(词汇学)Word_Formation_第1页
(词汇学)Word_Formation_第2页
(词汇学)Word_Formation_第3页
(词汇学)Word_Formation_第4页
(词汇学)Word_Formation_第5页
已阅读5页,还剩50页未读 继续免费阅读

下载本文档

版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领

文档简介

.WordFormation,Therearethreemajorprocessesofwordformation:derivation,compoundingandconversion.,().Derivation:(派生),Derivationoraffixationisgenerallydefinedasaword-formationprocessbywhichnewwordsarecreatedbyaddingaprefix,orsuffix,orboth,tothebase.,Prefixes:Themajorlivingprefixesareclassifiedintothefollowingeightcategoriesbytheirmeaning.,1.“negative”prefixes(un-,non-,in-,dis-,a-,)eg:unkind(adj),untie(v),non-person(n),non-restrictive(adj),inability(n),incomplete(adj),impossible(adj),disadvantage(n),dislike(v),asexual(adj),abnormal(adj),abuse(v),2.“reversative”prefixes(un-,de-,dis-,)eg:uncover(v),unearth(v),uncomfortable(adj),unlike(prep),deform(v),degrade(v),discover(v),discourage(v),dislike(v),3.“pejorative”prefixes(mis-,mal-,pseudo-,)eg:mistake(v),misunderstand(v),misfortune(n),maladjustment(n),malformation(n),maladminister(v),pseudo-science(n),pseudoclassic(a),4.“degreeorsize”prefixes(arch-,super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,ultra-,mini-,)eg:archbishop(n),arch-criminal(n),archenemy(n),supermarket(n),superpower(n),superfine(adj)outdo(v),outlive(v),outgo(v),subeditor(n),subdivide(v),subtitle(n),overdo(v),overbuy(v),overestimate(v),hypersonic(a),hypersensitive(a),hypertension(n),ultra-democracy(n),ultrarapid(a),ultrared(a),minibus(n),miniskirt(n),minigun(n),5.“attitude”prefixes(co-,counter-,anti-,pro-,)eg:cooperate(v)合作,coheir(n)共同继承人,coexist(v)共存,counterattack(n,v)反击,counter-revolutionary(adj)反革命的,anti-Japanese(adj)抗日的,antiwar(adj)反战的,anticolonial(adj)反殖民地的anti-drinking(adj)反对酗酒的pro-American(adj)亲美的,pro-Japanese(adj)亲日的,,6.“locative”prefixes(sub-,inter-,trans-,)eg:subway(n)地铁,subtitle(n)副标题,subsurface(adj)表面下的international(adj),intercity(adj)市间的,interact(v)相互作用,相互影响transport(v)运输,transfer(v)转移,调动transmit(v)转播trans-Atlantic(adj)穿越大西洋的,,7.“timeandorder”prefixes(fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,)eg:forecast(v,n)预报,foresee(v)预见,forehead(n)前额preview(v)预习,pre-read(v)预先阅读,prepay(v)预付,postwar(adj)战后的,postgraduate(n)研究生,postscript(n)附言,ex-president(n)前任总统,ex-monitor(n)前任班长,ex-wife(n)前妻,,8.“number”prefixes(uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,tri-,multi-,poly-,)eg:unicycle(n)独轮车,unidirectional(a)单向的,uniform(a,n)统一的;制服monocycle(n)独轮车,monodrama(n)单人剧,monoxide(n)一氧化物bicycle(n),bilateral(adj)双边的,bilingual(adj)双语的dioxide(n)二氧化物,dialogue(n)对话,dichromatic(adj)二色(性)的,,tricycle(n)三轮车,tricar(n)三轮车,triangle(n)三角,multilateral(adj)多边的,multimedia(adj)多媒体,multi-industry(n)多种经营,polycrystal(n)多晶体,polycyclic(adj)多环的,polyfunctional(adj)多功能的,Suffixes:Sincesuffixesusuallychangethewordfromonepartofspeechtoanother,wecanintroducethemaingroupsofsuffixes.1.Nounsuffixes:neighbourhood(邻居),friendship(友谊),booklet(册子),kingdom(王国),kindness(善良),socialist(社会主义者),socialism(社会主义),rapidity(迅速),worker(工人),employee(雇员),action(行动),movement(运动),arrival(到达),marriage(婚姻),2.Verbsuffixes:simplify(简化),modernize(使现代化),quicken(加快),,3.Adjectivesuffixes:useful(有用的),useless(无用的),windy(多风的),foolish(愚蠢的),manly(有男子气概的),washable(可水洗的),pointed(尖的),cultural(文化的),poisonous(有毒的),,4.Adverbsuffixes:happily(愉快地),backward(s)(向后),northward(s),clockwise(顺时针地),,Formation:1.prefixfreeroot:prearrange(v)预先安排,postscript(n)附言,rewrite(n)改写,enlarge(v)扩大,impossible(adj)不可能的,dislike(v)不喜欢,,2.freerootsuffix:darkness(n),friendship(n),movement(n),hopeful(a),hopeless(a),mouse-like(a)像鼠一样的,darken(v),badly(adv),clockwise(adv),3.prefixfreerootsuffix:inaction(n)无行动,懒散,improfitable(adj)无利润的,unfriendly(adj),removal(n),4.prefixboundroot:predict(v)预言,预示,descend(v)下降,contradict(v)反驳,同矛盾,,5.boundrootsuffix:tolerance(n)容忍,liberate(v)解放,diction(n)措辞,linguist(n)语言学家,,6prefixboundrootsuffix:intolerable(adj)不可容忍的,descendant(n)后代,disruptive(adj)分裂的,,().Compounding:(合成)Compoundingisaword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit,acompoundword.,1.NounCompounds:(commonest)Onekindofclassificationislexical:,(1)NN:nightschool(夜校),handbook(手册),(2)AdjN:greenhouse(温室),blackboard(黑板),(3)VN:driveway(机动车道),pickpocket(扒手),(4)Prep/advN:after-effect(后效),afternoon(下午),(5)gerundN:living-room(起居室),walking-stick(拐杖),,(6)present.pN:ruling-class(统治阶级),floating-bridge(浮桥),(7)NV:snowfall(下雪),daybreak(黎明),(8)Ngerund:handwriting(书写),book-learning(书本知识),(9)pronN:he-goat(公山羊),she-cat(女猫),(10)VAdv:make-up(构造;性格;化妆品),breakthrough(突破),Theotherkindofclassificationissyntactic:,(1)Subjectpredicate:sunrise(黎明),flashlight(闪光灯),working-people(劳动人民),(2)vtobject:pickpocket,reading-material,haircut,letter-writing,chopstick,pastime,(3)Subjectobject:gas-light(汽灯):”gasproduceslight,”sugar-cane(甘蔗):”caneproducessugar,”(4)Appositive:manservant(男侍者),girl-friend(女朋友),,2.AdjectiveCompounds:Onekindofclassificationislexical:,(1)NAdj:life-long(终生的),world-famous(举世闻名的),(2)AdjAdj:light-blue(浅蓝的),dead-alive(没精打采的),(3)Present.pAdj:freezing-cold(冰冷的),smoking-hot(热气腾腾的),(4)Npresent.p:peace-loving(爱和平的),English-speaking(说英语的),(5)Npast.p:heart-felt(由衷的),snow-covered(被雪覆盖的),,(6)Adjpresent.p:easy-going(悠闲的),good-looking(好看的),(7)Adjpast.p:new-born(新生的),green-painted(喷绿的),(8)Advpresent.p:hardworking(勤劳的),outstanding(杰出的),(9)Advpast.p:well-known(著名的),ready-made(现成的),(10)AdjN:full-time(全职的),new-type(新型的),,(11)VN:cease-fire(停火的),tell-tale(搬弄是非的),(12)VNed:short-sighted(近视的),absent-minded(心不在焉的),(13)numN:athree-roomflat(一套三居室公寓),afive-yearplan(无年计划),(14)NNed:brick-headed(砖门脸的),stone-columned(石柱的),(15)numNed:three-legged(三条腿的),two-faced(两面派的),,(16)VAdv:wake-up(醒来的),runaway(逃跑的,私奔的),(17)prepN:down-hill(下坡的),offhand(即时的),(18)AdvAdj:all-round(全面的,综合的),ever-green(常青的),(19)past.pAdv:made-up(虚构的),grown-up(成年的),(20)Phrases:ablack-and-whiteTV(一台黑白电视机),anout-of-the-waydistrict(偏僻的地区),ahard-to-findplace(一个难找的地方),anever-to-be-forgottenday(一个难忘的日子),(21)Sentences:thedo-what-you-can-and-take-what-you-needpolicy(实事求是的原则),adamned-if-they-do,damned-if-they-dontchoice(一个两难的选择),Theotherkindofclassificationissyntactic:,(1)Subjectpredicate:weather-beaten(饱经风霜的),thunder-struck(被雷击的),(2)vtobject:peace-loving,fault-finding(挑剔的),(3)VAdverbial:hardworking,well-behaved(表现好的),(4)subjectcomplement:tax-free(免税的),love-sick(单相思的),knee-deep(膝深的),,().Conversion:(转化),1Definition:Conversionisaword-formationprocesswherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherword-classwithouttheadditionofanaffix.Eg:toplanatable设计一个表totableaplan确立一个计划tobookaplace预定一个位子toplaceabook放一本书goon继续ongo忙碌sparetime空余的时间tosparetime抽出时间,2.Typesofconversion:Therearevarioustypesofconversion,butconversionsfromNountoVerbandVerbtoNounarethemostproductive.,(1)NounVerb:radio.n.toradio(amessage),can.n.tocan(fish),shelter.n.Theyshelteredtheorphans.mother.n.Shemotheredtheorphan.bicycle.n.WebicycledtotheSummerPalace.summer.n.WesummeredinQingdao.,(2)VerbNoun:togiveacry,tohavealook,tomakeaguess,onthegointhelongrunTherestaurantisquiteafind.(Wefoundanicerestaurant)Heisagreatbore.(Heisapersonwhoboreseveryone.)Theclothisagoodcoverforthetable.(Icoveredthetablewithacloth.),(3)AdjectiveVerb:calm.adj.Theseacalmeddown.dry.adj.todryclothes,spare.adj.tosparetime,clean.adj.tocleantheroom,better.adj.tobetterthelifeofthepeople,lower.adj.toloweronesvoice,(4)AdjectiveNoun:Thereisaschoolforthedeafandblind.Heisatmost20.Hehastriedhisbesttohelpme.Heisanative.,(5)Otherexamples:Butmenobuts!(Dontbutme!)(不要给我说“but”了。)IwasexplainingtheGoldenBulltohisRoyalHighness.“IllGoldenBullyou,yourrascal!”roaredtheMajestyofPrussia.Canyoutellmethehowandthewhyofthewholematter?,Therearethreeminorprocessesofwordformation:,().Abbreviation(缩写),1.Clipping:(截短词)(1)Apocope:(截除词尾)adadvertisement,autoautomobile,examexamination,mathsmathematicslablaboratory,kilokilogram(2)Aphaeresis:(截除词首)busomnibus,cellovioloncello,phonetelephone,(3)Frontandbackclipping:(截除首尾)fluinfluenza,fridgerefrigerator,scriptprescription,2.Initialism:(首字母缩略词)(pronouncedletterbyletter)UNUnitedNations(联合国),USUnitedStates(美国),UKUnitedKingdom(英国),E-mailelectronicmail(电子邮件),,3.Acronyms:(首字母拼音词)NATONorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization(北大西洋公约组织),UNESCOtheUnitedNationsEducation,ScienceandCultureOrganization(联合国教科文组织),radarradiodetectionandranging(雷达),laserlightwaveamplificationbystimulatedemmisionofradiation(激光),,4.Blending:(混成词)smog(烟雾)smokefog,motel(汽车旅馆)motorhotel,brunch(早午饭)breakfastlunch,Chinglish(中国英语)ChineseEnglish,().Back-formation(逆序构词)automation

温馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
  • 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
  • 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
  • 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
  • 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

最新文档

评论

0/150

提交评论