慢病毒载体的构建

慢病毒载体的构建Gateway to lentiviral vector,-献给勇敢的斗士,January 2007,Introduction,慢病毒（Lentiviruses）属于逆转录病毒科。慢病毒核蛋白质前整合复合物具有噬核特性，病毒基因组运输至细胞核，从而使慢病毒可以感染和在非有丝分裂细胞中复制。这一特性使慢病毒成为基因治疗的转移载体。 HIV （Human immunodeficiency virus） 、EIAV （Equine infectious anemia virus） 、 FIV （Feline immunodeficiency virus） 、 SIV （Simian immunodeficiency virus） 。其中研究最多最为透彻的是HIV。,Lentiviruses life cycle,慢病毒通过病毒衣壳糖蛋白与细胞膜上的特异受体结合而进入易感靶细胞。一旦与细胞膜上的特异受体结合，慢病毒膜和细胞膜融合后病毒核心释放入细胞浆里。病毒RNA逆转录合成双链线性DNA而转运之细胞核。线性病毒DNA永久性的整合入染色体DNA（宿主基因组）中，形成前病毒，成为永久的遗传成分，在细胞周期中与靶细胞基因一样进行复制，转给子代细胞。前病毒DNA转录成RNA后再转运至胞浆，在胞浆里RNA翻译成病毒蛋白。病毒前结构蛋白和复制酶与病毒RNA组装成新的病毒核心，从包装细胞获得病毒包膜蛋白后以出芽的方式从细胞膜上释放出。病毒前结构蛋白经进一步处理而最终形成成熟的具有感染性的子代病毒颗粒。这些特性是慢病毒成为基因治疗转运工具的重要原因 。,Mitrophanous K, Gene Ther 5(11):14811487(1999),Lentiviral Vector SystemsUnder Development,PrimateHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)Non-primateFeline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV),The outline of this ppt,接下来将以 HIV为例从以下方面说明慢病毒载体构建方面的基础知识：一. HIV-1 life cycle 二. HIV-1基因结构和病毒颗粒结构三.载体系统构建的基本原理 四.载体系统的设计五.包装系统的设计 - HIV-1-Derived lentiviral vector production , concentration & titration 1. HIV-1-Derived lentiviral vector production & titration 2.HIV-1 Vector Production-Supernatant recoveries & concentrat六.The difference of Packaging Cells for LVV with other retroviruses七.The Development of LV Vectors八.Advantages and Disadvantages of Lentiviral vectors九.The comparison of Lentiviral vectors with other vectors,一 HIV-1 life cycle,二 HIV-1基因结构,gag, -群抗原基因，编码核心蛋白p24 pol -多聚酶基因，编码多聚酶； env-包膜蛋白基因，编码包膜蛋白gp120 及gp41； tat - 基因反式激活因子对HIV-1基因其正调控作用 rev,- 病毒蛋白表达调节因子，能增加gag和env基因对结构蛋白的表达 vif,- 病毒感染因子, 其作用是在一些细胞因子的协下促进HIV-1在细胞内复 Vpr,- R蛋白能使HIV在巨噬细胞中增殖 vpu,- U蛋白，能促进HIV从细胞膜上释放 nef,-负因子，具有抑制HIV-1增殖作用,二 HIV-1病毒颗粒结构,三 载体系统构建的基本原理,HIV-1基因组中如包装信号、长末端重复序列的顺式作用元件与编码反式作用蛋白的序列进行分离。即从病毒基因组中将反式gag, pol, and env基因(其他辅助基因省去)从病毒中分离出而用我们感兴趣的外源性目的基因代替，剩下的顺式作用元件在病毒复制周期中-逆转录、整合、转录和包被-可以被其它病毒或细胞蛋白识别。,Fig.1 慢病毒载体的顺式作用元件,四 载体系统的设计,慢病毒载体系统由三种不同的组成部分：包装结构、转移载体成分和包膜蛋白成分（Env表达结构）。包装部分由去除了包装、逆转录和整合所需的顺式作用元件的HIV-1基因组而构建,能反式提供产生病毒颗粒所需的蛋白;载体部分与包装成分互补,仅含有包装、逆转录和整合所需的HIV-1顺式作用元件,同时具有异源启动子控制下的MCS及在此位点插入的目的基因。三种表达结构均以细菌质粒的形式保存，能转染到哺乳动物细胞内产生复制缺陷性病毒原种。为降低包装成分和载体成分同源重组产生有复制能力的慢病毒(RCL) 的可能性, 将包装成分的5LTR 换成巨细胞病毒(CMV ) 立即早期启动子, 3LTR 换成猿猴空泡病毒40（SV 40）polyA 位点等，而将包装成分分别构建在两个质粒上, 即一个表达gag 和po l、另一个表达env。以HIV-1为基础的慢病毒载体而言，病毒颗粒的核心和酶成分来自于HIV-1, 而包膜蛋白来自于异源性病毒, 大多是水泡性口炎病毒(VSV-G),Components of the lentiviral system,Expression vector,Packagingvector,Envelop/Host Range vector,五 包装系统的设计 - HIV-1-Derived lentiviral vector production ,concentration & titration,重组慢病毒的产生：瞬时转染法，即将包装结构和载体结构瞬时共转染法如293T 高表达细胞系而产生重组慢病毒。此法非常成功，大多实验室采用此法。包膜质粒、包装质粒与载体质粒共转(多用磷酸钙共沉淀法)染293T细胞直接产生生产细胞。最后重组慢病毒分泌到培养基中进行培养而得到大量载体慢病毒。 例如用以下三质粒来包装产生重组慢病毒：,VECTOR CONSTRUCT,PACKAGING CONSTRUCT,ENVELOPE CONSTRUCT,1. HIV-1-Derived lentiviral vector production & titration,2.HIV-1 Vector ProductionSupernatant recoveries & concentration,In the evening,六 The difference of Packaging Cells for LVV with other retroviruses,七 The Development of LV VectorsThe 1st Generation,CMV (cytomegalovirus) immediate-early enhancer/promoterVSV-G (Vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein envelope)A cellular polyA was used to replace the 3 LTRvpu from HIV was deleted,The Development of LV VectorsThe 2nd Generation,Biosafety issue:Additional accessory genes were deleted (vif, vpu, vpr and nef)The generation of RCL (replication competent lentiviruses) was reduced,The Development of LV VectorsThe 3rd Generation,Self-inactivating (SIN) vectorsFurther improvement in biosafetyTat was deletedRev was put into a separate plasmidU3 of the 5 LTR was replaced by the CMV IE promoter/enhancerThe possibility of generating RCL is further reduced,八 Advantages and Disadvantages of Lentiviral vectors,1.Potential for long term therapeutic expression: incorporates into the genome of target cells 2.High efficiency gene transduction 3.Transduce several nondividing cells 4.Broad application in vivo / ex vivo,1.Potential for insertional mutagenesis 2.Unable to transduce all nondividing cells (e.g. Hepatocytes) 3.Safety issues 1).HIV-based vectors must overcome a great social barrier 2).Limited knowledge of other lentivirus poses a risk for recombination,Advantages and Disadvantages of Lentiviral vectors,LVs are considered attractive CNS gene transfer tools due their capacity to transduce slowly or nondividing cells in the brain 23, the extremely low probability of occurrence of replication-competent retroviruses 46, the lack of expression of viral genes 1, the relatively large cloning capacity 1, the ability to expand the host range by pseudotyping LVs with a variety of envelopes 7,8, and the possibility of incorporating complex expression cassettes 9. LVs have been demonstrated to transduce most cell-types within the CNS in vivo, including neurons, astrocytes, adult neuronal stem cells, oligodendrocytes, and glioma cells 2,1012.,九The comparison of Lentiviral vectors with other vectors,References,1. Naldini, L., et al. (1996). In vivo gene delivery and stable transduction of nondividing cells by a lentiviral vector. Science 272: 263 267.2. Blomer, U., Naldini, L., Kafri, T., Trono, D., Verma, I. M., and Gage, F. H. (1997). Highly efficient and sustained gene transfer in adult neurons with a lentivirus vector. J. Virol. 71: 6641 6649.3. Naldini, L., Blomer, U., Gage, F. H., Trono, D., and Verma, I. M. (1996). Efficient transfer, integration, and sustained long-term expression of the transgene in adult rat brains injected with a lentiviral vector. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 11382 11388.4. Zufferey, R., Nagy, D., Mandel, R. J., Naldini, L., and Trono, D. (1997). 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