英语中三大类从句

英语三大类从句之用法与比较,张家界市一中陈良云,从句概述,从句只能做主句的某一部分,依附于主句而存在,不能独立。从句也具有句子的特征，即有自己的主谓结构；而且带有引导词。根据从句在句中的作用，可分为名词性从句、形容词性（定语）从句和副词性（状语）从句三类。,一、名词性从句,名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。其关联词有连词that,if,whether；连接代词what,who,which和连接副词when,where,why,how等。,连接词的用法(一),1.that连词that本身无实际意义，在从句中不担当任何成分，在宾语从句中有时可以省略。如：Ihear(that)hehasjoinedthefootballclub.Thatlighttravelsinastraightlineisknowntoall.Isitcertainthattheywillwin?,为保持句子平衡，that引导主语从句时，常用it作形式主语而把真正的主语从句后置。主要有以下几种情况：,Itis+n.(apity/ashame/afact/nowonder,etc)+that-clauseItisafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.Itisnowonderthatheisnothungry;hehasbeeneatingsweetsallday.Itis+adj.(certain/likely/probable/true,etc.)+that-clauseItisprobablethathetoldhereverything.Itistruethatthescientistwillgiveusalecturenextweek.,Itis+p.p.(said/reported/believed,etc.)+that-clauseItisreportedthatChinahassentanotherman-madesatelliteintoorbit.It+v.(seems/happened,etc.)+that-clauseItseemsthatAliceisnotcomingtothepartyatall.IthappenedthatIwasoutthatday.其他情况:Itdoesntmatterwhetherhewillcomeornot.Itmakesnodifferencewherewehadthemeeting.Itsuddenlyoccurredtomethatshehadforgottentolockthedoor.,连接词的用法(二),2.whether和if连词whether和if表“是否”之意，在从句中不可省略。在下列情况中只用whether不用if:引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时；Thequestioniswhetheritisworthtrying.Whethershecomesornotmakesnodifference.IhavenoideawhetherIshouldbelievehimornot.从句作介词的宾语时；Ryanwasworryingaboutwhetherhehadhurtherfeelings.ornot紧随其后时；Idontcarewhetherornothehasaholiday.后接不定式时。Shecantdecidewhethertogo.,Who,whom,whose,what,which连接代词Who,whom,whose,what,which等在从句中既起连接作用，又担当主语、宾语、表语等成分，并保留其特殊疑问词词义。如：Nooneknowswhohewaswaitingfor.Tellmewhosehouseitis.Letmeknowwhichtrainyouwillbearrivingon.,连接词的用法(三),连接词的用法(四),where,when,why,how连接副词where,when,why,how等在从句中作状语，其词义与特殊疑问词词义相同。Idontknowwherewearegoingtohavethemeeting.Shealwaysthinksofhowshecanworkwell.WhatImanxioustoknowiswhenwecanvisitthemuseum.Pleasetellmewhenyouwillarrive.,连接词的用法(五),5.whoever,whomever,whatever,whichever,whosever连接代词whoever=anyonewho,whomever=anyonewhom,whatever=anythingthat,whichever=anythingthat.如：Whoevercomestotheclubiswelcome.Whateverisworthdoingatallisworthdoingwell.Youmaydowhateveryouwill.Whoseverbookisoverduewillbefined.Youmayofferthebooktowhoeverwantsit.Youmayofferthebooktowhomeveryoulike.,二、定语从句,在复合句中，修饰主句的某个名词或代词，或修饰整个主句的从句，叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句位于先行词之后。定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词等引出。关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that,as和关系副词when,where,why须位于从句之首、先行词之后。起着连接先行词和定语从句的作用，同时又在定语从句中充当某一成分。关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that,as在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。关系副词when,where,why在定语从句中作状语。,限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,限制性定语从句起修饰、限定或确定的作用，同先行词的关系十分密切，是先行词不可缺少的定语。如果将从句去掉，主句的意思就不完整，甚至不合乎逻辑。常翻译成带“的”字的定语性词组。如：Theboyswhoareplantingtreesonthehillaremiddleschoolstudents.在山上种树的男孩都是中学生。非限制性定语从句跟先行词的关系不密切，它只是对先行词起附加说明作用。如果将其去掉，主句的意义仍然完整并合乎逻辑。从句和主句之间用逗号隔开。常翻译成并列分句。如：Tomsfather,whoisoversixty,stillworksharddayandnight.汤姆的父亲已年过六旬，依然努力工作着。,关系代词的用法（一）,who指人，是主格，在从句中作主语。如：Doyouknowtheboywhoisstandingunderthetree?HeisoneofthestudentswhohavebeentoBeijing.HeistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohasbeentoBeijing.注：关系代词在从句中作主语时，其人称和数要与其先行词一致。whom指人，是宾格，在从句中作宾语如：Thestudentwho(whom)wevisitedyesterdayisafamousartist.注：who在口语中可代替whom。关系代词在从句中作宾语时，一般可省去。whose是所有格，多指人，也可以指物指物时可与ofwhich换用。MrsWangislookingafterthelittlechildwhoseparentshavegonetoShanghai.Helivesinthehousewhose(thewindowsofwhich)facesthesouth,关系代词的用法（二）,which指物，在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。Helikestousethedictionarywhichwaspublishedin1986.注：关系代词作介词宾语时，介词可置于关系代词之前或之后。介词前置时，关系代词不可省。指人时亦不可用who代替whom。如：Thisisthehouseinwhichwelivedlastyear.Thisisthehouse(which)welivedinlastyear.注：短语动词中的介词不可与动词拆开；在定语从句中，其介词不可前置Isthisthebooksheislookingfor?,关系代词的用法（三）,that指人或物，在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。代替who,whom或which。但that在定语从句中可作介词的宾语时，介词不可前置。如：Thegirl(that/who/whom)ourteacherisspeakingtoisourmonitor.as作为关系代词引导限制性定语从句时，常用在such,thesame之后。Suchstampsas(Stampssuchas)youhavecollectedareveryvaluable.ThisisthesamepenasIusedyesterday.c.f.ThisisthesamepenthatIusedyesterday,定语从句只用that不用which的几种情况,that指物时一般可以和which换用，但在下列几种情况下只用that不用which：先行词为all,anything,everything,nothing,something等；如:Wearereadytodosomethingthatisofsomehelptoothers.先行词被all,only,no,some,any,every,each,few,little等修饰时；如：Ihavereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级等修饰时；如：Thefirstlesson(that)MrGreengaveuswillneverbeforgotten.,如果有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时；如：Weknownothingaboutthedoctorsandhospitals(that)youaretalkingabout.当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时;如Whoisthatboythatwasherejustnow?当引导词在从句中作表语时。如；Chinaisntthecountrythatitusedtobe.,定语从句不能使用that的情况,定语从句中介词置于关系代词之前时，指人用whom，指物用which。如：Doyouknowthemantowhomheisspeaking?ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedlastyear.引导非限制性定语从句不能用that。如：MrSmithhastwosons,bothofwhomworkedabroad.Beijing,whichisthecapitalofourcountry,haschangedalot.Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontofwhichsataboyofseventeen.,which与as引导的非限制性定语从句,which与as均能引导非限制性定语从句，区别在于：which引导非限制性定语从句可以修饰某个先行词，也可以修饰整个主句；as引导的非限制性定语从句则揭示整个主句的内容。Thenewcar,whichIpaidseveralthousandpoundsfor,isnotrunningwell.Theyrelyonthemselves,whichismuchbetter.as表示说话人对话语的看法、态度、依据、解释或评论；which引导的从句是对所谈及的事物进行补充说明，表明事物的状态或结果。which引导非限制性定语从句不能放在句首；而as可以。,as在句中有“正如”、“就象”、或“由而知”等意，从句的谓语动词多是see,watch,know,hear,say,tell,remember,或beexpected,beknown,besaid,bereported,beannounced,beusual,bementioned,bestated等，而且常带有can,could,may等情态动词；which引导的从句时，其谓语动词多为实意动词。,as引导的从句所说明的内容与主句所包含的内容相似；which引导的从句所说明的内容与主句所包含的内容相同。当非限制性定语从句为否定句时，一般用which引导。which有时在定语从句中作定语；as没有此功能。,介词+which/whom引导定语从句介词的确定方法,根据先行词来确定ThisisthepotinwhichIboiledthemilk.(inthepot)Yesterdaywehadameeting,atwhichwediscussedmanyproblms.(atthemeeting),2.根据从句中的谓语动词或形容词来确定ThepersontowhomIcomplainedisthemanager.(complainedto)Thedog,ofwhichheusedtobeafraid,isherfavoriteanimalnow.(beafraidof),3.根据从句所表达的意思来确定Water,withoutwhichmancantlive,isreallyimportant.注：当介词和从句中的动词构成固定词组时，介词不能前置Thebabieswhomthenursesarelookingafterareveryhealthy.,关系副词的用法,when表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词一般是表示时间概念的名词。Goneforeverarethedayswhenwewereoppressed.where表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词一般是表示地点意义的名词。（注意不可用there)TwoyearsagoIwastakentothevillagewhereIwasborn.why表示原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。其先行词一般是reason。Doyouknowthereasonwhyshedoesntlikedrawing?,关系代词与关系副词的区别用法,当定语从句修饰具有时间、地点或原因意义的名词时，关系词的选用取决于其在定语从句中担当的成分。若作主语或宾语，用that或which；若作状语，分别用when,where或why。如：Istillrememberthedayswhen(inwhich)westayedbytheseaside.Istillrememberthedayswhich(that)wespentbytheseaside.Thisisthecompanythat(which)supportstheSuperGirls.Thisisthecompanywhere(inwhich)heworkedforover10years.Canyoutellmethereasonwhy(forwhich)youcamelate.Canyoutellmethereasonthat(which)preventedyoucomingtotheparty?,难点：同位语从句与定语从句的辨别,从定义上辨别：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句对前面的名词起修饰限制作用，相当与形容词的功能，又叫形容词性从句。而同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，表示其具体内容。如：ThenewsthatLilytoldusyesterdaywasveryexciting.(定语从句)Thenewsthatourschoolfootballteamhadwonthematchwasinspiring.(同位语从句),从引导词上辨别：that引导定语从句是既指代先行词，又在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语等成分，常可被which代替,且作宾语时可以省略。而that引导同位语从句时既无词义也不作任何成分，不可被which代替，通常也不可以省略。如：Theplan(that/which)Lilydrewupyesterdaywasexcellent.TheplanthatweshouldgototheGreatWallwaswonderful.when,where,why引导定语从句时都有一定语意，也都在从句中充当状语。但定语从句须有分别表示时间、地点和原因的名词作先行词，而同位语从句无此限制。如：Doyoustillrememberthedaywhenwemetforthefirsttime?Ihavenoideawhentheymetforthefirsttime.what,whether能引导同位语从句，但是不能引导定语从句。,难点：what从句与that从句的辨别,what只能引导名词性从句，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，在意义上相当于一个名词或代词that。而that既可以引导名词性从句，此时that不担当成分，只起连接作用；也可以引导定语从句修饰前面的名词或代词，此时that要担当成分，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。如：Amoderncityhasbeensetupinwhatwasawastelandtenyearsago.（what从句作介词宾语，what=theplacethat/which,不可误认为定语从句用which)Welldoall(that)wecantohelpthechildcomebacktoschool.(that从句修饰先行词all，that作宾语，可以省略。也可用what代替all(that)）试比较:Whathesaidatthemeetingsurprisedusall.Thathesaidnothingatthemeetingsurprisedusall.,状语从句,状语从句按意义和作用可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、让步、条件和比较等九种。状语从句放在主句之前常用逗号隔开；放在主句之后不用逗号。1时间状语从句：when,whenever,as,while,before,after,until,since,once,assoonas等引导的时间状语从句。Whenthebellrang,theguardwaswaitinginhisseat.Youmaycometomyrestaurantwheneveryoulike.Whileantsgrow,theychangetheirformsthreetimes.Afterthestudentswereallinthechemistrylab,theprofessorbroughtoutthreebottles.Threemonthswentbybeforetheyknewit.Shewentoncuttingandcuttinguntilshecametotheendofabrook.Iwaittillhehadfinishedhistask.Onceyouremindmeoftheoldman,Iwillcertainlyrememberhim.Assoonasshegothome,shebeganherhousework.,由theminute,themoment,theinstant,theday,theweek,theyear,thefirsttime,anytime,nexttime,everytime,eachtime,thelasttime,allthetime,fromthetime,bythetime,immediately,instantly,directly等引导的时间状语从句,IrecognizedyoutheminuteIsawyou.Themachinestartsthemoment/theinstantthebuttonispressedWeweretheretheweek/thedayitsnowedheavily.DoctorLiwasintheUnitedStatestheyeartheSecondWorldWarbrokeout.Nexttimeyoucome,youwillseeyourgrandpa.Youarewelcometocomeanytimeyouwantto.EverytimeIcatchacold.Ihavepaininmyback.Thefirst/lasttimeIsawJames,hewaslyinginbed.TwelveofustookaEuropeanmealallthetimewewereinChina.Thetruckwillhavearrivedbythetimeyouhaveallthethingspackedup.Youmustshowthegentlemaninimmediatelyhecomes.Directlyheappeared,therewasadeadsilence.,when,while,as的用法区别,when引导的时间状语从句，其中的动词既可以是延续性的也可以是瞬间性的；而且可以表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生，或者从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前。如：Whenthebellrang,weallstoppedtalking.WhenIwasamiddleschoolstudent,Ialwaysplayedtabletennis.注：when可连接两个并列分句，表示“正在这时那时”。前面的分句可以用一般过去时，过去完成时或was/wereaboutto,was/wereonthepointof,was/wereonthewayto.如：IwasthinkingaboutthiswhenIheardmynamecalled.IwasonmywaytoschoolwhenIsawatrafficaccident.Hewasonthepointofleavingwhensomeoneknockedatthedoor.,while表示“在期间”，强调主句的动作发生在从句所表达的时间内。其引导的从句的动作是延续性的。如：Pleasedonttalksoloudwhileothersareworking.注：while亦可作并列连词，连接两个并列分句，表示对比转折。ShethoughtIwastalkingabouthisdaughter,while,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter.,as引导的时间状语从句中的动词既可以是延续性的（此时as=when/while)也可以是瞬间性的（此时as=when)；表示一个较长的时间背景。如：As/Whentheyopenedthedoor,Mariesaid,”Dontlightthelamp,look!”As/When/WhileIwaswalkingonedayinHydePark,Inoticedanelderlylady.,注：当要表述两个发展变化中的情况时通常用as.如：Asyougrowolderandolder,youllknowmoreandmoreaboutphysics.Ashetalkedon,hebecamemoreandmoreexcited,表示“一边一边”时，常用as如：Ashewasreading,hewasshakinghishead.表示随着短暂动作的发生，另一行为伴随发生时，常用as如：Hiscapwasblownawayashesatdown.as+名词=when从句。如：Asayoungman(=whenhewasayoungman),hewasfondofhunting,till和until,till和until表示的意义相同，但要注意以下的情况：用于肯定句中，表示“一直到为止”，主句中谓语动词为延续性动词。如：Illstayheretill/untiltherainstops.否定句中意为“直到才”，主句中谓语动词为瞬间性动词。如：Iwontgowithyoutill/untilIfinishmyhomework.注:until可用于句首，而till一般不可用于句首notuntil位于句首时，主句须用肯定形式的倒装语序。如：NotuntilyearslaterdidIrealizethevalueofthatkindofgiving.notuntil结构可用于强调句型中，即Itwasnotuntilthat。如：ItwasnotuntilthewarendedthatEinsteinwentbacktohiswork.,2.地点状语从句,地点状语从句可以由where,wherever,anywhere,everywhere引导.Makeamarkwhereyouhaveanyquestions.Wherethereisplentyofsunandrain,thefieldsaregreen.Youarefreetogowhereveryoulike.Illtakeyouanywhereyoulike.Everywherehegoes,heiswarmlywelcomed.,3.原因状语从句,引导原因状语从句的连词有because,since,as,nowthatbecause:语气最强，所表示的是直接理由，因果关系。不能同so连用。它既可以回答why所提出的问题，又可以用在强调句型中Whyareyoulate?Becausethereisatrafficjam.Itisbecauseyouarelazythatyouhavelostthejob.since:“既然.”表对方已知的事实或理由，常放在句首。Sinceyouhavegotenoughmoneywithyounow,youcancomeandbuyitnexttime.,as:“由于.”语气较弱，较口语化，表明显的原因或已知的事实，常放在句首。Ashehadbeenreadyfortheworst,hewasnotdisappointedattheresult.nowthat和since同义，其中可省去，用来表示提出一种新的情况，再另以推论。Now(that)youarefreetoday,youmayhavearestathomeorgooutforawalk.注：for是一个等立连词，连接的是两个并列的分句，而且for分句不能放在句首。Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundiswet.,4.目的状语从句,引导目的状语从句的连词有sothat,inorderthat;从句中常有can,could,may,might等。Heranfastsothathemightarrivetherebefore10oclock.Heworkeddayandnightinorderthathecouldsucceed.MymothergetsupearlyeverymorningtocookbreakfastsothatIcangotoschoolontime.,注：当从句和主句的主语一致时，可以用soasto,inorderto等不定式代替。如上述句分别可改成：Heranfastsoastoarrivetherebefore10oclock.Heworkeddayandnightinordertosucceed.如果要把第句改为不定式，则应该作相应变动。如：Mymothergetsupearlyeverymorningtocookbreakfastto(soasto/inorderto)letmegotoschoolontime.Mymothergetsupearlyeverymorningtocookbreakfastformeto(soasformeto/inorderformeto)gotoschoolontime.,5.结果状语从句,引导结果状语从句的连词有so.that,such.that,sothat等。sothat引导的结果状语从句Theystartedearly,sothattheygottothestationontime.so+adj./adv+that从句Heworkedsohardthathemadegreatprogress.ThebookissointerestingthatIhavereadittwice.,such+a/an+adj.+n.(单数)+that从句Hemadesuchanexcellentspeechthateveryoneadmiredhim.such+adj.+n.(复数)+that从句Youaresuchnicestudentsthatalltheteachersspeakhighlyofyou.such+adj.+n.(不可数)+that从句MarxmadesuchrapidprogressthatbeforelonghebegantowritearticlesinEnglishforanAmericannewspaper.,sothat代替suchthat的情况,so+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+that从句such+a/an+形容词+单数可数名词+that从句如：Itssofineadaythatweallwanttogoouting.=Itssuchafinedaythatweallwanttogoouting.如果修饰名词的形容词为many,few,much,little时，前面则用so。从而构成下列句型：somany/few+可数名词的复数形式+that从句；somuch/little+不可数名词+that从句；ThereweresomanypeopleinthebusthatIcouldhardlymove.SheputsomuchbutterandsugarinthecakethatIdidntdaretoeattoomuch.,6.比较状语从句,比较状语从句主要用在形容词、副词的原级和比较级的句子中。同级比较,常用asas结构。Thereareasmanypeopleinyourtownas(thereare)inourtown.不同级比较,常用notas(so)as结构。HedoesntspeakEnglishsowellasyoudo.,差级或高级比较,常用than结构。Hewasmoresuccessfulthanwehadexpected.Hecanearnnomoremoneythanyoucan.Hecomestotheclublessoftenthanheusedtothismonth.比较关系的状语从句，常用the比较级,the比较级结构。Themorecarefulyouare,thefewermistakesyouwillmake.Thesooneryouwillbeback,thebetteritwillbe.Thefewermembersthereare,themoreeasilyyoucanjointheclub.,让步状语从句,引导让步状语从句的连词有：though,although,as,evenif(eventhough),while,whetheror,nomatterwh-(what,when,where,which,how),wh-ever(whoever,whatever,whenever,wherever,whichever,however)等。Though(Although)itwasveryhot,hekeptonworking.IwontgiveupevenifIshouldfailtentimes.WhileIadmithisgoodpoints,Icanseehisshortcomings.Whetherwegotoyourplaceorstayhere,wevestillgottofindsomethingtoeat.Whenever(Nomatterwhen)youcomeback,dontwakemeup.However(Nomatterhow)lateheis,Motherwillwaitforhimtohavedinnertogether.,nomatterwh-从句与wh-ever从句的区别,nomatterwho/what/which只能引导让步状语从句而whoever,whatever,whichever可引导让步状语从句，也可以引导名词从句。例如：Hedidntwanttobedisturbed,whoever(nomatterwho)wantedtoseehim.Whichever(Nomatterwhich)bookyouborrow,youmustreturnitbackinaweek.Illgivethebookstowhoeverneedsthem.Youmaytakewhateverbookyoulike.,由as引导让步状语从句的特殊结构：,在正式文体或文学作品中，为了强调让步的含