学术英语社科类unit9原文及翻译

Cultural Globalization1.Much of the early development of different languages, customs, and other diverse aspects world cultures resulted from the isolation of groups of people from one another. It is not surprising , then, that a degree of cultural amalgamation has occurred as improved transportation and communication have brought people of various societies into ever more frequent contact . Analyzing the blurring of cultural differences inevitably includes a great deal about fast food, basketball, rock music, and other such aspects of pop culture, but such analysis does not trivialize the subject,. Instead , a long standing bottom up line of political theory argues that the worlds people can build on commonplace interactions and increasing cultural commonalities that engender familiarity with and confidence in one another to create a global civil society that might evolve into a global nation. By the same process, if transnational civil societies develop, then regional and even global schemes of governance could conceivably form and supplement or supplant the territorial state. Scholars who examine the bottom-up process of transnational integration look for evidence in such factors as the flow of communications and commerce between countries and the spread across borders of what people wear, eat, and do for recreation. 1、不同语言、风俗习惯以及其他不同的文化背景下，世界文化的早期发展，是从彼此分离的人群中产生的。这并不奇怪，那么，文化融合的程度已经发生，因为交通运输和沟通带来了不同社会的人们更频繁的接触。模糊的分析文化差异必然包括快餐、篮球、摇滚乐以及一些其他的流行文化，但是，这种分析并并不切题。相反，一个长期的自下而上的政治理论认为，世界上的人可以在司空见惯的相互作用和增加文化共性产生的熟悉和对彼此的信心创造一个全球公民社会，可能会发展成一个全球性的民族。通过同样的过程，如果跨国公民社会得到发展，那么治理区域甚至全球方案的可能形式和补充或取代国家的领土的形式。学者们研究了自底向上的跨国整合的过程，在通信和贸易的流动和国家之间的蔓延，人们穿着，吃，并做娱乐的传播这些因素之间的中寻找证据。 2.While it is premature to talk of a world culture , and indeed that may never come, there is significant evidence of cultural amalgamation in the world. The leaders of China once wore Chinese tunic suits”; now they wear Western-style business suits. When dressing informally, people in Shanghai,Lagos, and Mexico City are more apt to wear jeans, T-shirts , and sneakers than their countrys traditional dress. Young people everywhere listen to the same music ,with ,for example “Disturbia” by Rihanna on the Top-10 charts in many countries in addition to the United States in 2008. And whatever it means to our gastronomic future, Big Macs, fries, and milk shakes are consumed around the world. 虽然谈一谈世界文化还为时过早，但事实上，这一世界文化的融合在世界上却有显著的证据。中国领导人曾穿“中山装”；现在他们穿西方风格的西装。在上海、拉各斯、墨西哥等城市的非正式场合，人们更倾向于穿牛仔裤、T恤衫和运动鞋，而不是他们的传统服饰。世界各地的年轻人听同样的音乐，例如“女王”蕾哈娜出现在2008除了美国在许多国家十大排行榜。无论它将怎样影响我们未来的美食，巨无霸，薯条和奶昔，已经在全世界畅销。 3.Before looking further at the evidence of cultural amalgamation,one caution is in order. You will see that a great deal of what is becoming world culture is Western, especially American, in its origins. That does not imply that Western Europe and the United States .Nor does the preponderance of Western culture in the integration process mean that the flow is one way. American culture , for example , is influenced by many foreign imports, ranging from fajitas and sushi, through soccer, to acupuncture. 在进一步寻找文化融合的证据之前，有一点需要注意。你会看到西方许多东西正在成为世界文化，尤其是美国，在世界文化的起源，但这并不意味着西欧和美国。也并不是说在文化整合过程中，西方文化的优势意味着流动是单向的。美国的文化，例如，深受外来文化影响，从铁板烧和寿司，以及从足球到针灸。 4.One of the most important aspects of converging culture is English, which is becoming the common language of business, diplomacy, communications, and even culture. President Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan and many other leaders of countries of international organizations converse in English. Indeed , a number o f them, including UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon of South Korea, learned or improved their English while enrolled at U.S. universities. A bit more slowly, English is spreading among common citizens around the world . This is evident in differences among various age groups. Among Europeans, for instance, 89% of all school-children now have English instruction.融合文化最重要的方面之一是英语，它已成为商务、外交、传播和文化的共同语言。阿富汗总统卡尔扎伊哈米德和许多国际组织的国家的其他领导人在英语交谈。事实上，包括联合国秘书长潘基文在内的一些国家领导人，在美国大学学习或提高他们的英语水平。更慢的一点，英语正在世界各地的普通市民中普及。这在不同年龄组都是一样的。例如，在欧洲人中，有89%的孩子现在都有英语教学。 5.Modern communications are one factor driving the spread of English. There have been notable advances, such as the ability to search in nearly 100 languages through Google. In making the Web more accessible to non-English speakers; but the vast majority of what is available on the Internet has been and remains in English. As the webmaster at one site in Russia comments, “It is far easier for a Russian to download the works of Dostoyevsky translated in English to read than it is for him to get it in his own language.” Business needs also promote the global growth of English. The U.S. status as the worlds economic powerhouse makes it far more common for foreign businesspeople to learn the language of Americans than it is for Americans to learn other languages. A report issued by the Japanese government declared that “achieving world-class excellence demands that all Japanese acquire a working knowledge of English.” The use of English will probably continue to expand throughout the world because a majority of people in every region in the world believe their children are more likely to prosper if they learn English.现代传播是推动英语传播的一个因素。这有显着的进步，如谷歌可以通过近100种语言进行搜索。对以非英语为母语的人使用网络更容易，但在互联网上的绝大多数仍然只适合使用英语。俄罗斯的一个站长在评论一个网站时说，“对于一个俄罗斯人，陀思妥耶夫斯基的作品被翻译成英语比俄语更容易理解。”业务的需求也促进了英语在全球的增长。美国是世界经济强国，这使得外国商人学习美国人的语言比美国人学习其他语言更普遍一些。日本政府发表的一份报告宣称，“达到世界级的卓越要求，要求所有日本人都能掌握英语的工作知识”，英语的使用可能会继续在世界范围内扩展，因为世界上每个地区的大多数人都认为他们的孩子在学习英语的情况下更容易获得成功。 Consumer products6.The interchange of popular consumer goods is another major factor in narrowing cultural gaps. American movies are popular throughout much of the world. In 2007, for example, the top drawing film globally was Pirate of the Caribbean :At worlds End. Moreover, foreign distribution is vital to the U.S. film industry, which earns 61% of its revenue overseas. In contrast, foreign films account for just 3% of the U.S. market. American television programming is also widespread, but unlike movies, it is a declining part of most foreign television markets. However, jeans, logo-bearing T-shirts and other American-style dress trends are nearly ubiquitous globally, and burgers, fried chicken, and other types of fast food further spread common culture. 大众消费品的互换是缩小文化差距的又一重要因素。美国电影在世界上很受欢迎。例如，在2007，全球最顶尖的绘图影片是加勒比海盗：在世界的尽头。此外，海外发行对美国电影业至关重要，这一行业在海外的收入中有61%的收入。相比之下，外国电影只占美国市场的3%。美国的电视节目也很普遍，但不像电影，它仅是大部分外国电视市场的一部分。然而，牛仔裤，标志的T恤和其他美国式的服装趋势几乎是无处不在的全球，和汉堡，炸鸡，和其他类型的快餐，进一步传播共同文化。 7.To reemphasize the main point, there is a distinct and important intermingling and amalgamation of cultures under way. For good or ill, Western, particularly American, culture is at the forefront of this trend. The observation of the Director General