompound-complexsentences.TheAfricanpeoplehavelongbeenourclosefriendsinfightingagainsthegemonismandpowerpolitics.Thejanitorstaggereddownthestairway,stunnedbythebizarrenoisesandgaspingforair.,Coordination,Hewasahandicappedchild,butheperseveredinhisstudies,andlaterhebecameawell-knownscholar.Hedidnotlikeus,andeveryoneknewit,butnooneadmittedit.,Subordination,Thejanitorstaggereddownthestairway,stunnedbythebizarrenoisesandgaspingforair.Thejanitorstaggereddownthestairway,stunnedbythebizarrenoiseshehadjustheardupstairsandgaspingforairashehesitantlyheldontothebanister.,CoordinationandSubordination,Notonlydidhedislikethewaywespoke,buthealsodisapprovedofthewaywedressed.WhenreportscameintoLondonZoothatawildpumahadbeenspotted45milessouthofLondon,theywerenottakenseriously,but,astheevidencebegantoaccumulate,expertsfromtheZoofeltobligedtoinvestigate,forthedescriptionsgivenbypeoplewhoclaimedtohaveseenthepumawereextraordinarilysimilar.Furthermore,he(asuccessfulscientist)isnotonlycriticaloftheworkofothers,butalsoofhisown,sinceheknowsthatmanistheleastreliableofscientificinstrumentsandthatanumberoffactorstendtodisturbimpartialandobjectiveinvestigation.,Ex.1C,5.Pantingforbreathafterrunningupthestairs,MrWoodstoodathisne