英汉翻译幻灯片.ppt

Chinese-EnglishTranslation,EnglishDepartmentCollegeofForeignLanguagesYangzhouUniversity,Definitionsoftranslation,Translatingistheartofrecomposingaworkinanotherlanguagewithoutlosingitsoriginalflavor.ColumbiaEncyclopediaTranslatingisthereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguage(SL)byequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage(TL).J.C.Carford,Definitionsoftranslation,Translatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.（翻译是指从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原文的信息。）EugeneA.NidaTotranslateistochangeintoanotherlanguage,retainingasmuchofthesenseasonecan.SamuelJohnson,Definitionsoftranslation,(Translating)isrenderingthemeaningofatextintoanotherlanguageinthewaytheauthorintendedthetext.PeterNewmarkTranslationisanartthatinvolvesthere-creationofaworkinanotherlanguageforreaderswithadifferentbackground.MalcolmCowley,Definitionsoftranslation,Atranslationistakentobeanytarget-languageutterancewhichispresentedorregardedassuchwithinthetargetculture,onwhatevergrounds.GideonTouryTranslationistheproductionofafunctionaltargettextmaintainingarelationshipwithagivensourcetextthatisspecifiedaccordingtotheintendedordemandedfunctionofthetargettext.ChristianeNord,Definitionsoftranslation,Translationisanexternallymotivatedindustrialactivity,supportedbyinformationtechnology,whichisdiversifiedinresponsetotheparticularneedsofthisformofcommunication.JeanSager,Elementsinvolvedintheprocessoftranslating,AuthorofSTSTTranslatorTTReadersofTT,Elementsinvolvedintheprocessoftranslating,IntermediateinformationreceiverAuthorofSTSTTranslatorTTReadersofTTSecondaryinformationdispatcher,Definitionsoftranslation,翻译是一种跨文化的信息交流与交换活动，其本质是传播，是传播学中一个有特殊性质的领域。吕俊翻译是把具有某一种文化背景的发送者用某种语言（文字）所表述的内容尽可能充分地、有效地传达给使用另一种语言（文字）、具有另一种文化背景的接受者。沈苏儒,Definitionsoftranslation,翻译是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具，它的目的是要促进本语言社会的政治、经济和文化进步，它的任务是要把原作中包含的现实世界的逻辑映像或艺术映像，完好无损地从一种语言译注到另一种语言中去。张今,Senseoflanguage,1.senseofgrammar2.senseofidiomaticness3.senseofmeaning4.senseofstyle5.senseofsituation6.senseofcoherence（杨晓荣.汉译能力解析.中国翻译，2002/6）,Translationasatasktobeaccomplished,Itissometimessaidthatthereisnotaskmorecomplexthantranslationaclaimthatcanbereadilybelievedwhenallthevariablesinvolvedaretakenintoaccount.Translatorsnotonlyneedtoknowtheirsourcelanguagewell;theymustalsohaveathoroughunderstandingofthefieldofknowledgecoveredbythesourcetext,andofanysocial,cultural,oremotionalconnotationsthatneedtobespecifiedinthetargetlanguageiftheintendedeffectistobeconveyed.Thesamespecialawarenessneedstobepresentforthetargetlanguage,sothatpointsofspecialphrasing,local(e.g.regional)expectations,andsoon,canallbetakenintoaccount.CambridgeEncyclopediaofLanguage,翻译的性质,翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言、跨文化的交际活动。意义的交流必须通过语言来实现，而每种语言都是一个独特文化的部分和载体。我们在转换一个文本的语言信息时，也在传达其蕴含的文化意义。翻译的本质是释义，是意义的转换。,Criteriaoftranslation,诸佛典皆在天竺。天竺言语，与汉异音名物不同，传实不易仆初嫌其词不雅。维祇难曰：“佛言依其义不用饰，取其法不以严。其传经者，当令易晓，勿失厥义，是则为善。”座中咸曰：“老氏称：美言不信，信言不美。今传胡义，实且径达。”-支谦（法句经序）,Criteriaoftranslation,夫译之为事难矣，译之将奈何？其平日冥心钩考，必先将所译者与所以译者两国之文字，深嗜笃好，字栉句比，以考彼此文字孳生之源，同异之故，所有相当之实义，委曲推究，务审其音势高下，相其字句之繁简，尽其文体之变态，及其义理精深奥折之所以然。夫如是，则一书到手，经营反复，确知其意旨之所在，而又摹写其神情，仿佛其语气，然后心悟神解，振笔而书，译成之文，适如其所译而止，而曾无毫发出入于其间，夫而后能使阅者所得之益，与观原文无异，是则为善译也已。马建忠（18451900，拟设翻译书院议，1894）,Criteriaoftranslation,“译”事三难：信、达、雅。求其信，已大难矣。顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。译文取明深意，故词句之间，时有所颠倒附益，斤斤于字比句次，而意义则不倍本文。至原文词理本深，难于共喻，则当前思后衬，以显其意。凡此经营，皆以为达：为达，即以为信也。易曰：“修辞立诚”。子曰“辞达而已！”又曰：“言之无文，行之不远”。三者乃文章正轨，亦即为译事楷模。故信达而外，求其尔雅。严复（18541921，天演论译例言）,Translationhastodothreedifficultthings:tobefaithful,expressiveandelegant.Foratranslationtobefaithfultotheoriginalisdifficultenough,andyetifitisnotexpressive,itistantamounttohavingnotranslation.Henceexpressivenessshouldalsoberequired.,TheBookofChangessaysthatrhetoricshouldupholdtruthfulness.Confuciussaysthatexpressivenessisallthatmattersinlanguage.Headdsthatifoneslanguagelacksgrace,itwillnottravelfar.Thesequalities,then,arethecriterionofgoodwritingand,Ibelieve,ofgoodtranslationtoo.Hencebesidesfaithfulnessandexpressiveness,atranslatorshouldalsoaimatelegance.(王佐良译）,Criteriaoftranslation,译者不但要求达义，并且要以传神为目的，译文必须忠实于原文之字神句气与言外之意。林语堂以效果而论，翻译应像临画一样，所求的不在形似，而是神似。傅雷,Criteriaoftranslation,文学翻译的最高标准可以说是“化”。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既不能因语言习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入于“化境”。钱钟书真有灵感的译文，像投胎重生的灵魂一般，令人觉得是一种“再创造”。余光中,Criteriaoftranslation,Weexpectapproximatetruthintranslationwhatwewanttohaveisthetruestpossiblefeeloftheoriginal.Thecharacters,thesituation,thereflection,mustcometousastheywereintheauthorsmindandbreast,notnecessarilybypreciselyashehadthemonhislips.OliverEdwards,Criteriaoftranslation,Agoodtranslatoris:1)Togiveajustrepresentationofthesenseoftheoriginal,2)Toconveyintohisversion,asmuchaspossible,inaconsistencywiththegeniusofthelanguagewithwhichhewrites,theauthorsspiritandmanners,and3)Totakecarethattheversionhasatleastthequalityofanoriginalperformancesoastoappearnaturalandeasy.GeorgeCampbell,Criteriaoftranslation,Thebestofarealtranslationisthatitshouldnotreadliketranslationatall.J.B.PhilipsNotranslation,howeverlearned,isofanyvaluethatdoesnotgiveatleastsomeofthejoytothereadersthatwasgivenbyitsoriginal.A.J.Arborry,Criteriaoftranslation,(Tri-ness)Faithfulness,expressiveness,andgracefulnesswereconsideredthegoldenruleinthefieldoftranslation.HerbertRotheinstein,Criteriaoftranslation,一是易解，二是保存原作的丰姿（鲁迅）神似（similarityinspirit）（傅雷）化境（sublimation）（钱钟书）AlexanderF.TytlersthreeprinciplesFunctionalequivalence(EugeneA.Nida)功能相似，语义相符（similarityinfunctionandcorrespondenceinmeaning）,YanFusthree-charactercriterionfortranslation,DiverseinterpretationsaremadeofYanFusthree-charactercriterionfortranslationas:“信”Beingfaithfultotheoriginal（忠实于原文）“达”Beingexplicitandsmooth（明白晓畅）“雅”Beingelegantindiction(words)（措辞的优雅）,YanFusthree-charactercriterionfortranslation,“信”(faithfulness)达旨（将原文说明）“达”(expressiveness)前后引衬，以显其意“雅”(elegance)尔雅（用汉以前字法句法）,AlexanderF.Tytler,（1）译文应完全传达原文的思想。（Atranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.）（2）译文的风格和笔调应与原文一致。（Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterasthatoftheoriginal.）（3）译文应像原文一样流畅。（Atranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition.）,BasicDifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish,一、语系汉语属汉藏语系（Sino-TibetanFamily），英语属印欧语系（Indo-EuropeanFamily）。二、文字汉语是表意文字（ideographicscript），英语是拼音文字（alphabeticscript）。三、语音汉语是声调语言（tonallanguage），英语是语调语言（intonationlanguage）。,四、词汇五、句法(形合与意合)六、篇章,（一）构词,1、构词法汉语和英语都能用合成法（compounding）、缀合法（affixation）、音变法（sound-changing）、缩略法（abbreviation）构词，也都通过翻译从外语中借进新词。不同的是，汉语还使用重叠法（reduplication），英语还用转换法（conversion）、逆构词法（back-formation）和截短法（clipping）构词。（p.36）,2、词义对比(1)词义涵盖(2)词的搭配,3、词义关系词义相符（semanticcorrespondence）词义相异（semanticnon-correspondence）词义空缺（semanticzero）,TranslationofWordsandExpressions,Properwordsintheirproperplaces(词适其所)makethetruedefinitionofstyle.(JonathanSwift)Thedifferencebetweentherightwordandthealmostrightwordisreallyalargemattertisthedifferencebetweenthelightningbugandthelightning.(MarkTwain),Awordisaworld.Itishistoryinthebriefestform.Itisaspotonapagebutoftenastoryofgreateventsandmovement.Youcantexamineawordandlearnitwellwithoutlearningmorethanaword.(CharlesW.Ferguson)（转引自：思果.翻译研究.中国对外翻译出版公司，2001：1718）,TranslationofWordsandExpressions,据文章“积字为句、积句为段、积句为篇”的创作程式，汉英翻译过程可相应为三个部分：选词、构句、谋篇。在翻译实践中，篇章是最终的考核质量的单位，句子是基本的操作单位，而大部分的难题都集中在词汇单位。（PeterNewmark,1981）（陈宏微2004：69）,Thereisinevitablyacollisionofbackgrounds,oftradition,ofenvironment,whicheachlanguagecarrieswithit.Themereunderstandingofwhatwordsandsentencesmeanisnotenough.Tounderstand,eachhastoenterintothementallandscape,thehistory,thestage-settingoftheothersmentality.(StephenSpender英国现代诗人)（转引自：思果.翻译研究.中国对外翻译出版公司，2001：1718）,词语指称意义与蕴涵意义的确定,指称意义的理解与表达蕴涵意义的理解与表达,指称意义的理解与表达,一词多义广义狭义,蕴涵意义的理解与表达,褒贬语体修辞文化,语体,庄严的文体（theFrozenStyle）正式的文体（theFormalStyle）商议性的文体（theConsultativeStyle）随意的文体（theCasualStyle）亲密的文体（theIntimateStyle）,我们要紧密地团结起来，同心协力，树雄心，立大志，向科学技术现代化进军，力争上游，攀登高峰。,先交代我自己吧。我是个算命的先生。我也卖过酸枣，落花生什么的，那可是先前的事了。现在我在街上摆卦摊，好了呢，一天也抓弄个三毛五毛的，老伴儿早死了，儿子拉洋车。我们爷儿俩住着柳家大院的一间北房。（老舍柳家大院）,Unitedcloselywithoneheartandconcertedeffortsandcherishingheroicaspirationsandloftyambitions,wewillmarchtowardtomodernizationofscienceandtechnology,aiminghightoscaletoheights.,First,afewwordsaboutmyself.Imafortune-teller.OnceIwasavenderofsourdates,ground-nutsandwhatnot.Butthatwasagesago.NowIkeepafortune-tellersstallontheside-walkandcanscrapeupthreeorfivedimesadayatbest.Myoldgalhadlongkickedupherheels.Mysonsrickshaw-boy.Thatswothes.Wetwo,fatherandson,hangupourhatsatasouth-facingroomintheLiuscompound.,词语翻译与语言（微观）语境,根据语言语境确定原文词义根据语言语境选择译文用词根据语言语境消除歧义语言语境与词语感情色彩的传达,词语翻译与文化（宏观）语境,Awordisaworld.Itishistoryinthebriefestform.Itisaspotonapagebutoftenastoryofgreateventsandmovement.Youcantexamineawordandlearnitwellwithoutlearningmorethanaword.(CharlesW.Ferguson),你信也罢，不信也罢，考试那天他可是出足了风头。他靠一知半解的临时抱佛脚居然考及格了，还受到了表扬。好多人比他强一千倍，反而没及格。,生长在乡间，失去了父母与几亩薄田，十八岁的时候便跑到城里来。带着乡间小伙子的足壮与诚实，凡是以卖力气就能吃饭的事他几乎都作过了，可是，不久他就看出来，拉车是件更容易挣钱的事；作别的苦工，收入是有限的；拉车多着一些变化与机会，不知道在什么时候和地点就会遇到一些多于希望的报酬。（骆驼祥子）,Ifyouwillbelieveme(believeitonnot,wouldyoubelieve(it),hewentthroughwithflyingcolors(successfully;beinthelimelight;attractmorethanenoughattention)ontheexaminationday!Hewentthroughonthatpurelysuperficial“cram”,andgotcomplimentstoo,whileothers,whoknewathousandtimesmorethanhe,gotplucked(Brit.Slang:torejectacandidateinanexamination).,Borninthecountrysideandhavinglosthisparentsandhisbarrenlands,XiangzicametoBeijingwhenhewaseighteen.Withstrongmuscleandhonestyhedidalmostthelaborsbywhichhecouldearnhisbread.Soonitappearedcleartohimthatarickshawwasmorepaidthantodootherlaborswithlimitedpayment.Besides,drawingarickshawmaybeflexibleandofmuchopportunityandsometimeshemaybepaidevenmuchmorethanwhatheexpected.,Texttypesandtranslationtypes,Thecontent-focusedtextTheform-focusedtextTheappeal-focusedtextTheaudio-medialtext,Thecontent-focusedtext,Theprincipalkindsoftextinthecontent-focusedtypewouldincludepressreleasesandcomments,newsreports,commercialcorrespondence(商业信件),inventoriesofmerchandise(货物清单),operatinginstructions(操作指南),directionsforuse(说明书),patentspecifications(专利说明),treaties(条约),officialdocuments,educationalworks(教材),non-fictionbooksofallsorts,essays,treatises(专著),reports,theses(论文),andspecializedliteratureinthehumanities,thenaturalsciences,andothertechnicalfields.,Theform-focusedtext,Form-focusedtextsincludeliteraryprose(essays,biographies,belles-lettres),imaginativeprose(anecdotes,shortstories,novellas,romances),andpoetryinallitsforms(fromthedidactictoballadrytothepurelysentimental).,Appeal-focusedtexts(感召性文本),Theappeal-focusedtexttypewouldincludealltextsinwhichtheelementofappealisdominant,withadvertising,publicity(布告),preaching(布道),propaganda,polemic(辩论),demagogy(劝诱)orsatire(讽喻)providingeitherthepurposeorlinguisticmeansofexpression.,Audio-medialtexts(听觉媒介文本),Generallyspeaking,anytextthatrequirestheuseofandadegreeofaccommodationtoanon-linguisticmediuminordertocommunicatewiththehearer,whetherinthesourceorinthegargetlanguage.Primaryexampleswouldberadioandtelevisionscripts,suchasradionewscastsandreports,topicalsurveys(专题调查或评论)anddramaticproductions(戏剧创作).,Audio-medialtexts(听觉媒介文本),Alsobelongingherearealltextswhichcombinewordswithmusic,fromthemostpopularhitsofthedaytosongsandhymns,tochoralworksandoratorios.Audio-medialtextswouldalsoincludeallstageproductions,frommusicalstooperettasandoperas,comediesandtragedies.,EugeneA.Nida,奈达（EugeneA.Nida）认为：“翻译是指从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原文的信息。”（Translationconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.）,LanguageFunctions（Nida）,奈达在FromOneLanguagetoAnother(与J.Waard合著)中将功能分为九类：（1）表现功能(expressivefunction)（2）认知功能(cognitivefunction)（3）人际功能(interpersonalfunction)（4）信息功能(informativefunction)（5）祈使功能(imperativefunction)（6）行为功能(performativefunction)（7）感情功能(emotivefunction)（8）审美功能(aestheticfunction)（9）语言文化功能(metalingualfunction),Halliday,Halliday认为语言有达意功能（ideationalfunction）、人际功能(interpersonalfunction)和组篇功能(textualfunction)。Theideationalfunctionistoorganizethespeakersorwritersexperienceoftherealorimaginaryworld,i.e.languagereferstorealorimaginedpersons,things,actions,events,states,etc.,Theinterpersonalfunctionistoindicate,establish,ormaintainsocialrelationshipsbetweenpeople.Itincludesformsofaddress,speechfunction,MODALITY,etc.ThetextualfunctionistocreatewrittenorspokenTEXTSwhichcoherewithinthemselvesandwhichfittheparticularsituationinwhichtheyareused.(Jack.C.Richards.LongmanDictionaryofLanguageTeachingothers,asifbashfully,stillinbud.Theywerelikebrightpearlsandstarsinanazuresky.王椒升译）.一寸光阴一寸金（Timeisprecious）。,5、认知功能（cognitivefunction），人必须用语言进行思考，用语言“进行分析、综合、抽象、概括等思维活动，形成思想，表达思想。”（王德春，1997：8）这便是语言的认知功能。6、酬应功能（phaticfunction），使交际者保持接触，也可反映交际者之间的关系。如：你好。（Howdoyoudo!）幸会。（Nicetoseeyou!）7、元语言功能（metalingualfunction），指语言解释或命名自身特点的功能。如：语言是一种独特的符号系统。（Languageisauniquesystemofsigns.）,Meaning,DenotationConnotation,Denotation,denotation:thatpartofmeaningofawordorphrasethatrelatesittophenomenaintherealworldorinafictionalorpossibleworld.Forexample,thedenotationoftheEnglishword“bird”isatwo-legged,winged,egg-laying,warm-bloodedcreaturewithabeak.Inameaningsystem,denotativemeaningmayberegardedasthe“central”meaningor“core”meaningofalexicalitem.Itisoftenequatedwithreferentialmeaningandwithcognitivemeaningandconceptualmeaning.,Connotation,connotation:theadditionalmeaningsthatawordorphrasehasbeyonditscentralmeaning.Thesemeaningsshowpeoplesemotionsandattitudestowardswhatthewordorphraserefersto.Forexample,childcouldbedefinedasayounghumanbeingbuttherearemanyothercharacteristicswhichdifferentpeopleassociatewithchild,e.g.affectionate,amusing,lovable,sweet,mischievous,noisy,irritating,grubby.,Meaning(semiotics,semiology),IntrinsicmeaningReferentialmeaningPragmaticmeaning,Meaningwithinthelanguage,MeaningonthephonologicallevelMeaningonthelexicallevelMeaningonthetextuallevel,Meaningonthephonologicallevel,头韵(alliteration)：prettyasapicture,deafasadoornail(全聋)半韵(assonance)：TheraininSpainstaysmainlyintheplain.,和音(consonance)：Thesplendorfallsoncastlewalls.尾韵(rhyme)：嘴上无毛，说话不牢。（Downylipsmakethoughtlessslips.）三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。,Meaningonthelexicallevel,WhiletheVietnamvetwasfighting,andlosinglimbandmind,anddying,othersstayedbehindtopursueeducationandcareer.,双关语(pun)：Ifwedonthangtogether,wellhangseparately.,拈连(zeugma)：1.他和他的驾照上周一道报销了。2.泪流满面，悲痛欲绝3.发动战争，谋求和平4.人穷志不穷（人贫志不短）5.这架飞机该有多大的重量啊！它载着解放区人民的心，载着全中国人民的希望，载着我们国家的命运。,1.Heandhisdrivinglicenseexpiredlastweek.2.weepingeyesandhearts3.wagewarandpeace4.poorbutnotwantinginenterprise;poorbutwithloftyideals(aspirations)；5.Whataheavyloadthisaeroplanebore!Itcarriedtheheartsofthepeopleoftheliberatedareas,thehopesoftheentireChinesepeople,andthedestinyofourcountry.,除了内战内行之外，对于外战，就不能不是一个外行。Intheirelement（inonesaccustomedorpreferredsurroundings,在自己活动范围内，如鱼得水）whenfightinginternalwar,theycannotbutbeoutoftheirelementwhenitcomestofightingexternalwar.）,回环(anadiplosis),1.Beautyistruth,truthbeauty.美就是真，真就是美。2.举杯消愁愁更愁。Liftmycupofwinetodrownmysorrow?Mysorrowleavesmenot.3.女人如花，花似梦。Womenarelikeflowers,flowersarelikedreams.,大学(孔子),古之欲明明德于天下者，先治其国；欲治其国者，先齐其家；欲齐其家者，先修其身；欲修其身者，先正其心；欲正其心者，先诚其意；欲诚其意者，先致其知；致知在格物。物格而后知至；知至而后意诚；意诚而后心正；心正而后身修；身修而后家齐；家齐而后国治；国治而后天下平。,Meaningonthetextuallevel,无边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来。（杜甫登高）ThroughendlessspacewithrustlingsoundThefallingleavesarewhirledround.BeyondmykenayeastyseaTheYangtzeswavesarerollingfree.,Theirpowersofconversationwereconsiderable.Theycoulddescribeanentertainmentwithaccuracy,relateananecdotewithhumor,andlaughattheiracquaintancewithspirit.（JaneAusten,PrideandPrejudice）她们的健谈本领真是吓人，描述起宴会来纤毫入微，说起故事来风趣横溢，讥笑起朋友来也是有声有色。,Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。,Referentialmeaning,直升飞机；回扣；广播讲话；法人实体；体育道德；裁判长；花样滑冰；社会主义市场经济；开发区；畜牧业；社会语言学；知识产权；水土流失；白费力气(口语)；白吃白喝（美口）；改革措施；齐步走（termofcommand）,空姐；空勤人员；三通（通商，通航，通邮）；综合国力；足球流氓；贸易保护主义；美差；肥缺；面面俱到的研究；积重难返的酒徒；报喜不报忧的报告；治标不治本的解决办法；新秀；大器晚成者；三教九流的一伙；不学无术的花花公子；仓促做出的决定；点播节目；精打细算的旅游者；经济实惠的饭菜；世间的功名成就；苏轼字子瞻，号东坡,Pragmaticmeaning,表征（indicative）意义表达（expressive）意义联想（associative）意义祈使（imperative）意义社交（social）意义,ManandNature(Version1),ThebountyofNatureisequaltoeveryone,richorpoor,andthereforeallmenareallstronglyattachedtoher.Thisisparticularlytrueintheruralareas,wherepeoplehavekeptthesamelifestyleforamillenniumorso.Theyplantcropsandgrapevines,brewwinetodrink,feedcowstomilk,andweedthegardentogrowflowers.Theygotochurchatweekends,andtheymeetinthesquareonholidays,playingtheviolin,singinganddancing.Theage-oldlandremainsthesameastheirfamilyhearth.Eachplaceboastsitsfolkloreandtherebysocialcustomsgodown.,ManandNature(Version2),Naturefavorsmenonequaltermsregardlessoftheirwealth;therefore,theyunanimouslyputgreattrustinher.Thisisparticularlytrueofpeopleinthecountryside,wherelifefollowsasetpatternforhundredsofyears.Theygrowcropsandgrapes,brewwinetodrink,feedcattleandmilkcows,weedthegardenandplantflowers.Atweekends,theygotochurch;onholidays,theyplaymusicalinstruments,singsongsanddancearoundonpublicsquares.Theage-oldcountryfieldsandgardensremainunchanged,todayscozyandcomfortablelandforthemall.Thus,eachplacehasitsownstoriesandcustomsandhabitsarepasseddown.,ErrorsandAnalyses,1、词汇语义对比及选择组合关系：feedbullsformilk；theygotochurchtoprayandworship聚合关系：brewwineanddrinkalcohol;brewspiritsanddrinkwine;brewwineanddrinkbeer2、连接词使用无论贫富：nomatterrichorpoor;nomatterpeoplearerichorpoor;nomatterpovertyorwealth(richness)3、句式结构种植庄稼和葡萄，酿酒和饮酒：Growingcropsandgrapes;Growcropsandgrapes(tobecontinued),(continued)4、平行结构Theygotothechurch,prayingandtoattendchurchservice.Theyplaytheviolin,dancingandsing.People,poororwithproperty.5、语法大小写；拼写（theygotochurchtoprey）；时态；大自然（thenature）,Idiomaticpairsusuallywiththelinkingwordof“and”inEnglish,nounpairsandverbpairsadverbialpairsandadjectivalpairsidentical/prepositionalpairs,Nounpairsandverbpairs,peaceandquiet:aperiodofquietandcalm,oftenwith“have/get/enjoy/some”.Itsimpossibletogetanypeaceandquietinthishousewithyoutwoar