高二英语Module5 The Conquest of the Universe知识精讲 外研社

高二英语Module5 The Conquest of the Universe知识精讲 外研社一. 本周教学内容：Module 5 The Conquest of the Universe二. 教学目标：本模块的主题是太空探索，阅读课文介绍了人类首次登月，人类首次航天飞机飞行和“挑战者”号的爆炸等事件。要求学生掌握相关词汇，培养相关语言技能。单词、短语：leap joint Mars Jupiter Aldebaran probe Saturn accustomed shuttle historic tune witness assume patience in spite of advanced at the very beginning of burst depend planet view ultraviolet Phoebe Titan decade a series of acknowledge random backwards deed knight tension autonomous defeat authority accuse accuse sb. of swear avenge sorrow latter grasp relief glory division airspace motherland abstract foresee destiny aid broad sympathy commitment ought consistent faith rational dignity devotion pray pray for holy acute be similar to stable human being supreme scholar consult whilst arguably dramatic invasion alien impact observation inescapable assumption vanguard set in motion underway hysteria newsflash mounting deliberately set out重点词汇和短语：leap joint accustomed witness assume patience in spite of advanced at the very beginning of burst depend view decade a series of acknowledge random backwards autonomous defeat accuse sb of swear avenge sorrow latter grasp foresee aid sympathy ought devotion pray for holy be similar to impact underway set out词语要点归纳：【课文例句】1. Ever since Neil Armstrong first setfooton the moon back on 21st July，1969，people have become accustomed to the idea of space travel.自从尼尔阿姆斯特朗在1969年7月21日首次踏上月球以来，人们对太空旅行这一概念已经非常熟悉。【知识探究】（1）set foot onin踏上，进入，到达Ill never set foot in Tokyo again.我再也不会踏进东京一步。The invaders set foot on the soil of ancient Rome.入侵者踏上了古罗马的国土。（2）accustomed用作形容词，义项有二：习惯于的；惯常的，常用搭配：bebecome accustomed tonv-ing同义短语：beget used tonv-ingIm not accustomed to getting up so early.我不习惯于这样早起来。She sat in her accustomed place reading.她坐在她惯常坐的地方读书。accustom 用作及物动词，“使习惯于”。常用搭配：accustom oneself tonv-ing“使自己习惯”He accustomed himself to the new job as soon as possible.他使自己尽可能快地习惯于新的工作。【名题欣赏】Accustomed to _ the steep mountains，he had no difficulty reaching the top. （上海2020春）A. climbing B. climbC. having climbed D. have climbed【解析】答案选A。be accustomed to doing sth. 表示“习惯于做某事”。to是介词，后接v-ing形式做宾语。【课文例句】2. Millions of people watched that first moon landing on television, their hearts in their mouths，aware of how difficult and dangerous an adventure it was，and what risks had to be taken.数以百万计的人们从电视上观看了首次登月，他们的心提到嗓子眼，因为他们十分清楚这次是多么艰难多么危险，以及要冒多么大的风险。【知识探究】（1）句中含有一个独立主格结构：their hearts in their mouths作伴随状语。分词的独立主格结构是由“名词或主格代词分词、形容词、副词或介词短语等”构成的，在句中多用作状语。如：Weather permitting，well go and play golf this afternoon.天气许可的话，我们下午去打高尔夫。He sat there，his arms crossed in front of his chest.他坐在那里，双臂交叉在胸前。He entered the room，his nose red with cold.他走进屋来，鼻子冻得红红的。Dinner over，we decided to play bridge.吃过饭后，我们决定打桥牌。Half an hour later Delia came，her right hand in a bandage.半小时后，迪莉娅回来了，她右手缠着绷带。（2）形容词短语：（be）aware of how difficultand what risks作状语表原因。其中“how”和“what”引导的从句作介词“of”的宾语，构成宾语从句。形容词短语作状语是英语中较常见的语法现象，一般作原因或伴随状语。如：He looked back now and then，afraid of being followed.由于担心被跟踪，他不时地回头看。He arrived home，hungry and tired.他又饿又累地回到家中。（3）（be）aware ofthat意识到，察觉到，明白（be）unaware ofthat没意识到。Smokers are well aware of the dangers to their own health.吸烟者很清楚吸烟对他们的健康造成的种种危害。He must have been aware that his parents marriage was breaking up.他清楚地意识到父母的婚姻已无可挽救。【名题欣赏】（1）Our teacher came in, _.A. a book was in his handB. with a book in handC. he took a book in handD. with a book being in hand【解析】答案选B。此题考查独立主格作状语的用法，选项A、C是两个完整的句子；没有引导词不可独立作状语；选项D为错误选项，其正确形式应为with a book in hand. 故选B。名词介词短语构成独立主格、作伴随状语。（2）Im well _ of his honesty.A. known B. famousC. aware D. worried【解析】答案选C。此题考查固定短语（be）aware of的用法。其句意为：我很清楚他的诚实。【课文例句】3. All three astronauts made it safely back to Earth，using a spaceship computer that was much less powerful than the ones used by the average school students today.三位宇航员借助着远不如如今一般学生使用的计算机控制系统安全返回到地球。【知识探究】（1）“using a spaceship computer that”是现在分词短语作状语表方式；“that”引导定语从句修饰“spaceship computer”。（2）make it成功，做到Work hard, and youll make it. 努力干，你会成功的。Where is Li Lei? 李磊呢?He cant make it today. He has to stay at home.他今天来不成了，他得呆在家里。表示走完一段路程，或及时赶到。He is too tired to make it to his house.他太累了，走不到家了。The train leaves at 6：30，so well make it.火车6点半开，因此我们能及时赶到。表示约定时间或估计I make it 30 people in the room.我估计房间里有30人。Lets make it half past nine.让我们把时间定在9点半吧。【课文例句】4. The world was in shock-maybe they assume his space flight would be no more dangerous than getting on an aeroplane.全世界都震惊了也许他们原来都认为这次太空飞行跟乘坐飞机一样没什么危险。【知识探究】（1）in shock处于极度震惊状态。（2）assume用作及物动词，意为“假定、假设；认为”。assuming（that）相当于连词if或supposing（that）意为“如果、假如”。I assume that you have heard the news.我想你已听到了这个消息。Let us assume for a moment that the plan succeeds.咱们暂时假设计划成功。Farmers will have a good harvest，assuming（that）the weather is favorable.假如风调雨顺，今年农民将获丰收。【名题欣赏】_ it rains tomorrow，what should we do?A. ThoughB. SinceC. Even thoughD. Assuming【解析】答案选D。根据语意须选择表示假设的连词，其中选项A、C表让步，意为“尽管、即使”；B项表原因，不符；D项assuming即if表示“假如”。【课文例句】5. In spite of all our advanced technology，the world is still only at the very beginning of its voyage into space.即便我们掌握了现在的全部先进技术，我们这个世界依然只是处于太空旅行的起步阶段。【知识探究】（1）in spite of后接名词构成介词短语作让步状语，意为“尽管，不顾”。She rushed out in spite of the heavy rain.她不顾大雨冲出家门。（2）advanced用作形容词，“先进的，高级的；现代的”。-studies高深研究the industrial nations先进的工业国家-ideas现代思想advance用作名词，“前进”、“提前”常见短语in advance预先，提前同义词组：ahead of timeThe rent must be paid in advance.租金须预付。【名题欣赏】_ all the difficulties，he continued with the project with determination.A. Though B. AlthoughC. In spite of D. In case of【解析】答案选C。in spite of后接名词构成介词短语作让步状语；选项A、B是连词须引导句子作让步状语；选项D“以防、万一”语意不通。【课文例句】6. The CassiniHuygens space probe，which reached Saturn last week，has sent back amazing photographs of the planets famous rings viewed in ultraviolet light.航空探测器于上周抵达土星，已发回所观察到的行星有名的紫外线彩色光环的图片。【知识探究】view v. 看、观察view the pictures看图仔细观察、观察；检查Several possible buyers have come to view the house.已经有好几个想买房子的人来看过这幢房子。考虑，认为同义词：consider，regardI view his action as a breach of trust.我认为他的行为是背信弃义。n. 视力、视野、视界、视线My view of the stage was blocked by the hat of the woman in front of me.我前面那个女人的帽子挡住了我的视线，使我看不见舞台。（从某处看到的）景色，景The only view from my bedroom window is of some factory chimneys.从我卧室的窗户看到的唯一景色是一些工厂烟囱。观察某人或事物的特定机会If we stand at this window. well get a better view of the procession.我们如果站在这个窗口，就能把游行队伍看得更清楚。看法、意见、想法、观念In my view, hes a fool.依我看，他是个傻瓜。【课文例句】7. The probe has sent back pictures of some of Saturns moons，including tiny Phoebe, which has a strange shape like other planets and their moons. It is not perfectly round and Saturns biggest moon, Titan, which is believed to be the only body in the solar system other than the Earth with liquid on the surface.控测器还发回了土星的几颗卫星的照片，其中包括形状奇特的小个子土卫九跟其他行星和卫星不同的是它没有那么圆还有土星最大的卫星，土卫六，我们都认为是太阳系中除了地球以外唯一表面有液体的星体。【知识探究】（1）Sb. is believed to据信，相当于It is believed that是一常见句型。例如：He is believed to be the first person to go to the moon by spaceship.据信他是乘坐宇宙飞船到达月球的第一个人。注意：如果to后面的动词所表达的动作发生在believe之前，则不定式用完成式。如：She is believed to have invented the useful tool.据信是她发明了这种有用的工具。联想Sb. is said to据说Sb. is thought to据认为Sb. is reported to据报道【名题欣赏】_ in the newspaper that many people have been cheated by a man _ Li Hongzhi.A. It is reported；calledB. We are reported；who is calledC. It reports；callingD. As is reported；called【解析】Its reported that从句，据报道第二空可用who is called或called；选项D则为As is reported in the newspaper，many people答案为A。（2）Other than（except）除了（表示所说的不包括在内），不同于，而不（different from；not）Linda has no close friend at school other than me.琳达在学校除了我没有其他密友。【课文例句】8. They are so clear that is easy to forget they are coming from a distance of one-and-a-half-billion kilometers.图像如此清晰以致于很容易忘记他们是来自于十五亿公里外的地方。【知识探究】distance -U-n. 距离；远处What is the distance from Washington to Miami?从华盛顿到迈阿密有多远?The school is some distance away.学校离这远。One can see the ancient ruins at a distance of 20 miles.人们可以看到20英里以外的古代遗迹。at a distance意为“从远处；隔开一段距离”Dogs that bark at a distance never bite.在远处叫的狗不咬人。The sound of the waterfall can be heard at a distance of 2 miles.在2英里外就能听到瀑布声。【短语拓展】from a distance从远处keep ones distance保持距离；不亲近go the full distance走完全程by distance按里程in the distance在远处，远方的keep sb. at a distance冷待某人work out distance计算出距离within hearing distance在能听到的地方【课文例句】9. It is now acknowledged by the movie industry as the move successful film ever.它现在已被电影业公认为最成功的影片【知识探究】acknowledge是动词，主要有四个义项：承认，公认；对表示感谢；告知收到（某物）；对打招呼。后面可接名词、代词、动名词，从句或复合结构（acknowledge sb tobeas）He was generally acknowledged to be the finest poet in the country.他是公认的全国最优秀的诗人。His services to the country were never officially acknowledged.他对国家所做的贡献从未受到正式的表彰。The director wishes to acknowledge the help of the police in the making of this film.导演希望对警察在本片拍摄过程中所给予的协助表示感谢。We must acknowledge receipt of his letter.我们必须向他表明已收到了他的来信。She walked right past me without even acknowledging me.我就那样迎面走过，连个招呼也不和我打。I was standing right next to her，but she didnt even acknowledge me.我就站在她旁边，可是她连个招呼都不跟我打。【课文例句】10. For example，Luke sky walker is ever told that his condiment ought to be to finish his training rather than rescue his friends.有人曾告诉卢克天行者他的责任应该是完成他的训练而不是拯救他的朋友。【知识探究】rather than是一个常用的句型，意思是：不愿（要），而不是。rather than常用于平行结构中，即前后所跟成份通常一致。也常用于wouldhad rather do sth. than结构当中。例如：I think Ill have a cold drink rather than coffee.我想喝冷饮，不想喝咖啡。Rather than get rich in such a way, I would beg in the streets.我宁可在街上乞讨，也不愿以那种方式致富。I would rather walk than take a bus.我宁愿走路而不愿意乘公共汽车。【名题欣赏】I want to stay at home _ go out in the heavy rain.A. other thanB. except C. rather thanD. besides【解析】根据句意：我想呆在家里而不愿出去。选项A、B、D意为“除了”语意不通。答案为C。【课文例句】11. The Force is similar to Qi，a stable balance of the Yin and Yang forces to human being and the environment.力量与阴阳协调一致地对人类与环境的影响力相类似。【知识探究】similar adj. 相似的，类似的be similar to sb. sth. 与某人某物相类似similarly adv相似地，类似地【名题欣赏】Our bodies are strengthened by taking exercises _，our minds are developed by learning.A. Probably B. Likely C. Similarly D. Generally【解析】句中将our bodies与our minds相类比。因此应用“相似地，类似地”。答案：C。【课文例句】12. But when in l 938, the American actor and director, Orson Welles set a radio drama of The War of the Worlds in the real life New Jersey town of Grovers Mill, little did he know what impact he was going to make.但是1938年当这位美国演员兼导演奥森韦尔斯以新泽西的格罗弗磨房镇真实生活场景为背景播出广播剧世界之战时，他根本不知道他将要造成多大的轰动。【知识探究】表示否定的词：little，not，never，seldom，hardly，scarcely，not until，no soonerthan，hardlywhen，neither（nor），by no means，in no time等。置于句首时句子要倒装：Never shall I forget the day.我决不会忘记这一天。Not a word would he say.他一句话也不肯说。Seldom in my life have I met so determined a person.一生中我很少遇到如此果断的人。Not until quite recently did I have any idea what a guided missile was like.直到最近我才有了一点儿对导弹的了解No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill.他一到那里就生起病来。Hardly had he began to speak when his father stopped him.他刚开始发言就被父亲制止了。Neither do I know her address，nor does he.我不知道她的地址，他也不知道。【名题欣赏】Little _ about his own safety though he was in great danger himself.A. does he care B. did he careC. he cares D. he cared【解析】否定词little在句首，句子应倒装，因此排除选项C、D，由though引导从句中的时态表明主句为过去时，排除选项A。 答案：B【课文例句】13. Incredible as it may seem，both the observations of science and the evidence of our eyes lead to the inescapable assumption that those strange beings who landed in the New Jersey farmlands tonight are the vanguard of an invading army from the planet Mars.尽管看起来不可思议，但科学观测以及我们肉眼看到的证据都必然会让我们做出一个设想，那就是今晚降落在新泽西农场的怪物就是来自火星入侵部队的先导。【知识探究】Incredible as it may seem=Although it may seem incredibleas引导让步状语从句时，通常将名词（不带冠词），形容词、副词、动词（原形）提前。例如：Child as he is，he has to make a living.虽然他是个孩子，但他得谋生。Clever as he is，he doesnt study well.他虽然聪明，但学习不好。Much as I would like to help you，Im busy now.虽然我很想帮你，但现在我很忙。Object as you may，III go.纵使你反对，我也要去。【课文例句】14. Did Orson Welles deliberately set out to terrify the nation?难道奥森韦尔斯是蓄意吓唬国人吗?【知识探究】set out打算，故意；开始做，着手做。He set out to break the world hurdle race record.他决心打破跨栏的世界纪录。We set out to paint the whole house but finished only the front part.我们为油漆整座房子开始干起来，但只完成了前面部分。同义词组：set about doing sthget down to doing sth语法知识：名词性从句：名词性从句相当于名词，可作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句，它是高中英语语法教学的一项重要内容，也是每年高考必考的项目之一。现结合高考考点、热点，对相关难点、重点剖析如下：一、连接词问题名词性从句的常见连接词共有四类，现将它们的意义、作用和功能比较如下：类别作用与意义句法功能that仅起连接作用，无任何词义在从句中不充当任何句子成分ifwhether起连接作用，意为“是否”，表明从句内容的不确定性在从句中不充当任何句子成分连接代词：who，whom，whomever，whose，what，which，whatever，whoever有其自身的词义充当从句的主、宾、表语等连接副词：when，where，how，why有其自身的词义充当从句的状语例1：_ we cant get seems better than _ we have.A. What；what B. What；thatC. That；that D. That；what解析：that和what选用的关键是看从句是否缺少主语、宾语、表语等。例1中的get，have均为及物动词，缺少宾语，故均应填what。答案：A。二、从句的语序问题名词性从句的语序为陈述语序，尤其应注意的是：连接代词或连接副词所引导的名词性从句的语序极易出错，易错用为疑问句的语序。例2：He asked _ for the violin.A. did I pay how muchB. I paid how muchC. how much did I payD. how much I paid答案：D。三、从句的时态呼应和主谓一致问题名词性从句在主句中作宾语、表语时，一般应与主句时态呼应。名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。例如：Whether theyll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.what引导主语从句时，谓语动词用单数还是复数，往往取决于其意义，也可以通过其后的表语来确定。试比较如下：What they need is more helpmoneytime.What they want are more reading booksapplescomputers.四、从句中的虚拟语气在下列情况下名词性从句要用虚拟语气：1. 在seem，look，feel，smell，sound，taste等动词后面的as if或as though引导的表语从句中，若内容是一种假设或与事实不符，则可用虚拟语气。例3：When a pencil is partly in a glass of water，it looks as if it _.A. breaks B. has brokenC. were broken D. had been broken答案：C。2. 在动词insist，suggest，order，propose，demand等后接的宾语从句中。例如：He insisted that he should be sent to work there.3. suggestion，order，proposal，demand等名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句的谓语动词多用“should动词原形”，should可省略。例如：Their suggestion is that our output（should）be increased by 20%.4. 在it iswas necessaryimportantstrangeimpossible that从句以及it iswas suggestedrequestedordered that从句的结构中，主语从句中的谓语动词应用“should动词原形”，should可省略。例如：It is strange that she（should）have failed the exam.五、从句的替代为了句子的平衡，有时我们常把主语从句或宾语从句置于句子的后部，这时则需要用it代替它作形式主语或形式宾语。例4：I dont think _possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A. this B. thatC. its D. it答案：D。【模拟试题】单项填空1. Take this box and _ you can find enough space.A. put it which B. put up it which placeC. put it wherever D. put it in where2. - Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _ to go to college.- So do I.A. hope B. hopes C. is hoping D. are hoping3. -What do you think of what he did in class?-Why he did it was _ my imagination.A. through B. above C. beyond D. over4. The WTO cannot live up to its name _ it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.A. as long as B. while C. if D. even though5. _, we were taken to see the library.A. We had been shown the classroomsB. Being shown the classroomsC. Having been shown the classroomsD. Having shown the classrooms6. - Will you go to the party?- Of course I will if _.A. having invited B. invitedC. I was invited D. I will be invited7. I might fail, but _ I insist on doing it. I don t mind.A. however B. anyhow C. yetD. meanwhile8. _, the bookseller gave him something else as a present.A. To the boys delight B. To the boys surprisingC. To the boy joy D. To make the boys happy9. _ late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm.A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept10. - Look, Johns fallen asleep.- Oh, he _ too late last night.A. might sit up B. should have sat upC. could sit up D. must have sat up11. He is so learned a young man that I am sure it would be impossible to find his _.A. same B. similarC. equal D. reflection12. Television has so many advantages. It keeps us _ about the _ news, and also provides entertainment in the home.A. informed, latest B. to know, laterC. learning, later D. to think, latest13. She was robbed of her handbag with the _ sum of $ 5,000 in it.A. extraordinary B. importantC. considerable D. valuable14. - Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her?-Yes. I gave it to her _ I saw her.A. while B. the moment C. suddenly D. once15. - Have you rung Professor Li?- Last week I _ him for our next meeting but I _.A. rang, forgot B. could have rung, forgetC. rang, forget D. should have rung, forgot完形填空Beijing is a firm favorite（幸运儿）to win the bid（竞标）for the 2020 Olympics, according to the International Olympic Committee（IOC）.The Chinese capitals bid came first with four 16 cities on Monday, when the IOC 17 in half the 18 cities fighting for hosting the worlds most important sporting 19 .The IOCs executive（执行的） committee said that the five cities will be Beijing, Istanbul, Osaka,