英语专业 翻译.ppt

E-CTranslation02,1.TranslationStrategies2.StyleandTranslation3.MajorDifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese,1.TranslationStrategiesLiteraltranslationdomesticating貌善心毒的人,伪君子一箭双雕,一举二得,二全齐美,用异化法翻译下列习语,1.armedtotheteeth2.aneyeforaneye,atoothforatooth3.awolfinsheepsclothing4.killtwobirdswithonestone5.AllroadsleadtoRome.,2.StyleandTranslation,Translationstrategyhasmuchtodowiththestyleofthesourcetext.ThefollowingisthetableofDegressionofFormalEquivalence(1998:28):,Conclusions,Bythe1980s,Chinesescholarsseemtohavereachedageneralconsensuswhichfavorsliteraltranslationwhereverpossibleandfreetranslationwheneverliteraltranslationisnotagoodchoice.Translationpracticehasproventhatliteraltranslationandfreetranslationarenotcontradictorybutcomplementary.,3.MajorDifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese,A.Hypotacticvsparatactic（形合与意合）,Hypotactic-thedependentorsubordinateconstructionorrelationshipofclauseswithconnectives,forexample,“Ishalldieifyoudontcome”（复句中成分之间的关系用连接词来连接）.Paratactic-Thearrangingofclausesoneafteranotherwithoutconnectivesshowingthelogicalrelationbetweenthem.(分句与分句之间不用连接词来表示相互之间的逻辑关系).EnglishtendstobehypotacticwhileChinesetendstobeparatactic.Weshouldrememberthetendencyinthetwolanguagesisrelativenotabsolute.ThestructureofEnglishiscomparedtoatreewithvariousbranchesondifferentlevels,whileChineseiscomparedtoabamboowithonepartafteranother.,两种特征形成的效果是，英语结构紧凑严密；而汉语结构简练明快。英语好像一棵参天大树，一串葡萄，一串珍珠；汉语好比一根竹子，一盘珠子，一波江涛。具体说来，在英语中，主干突出，即主谓机制突出，名词尤其是抽象名词用得多，介词也用得多，英语在表达复杂的思想时，往往开门见山，然后借用英语特有的词汇关系代词，把各个句子有机地结合起来，构成一串串葡萄似的句子。主干可能简单，但上面却借着累累硕果。如：,Itisratherforustobeherededicatedtothegreattaskremainingbeforeus:thatfromthesehonoreddeadwetakeincreaseddevotiontothatcauseforwhichtheygavethelastfullmeasureofdevotion;thatweherehighlyrevolvethatthesedeadshallnothavediedinvain;thatthisnation,underGod,shallhaveanewbirthoffreedom;andthatgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,andforthepeople,shallnotperishfromtheearth.(AbrahamLincoln,TheGettysburgAddress)我们应该做的是献身于他们留给我们的伟大任务。我们的先烈已将自己的全部精诚付与我们的事业，我们应从他们的榜样中汲取更多的精神力量，努力使他们的鲜血不致白流。在上的保佑下，自由将得到新生。我们这个民有、民治、民享的政府将永存于世上。,Examples:,Theinsectnibblesthegreenleaves.Thetoadeatstheinsectthatnibblesthegreenleaves.Thesnakecatchesthetoadthateatstheinsectthatnibblesthegreengrass.蛇吃癞蛤蟆，癞蛤蟆吃虫子，虫子吃绿叶。枯藤老树昏鸦小桥流水人家古道西风瘦马夕阳西下断肠人在天涯（意合）,Broadlyspeaking,nounscanbecharacterizedasstaticinthattheyrefertoentitiesthatareregardedasstable.Attheoppositepole,verbscnabeequallycharacterizedasdynamic:theyarefittedtoindicateacton,activityandtemporaryorchangingconditions.Adjectivesandprepositionsoftengohandinhandwithnounswhileadverbsarefrequentlyusedwithverbs.Englishisfeaturedbyitspredominanceofnounsoververbs.Englishmakesmoreuseofnouns,adjectives,andprepositions,andisthereforemorestatic.Conversely,Chineseoftenemploysverbs,adverbs,verbalphrases,repetitionandduplicationofverbs,andisthereforemoredynamic.,B.Stacticvsparatactic(静态和动态),Awomanwithfairopportunities,andwithoutanabsolutehump,maymarrywhomshelikes.(VanityFair)一个女人只要有机会好，又不是很驼背，想嫁给谁都行。2）Carlislestreetrunswestward,acrossagreatblackbridge,downahillandupagain,bylittleshopsandmeat-markets,pastsingle-storiedhomes,untilsuddenlyitstopsagainstawidegreenlawn.(payattentiontotheuseofprepositions)卡莱尔大街往昔伸展，越过一座黑色大桥，爬下山岗又爬上去，经过许多小铺和肉点，又经过一些平房，然后突然朝着一大片绿色草地中止。（注意汉语句子在表达相应内容时用的是动词）,3）他吃得好，睡得香Heisagoodeaterandagoodsleeper.4）我曾经喜欢做白日梦。Iusedtobeafanciermyself.5）Thecomputerisafarmorecarefulinspectorthanhumanbeings.同人类相比，计算机的检测远比人类更加仔细。6)Theisolationoftheruralworldbecauseofdistanceandthelackoftransportfacilitiesiscompoundedbythepaucityoftheinformationmedia.农村距离远，交通工具又缺乏，使得它与外界社会隔绝。而信息的不通畅使这种隔绝更为严重。,Impersonal-notshowinganyfeelingsofsympathy,friendliness.Animpersonalsentenceorverbisonewherethesubjectorobjectisrepresentedbyawordsuchas“it”.(人称)FormalwrittenEnglishoftengoeswithanimpersonalstyle,inwhichthewriterdoesntoreferdirectlytohimselforhisreaders,butavoidsthepronounsI,we,andyou,thusthewriterandthereaderareoutofthepicture,hidingthemselvesbehindimpersonallanguage.someofthecommonfeaturesofimpersonallanguagearepassives,sentencesbeginningwithintroductoryit,andabstractnounsassubjects.Chinese,bycontrast,preferstouseapersonalstyle,whichisfeaturedbymuchmoreactivesoractivesinformbutpassivesinsense,personal(animate)subjects,orsubjectlessandsubject-omittedsentenceswhenthesubjectisself-evident,unknownorimpliedinthehcontext.Seethefollowingexamples:,C.ImpersonalvsPersonal（物称和人称）,1)Theyearof1949witnessedthisaccident.2)MyheartwentouttotheoldwarriorasspectatorspushedbyhimtoshakeDarrowshand.(比较：当观众从他身边挤过去与道拉握手时，我都同情起这位沙场老将起来。)3)Anideasuddenlystruckme.,InEnglish,asentenceusuallyshouldhaveasubject,whileinChineseitisnotthecase.InEnglish-Chinesetranslation,itisadvisabletoavoidusingtheunnecessarysubjecttofollowtheChineserule.Onthecontrary,inChinese-Englishtranslation,itisessentialtoanalyzetheinternallogicalrelationshipbetweendifferentpartsandthenchooseproperpartasasubject.英语是主语显著（subject-prominent)语言，常用主谓框架（sv)汉语也有主谓框架的语言，但还有话题-评论结构，是话题显著（topicprominent)语言。互译时，考虑主语和主题的转换。汉语有很多“关于，至于”等结构，切记不能滥用for等介词短语。在汉译英中找好句子的主语和与之匹配的谓语，是译好句子的关键。,D.Subject-orientedvstopic-oriented(主语句/主题句),1)天净沙秋思马致远枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯AutumnCrowshoveringoverruggedoldtreeswreathedwithrottenvine-thedayisaboutdone.Yonderisatinybridgeoverasparklingstream,andonthefarbank,aprrttylittlevillage.Butthetravelerhastogoondownthisancientroad,thewestwindmoaning,hisbonyhorsegroaning,trudgingto-wardsthesinkingsun,fartherandfartherawayfromhome,2)Doyouseetheglassashalffullratherthanhalfempty?对于盛有半杯水的杯子，你是否只考虑它有水的一半，而不管那没水的一半？3)我人生中最重要的一件大事，父亲是无缘亲眼目睹了。Mydadwasmissingsomeofthemostimportanteventsinmylife.,Inacomplexsentence,themostimportantinformationisexpressedbythemainclausewhichisusuallyplacedinthefrontofthesentencewherethefocusoftheinformationisput.InChinese,thevariousconstituentsarearrangedaccordingtoakindoflogicalrelationorinchronologicalorderandthemostimportantinformationisemphasizedattheendofthesentence.Comparethefollowingpairs:1)自我们别后没发生什么事情。Nothinghashappenedsinceweparted.2)吃晚饭后我出去散步。IwentoutforawalkafterIhadmydinner.3)他病了，只得呆在家了。Hehastostayathomebecauseheisill.,E.Focusposition(重心位置),Summary,DifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesea.Hypotacticvsparatactic（形合与意合）b.Stacticvsparatactic(静态和动态)c.ImpersonalvsPersonal（物称和人称）d.Subject-orientedvstopic-oriented(主语句/主题句)e.Focusposition(重心位置),KeytoAssessmentAssignment,1.Thatthishasnothappenedmaybethefaultoftheuniversity,foratbothOxfordandCambridgethecollegetendtoliveinanerawhichiscertainlynotofthetwentiethcentury,anduponaplanetwhichbearslittleresemblancetothewar-tornEarth.误：其所以没有世为现实，可能责任在于大学，因为无论在牛津，还是在剑桥，大学里的人们往往是生活在一个肯定不是20世纪的时代里，而是生活在一个与被战争糟蹋得四分无裂的地球毫无相似之处的星球上。正：然而，之所以并未如愿以偿，这可能归咎于大学当局。因为，无论在牛津还是在剑桥，师生们都情愿生活在一个肯定不是20世纪的时代，情愿生活在一个与历经战火蹂躏的地球几乎毫无相似之处的星球上。,2.Instead,Ihaveconcentratedonafewauthors,whileuneasilyawarethattheyarenottheonlypebblesonthebeach.Theyhavebeenchosenasthelargestand/ormostrepresentativepebbles.误：我没有那样做，而只集中讨论少数几个作家。这样做时，心里一直惦记着沙滩上鹅卵石不只这些。他们以最大或最具有代表性的作家当选。正；相反，我只集中讨论少数几个作家。但是我一直于心不安，因为出除了他们而外，还大有人在。入选的人不过是大作家或最具有代表性的作家罢了。3.Mostquestionsareclearwhensomeoneelsehastodecidethem.误：别人决定解决这些问题的时候大多数问题都是清楚的。正：旁观者清嘛，可惜决定不由旁观者做。4.Witch-huntsandspy-maniassweptthecountry.Cautionandconformitybecameepidemic.误：对政治可疑分子的调查和间谍狂袭了这个国家。谨慎和遵从变成了流行病。正：1）以莫须有的罪名进行迫害和密查狂席卷了美国。谨小慎微，惟命是从像传染病般地在人们中迅速传播。2）政治迫害和特务跟踪的狂热横扫全国，以至人人自危，个个顺从。,HomeAssignment,A英语重形合Hypotaxis汉语重意合ParataxisTranslate:AnEnglishmanwhocouldnotspeakChinesewasoncetravelinginChinaIhavecomeacrossagreatmanyyoungfriends,brightanddiligent,doexceedinglywellinstudies,buttheyareratherweakinChinese,evencantwriteasmoothChineseletter.Whenaskedwhy,theyllsaytheyarenotinterestedinChinese.B英语静态Static汉语动态DynamicTranslate:Backandforthhisheadswivel