高考知识汇总（四）2020高考英语知识点概要(必看)

高考知识汇总（四） 2020高考英语知识点概要(必看)masses of该词组意为“大量的”，与lots of 相同，后接可数名词或不可数名词。如：They saved masses of money by improving technology.a mass of意为“一大堆”，“一大片”。“情态动词may/might +完成时”的结构，有以下用法：may/might + have + 过去分词表示推测过去某动作“可能”发生了。如：I cant find my sunglasses, I may/might have left them at therestaurant yesterday.一般来说，may和might两者意思上没什么区别，只是may比might表示的可能性大些。如：He may have heard of it from Jack.He might have heard of it from Jack.在下列情况下，may和might 用法有区别：句子的主要动词是现在时，间接引语中用may/might;句子的主要动词是过去时，间接引语中只用might.如：He says that she may/might have misunderstood him.He said that she might have misunderstood him.might + have + 过去分词，表示对本来可能发生而实际并未发生的动作的感叹或遗憾含有“责备”、“抱怨”之意，而may +完成时无此含义。如：You might have told us earlier.This medicine might have cured your coughmean to do sth.该结构意为“有意要干某事”。如：Im very sorry if I hurt your feelings in fact.I didnt mean to.mend ; repair repair指将受损、故障、用旧之物修理好，如用于修补机械方面的东西多用repair。如：Ask him to repair my watch/TV set.请他给我修一下手表/电视机。The garage charged forty dollars to repair the car. 修车行修理这辆车收了四十美元。repair还可作“弥补、补偿”讲。如：How can I repair the damage I have caused?我怎样才能弥补我造成的损失？Id like to repair our differences .我想我们应该重归于好。mend指将打破、撕碎或用坏之物修补完整，“缝补衣服”多用mend。如：His clothes need mending.他的衣服该补了。She mended the broken jar with cement. 她用水泥把破碎的缸补好了。mend 还可意为“改正、纠正、治愈、使恢复健康”等。如：The prisoner is mending his way.囚犯在改过自新。It is never too late to mend.亡羊补牢，犹未为晚。mistake短语归纳 1)用作名词：by mistake由于差错；make mistakes 出错；make no mistake没出错；correct ones mistake改正错误；recognize ones mistake承认错误；make mistake about sb./sth.误会（解）某人/事2)用作动词：mistake ones meaning误解某人的意思；mistake sb./sth.for错当成，误以为是；be mistaken 弄错，错误的。moment短语归纳for a moment 一会儿；in a moment一会儿之后；a few moments alter过一会儿；a moment ago刚才；at any moment随时，立刻；at the moment此刻，现在；at that very moment 就在那时。注意：the moment此结构中，the moment 用作连词，引导一时间状语从句，表示“一就”。相同意思和用法的表达形式还有：the minute, the instant 和the second。如：Telephone me the moment you get the results.The moment the teacher entered the classroom,the students stood up.老师一进教室，学生们就站起来了。应用完成句子你最好不要离开，主席随时会到这里。The chairman will be here_ _ _,so youd better not be off.我稍等一下，他一会儿就到。Just_ _,he will come here_ a moment.Key:at,any,moment a, moment,inmore twelve more steps意为“再有12个台阶”We must climb twelve more steps to the top.基数词 + more + n.s.= another + 基数词 + n.s.如：There are 3 more chairs /another 3 chairs for dinner.more and more 越来越 Our school is becoming more and more beautiful.我们的校园变得越来越美丽了。more or less 或多或少；大体上；大约。How far is your family away from here?你家离这里多远？ Ten kilometres ,more or less.大约10公里。The work is more or less finished. 这项工作大体上完成了。no longer 不再。通常置于行为动词之前，动词be之后，偶尔也置于全句的末尾。He no longer lives here.他不住这里了。Dont worry about her. After all she is no longer a child .别为她担心。毕竟她不再是个小孩子了。I shall wait no longer.我不等了。more than该词组意为“不仅仅是”，“不只是”。如：Flag is more than a piece of cloth. It stands for a state.More than 与one 连用，构成词组more than one 后接单数的名词和动词。如：More than one person is going to lose his job.must + have + 过去分词表示推测过去某动作“一定发生了”。如：They quarrelled quite often and whenever they quarrelled they threw glasscup at each other.They must have broken a lot of glasses.necessary necessary主要用于两种句型：Its necessary for sb. to do sth.某人有必要做某事Its necessary that有必要。注意：that从句中谓语用should + 动词原型，should 可省略。另外：不能使用sb. is necessary to do 结构，因为通常是“某事或做某事有必要”，而非人有必要。误：He is necessary to return home this afternoon. 正：Its necessary for him to return home this afternoon.应用汉译英他有必要改进自己的学习方法。有必要的话，我们可以多雇几个人收庄稼。Key:Its necessary for him to improve his method of study:/Its necessary that the should improve his method of study。If necessary,well employ more men for the harvest.no longer 常可相当于notany longer. not 用来否定谓语, any longer 置于句末。上面的句子可分别改作:He dont live here any longer.Dont worry about her. After all she isnt a child any longer.I shall not wait any longer.注意：no more（相当于notany more）也是“不再”的意思。no longer是把现在的情况和过去对比，时态以现在时为多，有时也用过去时或将来时；no more 指今后如何，通常用将来时态。I can no longer stand it.我再也受不了。I will go there no more.我再也不到那地方去了。美国人有时用起来比较随便。He is no more/no longer ill.他的病好了。另外：涉及数量或程度时要用no more;谈到时间表示once but not now（有一度、曾经那样，但现在不了时），要用no longer.There is no more bread.没有面包了。I no longer support the Conservative Party.我不再支持保守党了。（曾经支持过）no more than:only仅仅；只有。具有感情色彩，强调“少”。与no less than 相对。Not more than:less than;at most不到；至多。说明客观事实。与not less than相对。He has no more than 20 yuan.他只有20元钱。（强调钱“少”）He has not more than 20 yuan.他有不到20元钱。（说明客观事实）No less than 50 people attended the meeting.参加会议的人不少于50多个。（强调“多”）Not less than 50 people attended the meeting.参加会议的有50多人。（说明客观事实）注意：no用于比较级之前总含有感情色彩；not用来否定比较级则只说明客观事实。you are no taller than I.你并不比我高。（我们两人都矮）you are not taller than I.你不如我高。This question is no more diffcult than that one.这个问题并水比那个（容易的）问题难。This question is not more diffcult than that one.这个问题不如那个问题难。no more than;not more than;no more.than;not more.thanno more than 意为“仅仅、只不过”，相当于only。它与数字连用时，意为“仅仅至多”，强调“少”，带有说话者的感情色彩。如：I am no more than a teacher.我只是个教师而已。There were no more than two hospitals in this city before liberation.解放前，这座城市里只有两家医院（表示很少）not more than 后面接数词时，表示“不超过、最多”的意思。用来说明情况，并含有“少”之意，也不带有说话者的主观色彩。如：There are not more than ten minutes left.最多只剩下10分钟了。（表示客观事实）“no more+形容词（副词）原级+than”意为“两者同样不”，前面和后面同时否定，带有感情色彩。如:This tool is no more useful than that one.这件工具与那件工具一样没有用。（两者都没有用）“not more+形容词（副词）原级than”意为“不比更”。这是比较级的正规用法，表示比较的事实，两者都肯定。如：his tool is not more useful than one.这样工具不及那件工具有用。（两者都有用）noise ; voice; sound 这三个词均指“声音”voice是可数名词，指人发出的声音。如：I didnt recognize Johns voice on the telephone.在电话里我没听出约翰的声音。We could hear the childrens voices in the garden.我们能听见花园里孩子们的声音。sound词意最广泛，它包括各种性质的声响，不论大声还是小声，音乐或噪音，有意义的还是无意义的声音均可，多作可数名词。如：A joyful sound came from the distance. 远处传来欢快的声音。The door was open, and the sound came from the kitchen.门开着，声音是从厨房传来的。noise泛指一切在的、杂乱的或令人讨厌的杂声和吵闹声，既指单一的刺耳、尖锐、磨擦的声响，也可指混合在一起不协调的声响，不论是由人或物所发出的，可以是可数的，也可以是不可数的。如：Loud noise can make people ill.大的噪音能使人生病。Dont make such a loud noise.别弄出这么大的声响。Not all the parts of the car will be made in the factory.并非所有的汽车零件都在这个工厂里制造。not 与总括词（即表示全部意义的词）连用，表示部分否定。not 有两个位置，可放在总括词前，也可用来否定谓语。不管总括词在句中作主语，还是作宾语、状语，都表示部分否定。常见的总括词有：both/all/every/everyone/everybody/everything/everywhere. Not all of them go in for sports.他们并不都喜欢运动。相当于：All of them dont go in for sports.或：Some of them go in for sports,but others dont.I dont like both of the novels.这两部小说我并不都喜欢。相当于:I like only of the novels.You cant get this kind of vegetables everywhere.这种疏菜你并不是在哪里都能买到。相当于：You can only get this kind of vegetables somewhere.如果表示全部否定则应用：neither(两者)/none(多者)/no one/nobody/nothing/nowhere.None of them go /goes in for sports.他们都不喜欢运动。I like neither of the novels.这两部小说我都不喜欢。You can get this kind of vegetables nowhere.在哪里你也买不到这种疏菜。notbut 不是而是Shakespeare was not a musician but a writer.莎士比亚不是音乐家而是作家。Not the students but the teacher is hoping to visit the Great Wall.不是学生而是老师希望去参观长城。He cant read or write in English,but can speak English fluently.他不能读英语和写英语，但能流利地说英语。They neet not money but time.他们所需要的不是钱，而是时间。not justbut：not onlybut(also)（also可省略）不仅/不但而。该句型可连接两个并列的主语、谓语、宾语、表语和状语，说话的侧重点在后一部分。当连接两个并列主语时，谓语应同靠近的主语在人称和数上取得一致。Not just you but he likes the country music very much.不但你，而且他也很喜欢乡村音乐。He can not just drive but repair a car.他不仅会开而且会修车。I like not just pop music but country music.我不仅喜欢流行音乐，而且喜欢乡村音乐。This book is not just interesting but also useful.这本书不但有趣而且有用。Lu Xun is famous not just in China but in the whole world.鲁迅不只在中国有名，而且在全世界都很著名。not onlybut also连续两个并列主语时，谓语和but also后的一致（即就近原则）Not onlybut also构成一倒装句式（强调状语或谓语时用；强调主语时不用倒装）。Not only you but also he likes playing football.不光你，他也喜欢踢足球。Not only can he sing, but also he can dance well.他不仅能唱歌，舞也跳的不错。（注意，第一句倒装，第二句不用倒装形式）notuntil三种句型notuntil有三种句型，即：正常语序、倒装语序和强调句型。（1）正常语序The mother didnt leave the room until the child fell asleep.I didnt know the truth of it until the next day.（2）倒装语序Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.Not until the next day did I know the truth of it.（3）强调句型 It was not until the child fell asleep the mother left the room.It was not until the next day that I knew the truth of it.（4）注意事项在notuntil句型中，主句中的动词均为短暂性动词，如leave,start等。而在until的肯定句型中，主句的谓语动词一定要用延续性动词，因为until作为连词和介词意为up to the time when; up to“直到时”。如：until只连接表示时间的短语和从句，不能用于地点和数量。如：We walked until the edge of the forest.(误)Our classroom can hold until fifty students.（误） from time to timenow and again means now and then 时而sometimesonce in a whileat timesnow that; due to; because of; owing to; since; asnow that作“既然”讲时，相当于since。now that中的that 可省去。如：Now(that)you are well again, you can travel, 你既然恢复了健康，就能够旅行了。due to作 “起因于、归功于”时，常作表语或跟在名词后，如：His failure is due to the fact that he lacks experience.他的失败源于他缺少经验。Mistakes due to carelessness may have serious results.粗枝大叶造成的错误可能带来严重后果。The teams success was largely due to her efforts.该队的成功在很大程度上是由于她的努力。because of“由于、因为”，在句中作状语或表语。如：Lincoln is admired because of his good leadership.林肯由于其出色的领导而受到人们的赞赏。His anger is because of your bad deeds.他是因你的失礼行为而生气。owing to“由于、因为”，常在现代英语中与because of, due to换用。如：Owing to unfavourable weather, I was unable to carry on with it.由于天气不好，我不能把它进行下去。nowhere放在句首，该句应使用倒装结构。Nowhere is there a place for him to settle down.类似的副词还有hardly scarcely, no sooner,seldom, never, little等。Of + n.（抽象句词）相当于该名词相应的形容词，在句中可用作表语或补语。能用于该句型的名词有：help/ use/ value/ importance等。其对应的形容词分别为：helpful/ useful/ valuable/ important.This book is of great use/ very useful.这本书很有用。His advice is of great value/ very valuable.他的建议很有价值。English is of great importance/ very important to us.英语对我们来说很重要。offeroffer sth.提供，提出；offer sb.sth./offer sth.to(for)sb.为某人提供、提出;offer to do sth.主动提出做某事；offer sb.sth.for(money)卖给某人要多少钱；offer sb.(money)for sth出钱买东西短语：offer advice/suggestions/congratulations/the price提出劝告/建议/表示祝贺/出价；make an offer of help 主动提供帮助；accept ones offer 接受某人的建议应用完成句子他把座位让给了老人。He _his seat_ the old man./He _the old man his seat.我的同桌主动提出帮我学英语。My deskmate_ _ _ me with my English.有人出1万元买你的这套房子。Someone will _ you 10,000 yuan_ your house.Key:offered,to /offeredoffered,to ,helpoffer,foron holiday 在度假，此时holiday 前不加冠词。类似说法如：on a visit/a trip/a journey 要带冠词。take a holiday 休假用介词on 表示处于一种状态，若用for 则表示目的。如：He is on holiday .他在度假。He is on a visit to America.他正在美国访问。He wnet to the countryside for his holidays.他去乡村度假。He went to America for a visit .他去美国进行一次访问。比较：holiday, vacation, leaveholiday 与vacation一般可通用，但vacation侧重于长时间的假期，如: summer vacation, holiday 可长可短。leave 指政府工作人员或士兵的假期，也可用于指因事（病）而请的假。如: ask for leave 请假，a sick leave of three days 三天的病假on one condition该介词短语意为“规定一个条件”。如：He allowed me to do it on one condition.on condition that这是一短语连词（=only if）,引导条件状语从句。如：Ill give you the day off on condition that you work on Saturday morning.on ones arrival该词组意为“一到达就”（= on arriving）。如：On her arrival she helped me to prepare supper.on ones way to正在到，动身往，在往的路上 He was on his way to school when suddenly a policeman stopped him. 他正在上学的路上就在这时一个警察截住了他。 They telephoned to say that they were on the way, but they might be late. 他们打电话说他们正在路上，但他们可能来晚。 I called on a friend of mine on my way back. 我在回来的路上拜访了我的一个朋友。 You mustnt forget to call in at Browns on the way home. 你千万别忘了在回家的路上到布朗先生家拜访。 拓展：by the way顺便说；in the way挡道；in a way 某种意义上；lose ones way迷路；by way of 途经，经由；work ones way 通过苦干；no way决不；make ones way 前进；all the way to一路至on+身体部位lay the person on ones back让这个人仰卧着；lie on ones back/stomach/side仰卧/趴着/侧着身躺着；sleep on ones side 侧身睡；stand on one foot 一条脚站着；stand on ones head倒立应用完成句子她趴在床上，哭个不停。She _ _ _ _in the bed,crying all the while你想倒立几个小时是很不容易的。Its difficult for you to _ _ _ _ for several hours.Key:lay, on, her, stomachstand,on, your,headon the air/in the air/by air/in the open airon the air表示(用无线电、电视)播送节目。如：Whats on the air this evening?今晚的广播内容是什么？These programmes come on the air everyday. 这些节目每天广播。其反义词为go off the air“停止广播”。如This radio station goes off the air at midnight.这家广播电台于午夜停止广播。in the air表示“在空中、在流传中、（问题，计划等）悬而未决（未确定的）、充满了（某种）气氛”。如：There was dampness in the air.空气潮湿。Bofore the matter was publicly announced, it had long been in the air.这件事在公诸于世之前早就传得满城风雨了。The plan is quite in the air.这个计划还很渺茫。The Spring Festival was in the air for weeks before.几周前就充满了春节的气氛。by air 表示“乘飞机、由航空”。如He went to Shanghai by air.他乘飞机去上海.in the open air 表示“在户外、在露天里”。如：People love life in the open air.人们喜欢露天生活。on the point of该短语常在句中作表语，意为“正要（去做某事）”，意思相当于be about to do sth.。如：We were on the point of calling him up when he came.对于point名词应掌握它的用法如下：if/when it comes to the point如果/当时机到来（时）如：When it comes to the point,he refused to help.from sb.s point of view从某人的角度来看 如：Try to look at school from the childs point of view.once; 1)意为“曾经”时，侧重“有一次”的意思，是副词在句中做状语，如：Once he owned a large house . 他曾经拥有一所大房子。注意：once与ever的区别ever常用于疑问句，有时可用于过去分词前，多在完成时态中。在句中可译为“曾经”，有时不需翻译。如：Have you ever been there ?你去过那儿吗？The largest tree ,ever found there ,is one about 500 years old .那儿发现的最大的树有大约500年树龄了。2)意为“一旦”时，用作连词引起从句。如：Once you go there ,buy a book for me . Once you began, you couldnt stop. 一旦开始，你就不能停。 Once you object to a man, everything he does is wrong. 一旦你反对一个人，那么他做的一切都是错的。 对比：once强调条件意味；as soon as强调时间的紧接 As soon as you come to Beijing, please let me know. 你一来北京就请告诉我。once more:once again再一次；又一次。Read after me once more.再跟我读一遍。Id like to see him once more.我想再见他一面。one after another一个一个地，表示数量多并连续出现 School was over and students went out of the school gate one after another. 放学了，学生们一个接一个地走出校门。 对比：one by one表示按顺序逐个进行或出现 Dont hurry! You should enter the office one by one. 不要着急，你们应该一个个地走进办公室。 拓展：by and by一点一点地，逐渐地 little by little一点一点地 step by step 一步一步地，循序渐进地onethe other, someothersonethe other相当于oneone,表示两者中的“一个。另一个”；someothers表示许多中的“一些，另外一些”；somethe others表示“一些，其余所有的”。对比：He has two companise. One is in China and the other is in the States.他有两家公司，一家在中国，另一家在美国。In winter, some birds will fly away, and others wills stay here.冬天，一些鸟飞走了，另外一些留了下来。Some stamps are new, and the others are all ones.有些邮票是新的，其余全是用过的。应用选择正确答案。Some people like to stay at home on Sunday, but _like to go to the cinema.(NMET85)A.another B.other C.others D.other oneOf the three foreign guests, one is from London,_two are from New York.(80年高考)key:C Bopen 1)用作动词动词：打开门，经营、开办：open a door/window/a small shop/ones hand/ones eyes/ones mouth/fire开门/开窗/开一家小商店/张开手/睁开眼/张开嘴/开火；be opened to traffic通车；open up开采（发）Now,he opens a small factory of his own.现在他自己办了个厂。Open the door, please!请开门！2）用作形容词,表状态，“开着的”：keep open开着门；be open开门、开业；cutopen切开；leave the door open 开着门；in the open air 在野外；an open secret公开的秘密；keep ones eyes open睁眼Dont keep the door open.别让门开着（即：请把门关上）。应用选择正确答案 3) be open to对开放Many school libraries are open to children on Sundays.不少学校的图书馆周日给孩子们开放。John was so sleepy that he could hardly keep his eyes_.(MET92)A.open B.to be openedC.to open D.openingSome new oilfields _since 1976.A.were opened up B.has been opened upC.have been opened up D.had been opened upThe computer center, _ last year,is very popular among the students in this school.A.open B.openingC.having opened D.openedKey:A C Dopen up (1)开门，展开，打开 open up = open the door开门 open up the parcel打开包裹 (2)（景色等的）展现 A beautiful view opened up before us. 一幅美景展现在我们面前。 (3)开发，开辟，创建 open up a new situation / a bright future / more waste land 开创一个新局面/美好的前程/开辟更多荒地 (4)吐露真情 She never opened up to me on the subject. 关于那个问题，她从未对我开诚布公。or else = other wise = if not否则 Hurry up or else youll be late. 快点，否则人会迟到的。 Study hard or else you wont pass the exam. 努力学习，否则你会考试不及格的。 Put on more clothes or else youll catch a cold.多穿些衣服，否则你会感冒的。order food 叫食物order n.&vt./vi.订购place an order for sth.订购order sth.from向订购order sb.sth. Dorder sth.for sb.为某人订购I have ordered you some new clothes.owe 表示“欠钱，欠债”，用于owe sth.to sb.或owe sb. sth.结构。如：We still owe over 1,000 yuan to Lao Wang.我们还欠老王1000多元钱。用于引申意义，表示“欠情，感恩，感激，归功于”。如：I owe thanks to Annie or this priceless gift of speech.我感激安妮给了我说话能力这个无价之宝。If I have improved in English, I owe it to my teacher.应用完成句子她仍欠裁缝上周做衣服的钱。She still_ the tailor_ the clothes she had last week.他现在还活着是多亏了你。He _ it_you that he is still alive.Key:owes, for owes, tooweto应该把归功于；欠的情 I owe a great to my parents. 我欠父母的情很多。 He owes his success to good luck. 他的成功全造运气。 I owe thanks to you for your help. 我得谢谢你帮助我。 拓展：owing to由于 The old professor couldnt attend the meeting owing to illness. 老教授因病不能参加会议。part-time It is a good idea to start a part-time job. 做一项兼职的工作是个好主意。pass 短语归纳pass sth.down把某物一代一代传下去；pass sth.on将某物传、交给某人；pass away逝世； pass by路过，忽视；pass sb. sth./pass sth.to sb.把某物递给某人；pass the exam/test/law通过考试/测验/法律注意：past是介词“过，经过”或名词“过去”；passed是pass的过去式和过去分词。如：half past six六点半；in the past few years在过去的几年里；Two weeks passed.两周的时间过去了。He walked past the gate.他从大门口走过。应用完成句子去年他母亲去世了。His mother _ _ last year.这戒指是我